Stretchable Temperature Sensor Research Articles

Highly sensitive stretchable fiber-based temperature sensor enhanced by surface-chemically modified silver nanowires

The real-time monitoring of human temperature can facilitate efficient family health supervision, disaster diagnosis, and treatment. To meet these requirements, there is an urgent need to develop fibre-based temperature sensors with high sensitivity, fast response rates, and excellent stability. This study investigated the positive temperature characteristics of a stretchable and strain-insensitive temperature sensor with a chemically modified silver nanowire (AgNW). The regulation of the surface polymer on the AgNWs using a conductive ligand of polyaniline-L-cysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride (PANI-LCO) improved the network conductivity by decreasing the junction resistance. In addition, the pristine flexibility and helicoid structure of a spandex polyurethane (SP) covered yarn substrate proved advantageous for the ultra-stretchability of the temperature sensor. Therefore, the synergistic effect of the PANI-LCO-AgNWs and the substrate endowed the composite fibre-based temperature sensor with a high-temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 47.4%/°C and a high stretchability of up to 120%. Furthermore, this study investigated the actual characteristics of the sensor required for the high-performance monitoring of human temperatures. Moreover, theoretical calculations of the electrical distribution of the PANI-LCO ligands further confirmed the experimental chemical modification. A fibre-based temperature sensor can be integrated and woven or sewn onto a cloth or glove with high adaptability. This work provides an efficient strategy to control the surface chemical structure of metal nanomaterials as well as the design of fibre-based temperature sensors that are promising for wearable healthcare management systems, artificial intelligence, electronic skin, and smart robots.

Soft and Stretchable Humidity‐Insensitive Thermoresistive Temperature Sensor with A Tensile Strain Modulated Sensitivity

AbstractSoft and stretchable electronics represents a high potential paradigm shift in field of electronics, for example, in applications related to solar cells, organic displays, electronic skin, and wearable sensors. In this work, a soft and stretchable humidity‐insensitive thermoresistive sensor is developed using interdigitated electrodes made of silver‐plated nylon fabric coated with silver‐ink and a layer of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) embedded into elastomer. The mechanical and thermoelectrical properties of the soft sensor are characterized and analyzed. The fabricated soft sensor provides a combination of linear temperature sensitivity of 0.46% °C−1 with an R2 of 0.986 from 30 to 55 °C at 0% uniaxial tensile strain. It also exhibits excellent stability in environmental humidity ranging from ≈30% RH to ≈80% RH. The linear sensitivity is improved to 1.49% °C−1 by applying a 40% pre‐measurement stretch to the sensor. Due to its good temperature sensitivity (0.46 to 1.49% °C−1), excellent linearity (0.986), and high stretchability (≈125%), the soft and stretchable temperature sensor proves to be a very promising solution for wearable temperature sensing.

A Flexible and Stretchable Temperature Sensor Based on Contact Electrification for Robotic Sensing

With the rapid development of robotic systems, an increasing number of various sensitive sensors are needed to meet the requirement of data collection for unmanned detection and monitoring technology. Among various external stimuli information, temperature sensing is an essential important function that can avoid high-temperature scalding injuries, achieve robot detection of environmental, and human-machine interfaces applications. However, most of the existing temperature sensors for robotic sensing are realized by rigid materials, which have the disadvantage of not being able to adapt to an arbitrarily curved surface. Also, most of the sensors are thermistor-based approaches, which faces challenges in developing a low-cost robotic system since external power is required to obtain the sensing signal. In this work, a self-powered and stretchable temperature sensor based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) technology was developed. The principle of TENG is the coupling effect of triboelectric charge transfer and electrostatic induction effects, which can generate different magnitudes of electrical signals when subjected to external stimuli, including temperature. To this end, this study is a pilot effort toward validating the sensitivity of TENG electrical output on different temperature effects. The surface potential of materials is explored under different temperatures by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), which shows the feasibility of self-powered temperature sensor. The proposed temperature sensor is composed of highly resilient materials physiological saline as liquid electrode encapsulated with Ecoflex as triboelectric layer, which has the advantage of biocompatibility. The temperature sensing performance was successfully maintained at 200% stretch. Owing to its flexible, bendable and stretchable characteristics, the self-powered temperature-sensitive sensor has been successfully demonstrated on a robot hand, which can read the information and respond to different temperatures through the feedback system. Overall, this self-powered temperature-sensitive sensor has great potential to be an emerging tool for human-robot interaction and automatic detection.

High-Precision Stretchable Ionic Temperature Sensor Passivated with a Liquid Metal/Block Copolymer Multilayer Film.

Moisture barriers are essential for ionic sensors because moisture has a direct impact on the stability and reliability of electrochemical properties. So far, stretchable moisture barriers that can maximize the advantage of using deformable ion gel as the active material have been rarely investigated and remain as a technological challenge. This study proposes a four-layer (4L) stretchable moisture barrier alternatively composed of a poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) copolymer (SiBS) film (2 μm in thickness) and a eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal (LM) film (1 μm in thickness). This multilayer barrier has a low water permeability of 9.09 × 10-20 m2/Pa s at 50% uniaxial strain (ε) and retains the barrier properties at repeated stretchable cycles at ε = 50%. This study demonstrates a skin-attached precise ion gel-based temperature sensor that is independent of moisture change (even dipping in water) and body motions.

Smart wearable flexible temperature sensor with compensation against bending and stretching effects

Flexible and stretchable temperature sensors have recently gained much attention due to their lightweight, thin profile, and ability to adapt to curved or irregular surfaces. Resistive temperature detectors (RTD) are one of the most commonly used sensors for temperature measurement. However, the major challenge with developing RTDs on flexible substrate is that the resistance not only changes with temperature, it also varies with mechanical deformation of the substrate, which can lead to significant errors in temperature measurement. In this paper we propose a novel flexible temperature sensor that can compensate for the deformation-induced resistance variation and measure temperature with minimum errors. The sensor is composed of two RTDs fabricated back-to-back on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate via stencil printing. The dual RTD configuration provides compensation against mechanical deformation caused by bending and stretching. When the sensor is bent on a curved surface, the resistances of the two RTDs change differentially due to tension on one RTD and compression on the other. As a result, the sum of resistance of both RTDs, RSum, remains a constant. Similarly, the subtraction of resistance of the two RTDs, RSub, can be used to compensate for the linear resistance change in sensor stretching. With the compensation methods in place, the sensor can be used for temperature measurement with enhanced accuracy. In addition, the sensor is connected to a Bluetooth-integrated microcontroller which is programmed to determine whether the sensor is undergoing bending or stretching. The compensation methodology can provide reliable measurement for a maximum radius of 40 mm when the sensor is bent or a maximum strain of 3% when it is stretched. The compensation method enhances the competence of flexible temperature sensors and increases their potential for applications in wearable electronics.

Stretchable and Skin-Mountable Temperature Sensor Array Using Reduction-Controlled Graphene Oxide for Dermatological Thermography.

Since thermometry of human skin is critical information that provides important aspects of human health and physiology, accurate and continuous temperature measurement is required for the observation of physical abnormalities. However, conventional thermometers are uncomfortable because of their bulky and heavy features. In this work, we fabricated a thin, stretchable array-type temperature sensor using graphene-based materials. Furthermore, we controlled the degree of graphene oxide reduction and enhanced the temperature sensitivity. The sensor exhibited an excellent sensitivity of 2.085% °C-1. The overall device was designed in a wavy meander shape to provide stretchability for the device so that precise detection of skin temperature could be performed. Furthermore, polyimide film was coated to secure the chemical and mechanical stabilities of the device. The array-type sensor enabled spatial heat mapping with high resolution. Finally, we introduced some practical applications of skin temperature sensing, suggesting the possibility of skin thermography and healthcare monitoring.

超拉伸水凝胶热电偶

Stretchable temperature sensors are necessary to enable tactile interaction and thermoregulation in the human body and soft robots. These sensors should be conformably adhered to a deformable surface and maintain temperature perception accuracy when stretched. However, current mainstream stretchable temperature sensors based on thermistors suffer from inherently unstable sensing during stretching due to the mutual interference of resistance changes caused by temperature and mechanical deformations. Herein, we propose an ultra-stretchable hydrogel thermocouple that provides unaltered temperature sensing upon stretching. The ultra-stretchability of this thermocouple is achieved by constructing thermogalvanic hydrogels with dynamic crosslinked double networks. By connecting P-type and N-type thermogalvanic hydrogels, the thermocouple exhibits a high equivalent See-beck coefficient of 1.93 mV K−1 and a stable sensitivity even under a 100% tensile strain. The advantage of this ultra-stretchable thermocouple is demonstrated in a smart glove prototype, which enables haptic feedback. Our work provides a new strategy for stretchable temperature sensors and may promote the development of intelligent wearables.

Wearable Supercapacitive Temperature Sensors with High Accuracy Based on Ionically Conductive Organogel and Macro‐Kirigami Electrode

AbstractWearable temperature sensors with high accuracy are critical for human health monitoring. Ideally, they should show accuracy matching that of medical‐grade thermometers (i.e., ± ≈0.1–0.2 °C). Achieving this goal has proven challenging for sensors that must also meet key wearable requirements, such as flexibility, stretchability, and breathability. Herein, a new stretchable supercapacitive temperature sensor with a resolution of ±0.2 °C, is presented, which was achieved by. Two new strategies to increase temperature sensitivity and minimize the interferences of mechanical stretching and pressure: a) synthesizing an ion‐conductive NaCl‐organogel to serve as the redox‐active separator to increase sensitivity and suppress interference of compression; and b) using a kirigami design to decrease the interference of stretch and improve breathability. These two novel strategies endow the supercapacitive temperature sensors with a temperature accuracy of ±0.2 °C and exceptionally high sensitivity of 0.095 °C−1, which is more than 13 times higher than traditional dielectric‐capacitive sensors. The potential of the supercapacitive sensor in measuring body temperature is demonstrated by continuously monitoring skin temperatures under a medical compression garment that exerts pressure on the skin and the unsteady wrist flexion. The findings confirm that the organogel‐based supercapacitive sensors offer an extraordinary temperature accuracy significantly better than wearable sensors reported in the literature. The combined characteristics of high resolution, linearity, breathability, and stretchability make this sensor a promising candidate for skin‐interfaced health monitoring devices.

High-adhesion PDMS/Ag conductive composites for flexible hybrid integration

The integration of silicon chips and other rigid components on soft polymeric substrate represents a viable option towards mass production of high-performance stretchable electronics, where bonding materials with high stretchability, high conductivity, and high adhesion strength become the key in the process. Polydimethylsiloxane/silver composites (PDMS/Ag) are promising candidates, but the adhesion of PDMS-based composites is usually too weak to be useful. Herein, we report a “netting and anchoring” strategy, in which a small amount of polyborosiloxane (PBS) prepolymer is added and the formed PBS networks not only net the PDMS networks with dense physical entanglements but also anchor PDMS networks to adherent surfaces with reversible bonds. The obtained composites have an adhesion strength of 2.87 MPa (8.2 times and 3.2 times higher than that of the untreated and conventional silane-treated composites) and maintain a high conductivity of 1.3 × 10−4 Ω·cm. The enhanced bonding originates from three aspects: good wettability, uniform interfacial bonding, and stress transfer from the interface to the bulk to elicit bulk energy dissipation. As an example, a stretchable temperature sensor system integrated with this strategy can resist up to 70% stretching, bending, and twisting.

Wearable Ionogel-Based Fibers for Strain Sensors with Ultrawide Linear Response and Temperature Sensors Insensitive to Strain.

Fiber-shaped stretchable strain and temperature sensors are highly desirable for wearable electronics due to their excellent flexibility, comfort, air permeability, and easiness to be weaved into fabric. Herein, we prepare a smart ionogel-based fiber composed of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and ionic liquid (IL) by the facile and scalable wet-spinning technique, which can serve as a wearable strain sensor with good linearity (a correlation coefficient of 0.997) in an ultrawide sensing range (up to 700%), ultralow-detection limit (0.05%), fast response (173 ms) and recovery (120 ms), and high reproducibility. Attributed to these outstanding strain sensing performances, the designed TPU/IL ionogel fiber-shaped sensor is able to monitor both subtle physiological activities and large human motions. More interestingly, because of the fast response and high resolution to strain, the fiber-shaped sensor can be sewn into the fabric to secretly encrypt and wirelessly translate message according to the principle of Morse code. More importantly, a wearable strain-insensitive temperature sensor can be obtained from the ionogel fiber if it is designed into an "S" shape, which can effectively eliminate the interference of strain on temperature sense. It is found that the inaccuracy of temperature sense is within 0.15 °C when the sensor is subjected to 30% tensile strain simultaneously. Moreover, this strain-insensitive temperature sensor shows a monotonic temperature response over a wide temperature range (-15 to 100 °C) with an ultrahigh detecting accuracy of 0.1 °C and good reliability, owing to the fast and stable thermal response of IL. This temperature sensor can realize the detection of thermal radiation, proximity, and respiration, exhibiting enormous potential in smart skin, personal healthcare, and wearable electronics. This work proposes a simple but effective strategy to realize the essential strain and temperature sensing capabilities of wearable electronics and smart fabrics without mutual interference.

Stretchable strain and temperature sensor based on fibrous polyurethane film saturated with ionic liquid

Stretchable strain sensor and temperature sensor are two essential components for the integration of wearable electronics and electrical skins, which have great potentials in healthcare monitoring, human motion monitoring and human-machine interfaces. Up to now, it is still a challenge to fabricate the stretchable and multifunctional sensor with both the capabilities of strain sensing and temperature sensing by an effective and economical method. Herein, a simple route is provided to design multifunctional sensors with high sensing performances for strain and temperature, which combines the electrospun technique and ultrasonication anchoring technique. Specifically, fibrous thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film is fabricated by electrospun technique at first, and then is saturated by ionic liquid (IL) to design the stretchable sensor. Attributed to the stable response and fast reconstruction of conductive pathways of ionic liquid under the stretching-releasing process, the TPU/IL sensor can serve as strain sensor, which exhibits various merits, including fast response time of 67 ms, ultra-low detection limit (0.1%), ultra-wide sensing range from 0.1% to 400% and excellent durability for long-term usage. In addition, it is noteworthy that TPU/IL sensor has great advantages in temperature sensing, which possesses a lowest temperature accuracy of 0.5 °C. This work provides a novel route for manufacturing stretchable multifunctional sensor with both temperature and strain sensing functions, which may accelerate the development of the emerging wearable electronics and electrical skins.

High-performance stretchable thermoelectric fibers for wearable electronics

The development of miniaturized and wearable electronic devices addresses the demand for novel power-supply systems that have advantages including lightweight, good stretchability, self-sustaining and high compatibility with human skin. To meet these criteria, conducting polymer-based thermoelectric (TE) fibers have recently attracted extensive attention. However, the intrinsically stretchable TE fibers that simultaneously have good TE performance and stability under cyclic loading are still rarely reported. In this work, we have successfully produced high-performance stretchable TE fibers comprising of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) via a simple one-step wet-spinning approach. In the composite fibers, WPU not only acts as an elastomeric matrix but also has a template effect on improving the packing order and increasing the linearity of the PEDOT chains during wet-spinning. As a result, the PEDOT:PSS/WPU composite fibers exhibited desirable wearable performance, including high power factor (26.1 μW m−1 K−2), good stretchability (>30%) and outstanding TE property stability under cyclic stretching. Their practical applications as stretchable temperature sensors and stretchable TE generators were further demonstrated. The high-performance and intrinsically stretchable TE fibers developed in this work are expected to be applied in various wearable electronics.

(Invited) Programmable Gold Nanowire Tattoo for Multimodal Wearable Sensors

Sensitive, specific yet multifunctional tattoo-like electronics are ideal wearable systems for health monitoring anytime anywhere because they are virtually becoming parts of Human skins offering burdenless “unfeelable” wearing experience. Here, I will present a new skin-like, multifunctional electronic tattoo entirely from gold using standing enokitake mushroom-like vertically aligned nanowire membrane in conjunction with programmable local cracking technology. Only a single material type is needed for our integrated gold circuits involved in interconnects and multiplexed specific sensors, thereby avoiding complex multi-materials interface. We can fine-tune the properties of elastic gold conductors from strain-insensitive to highly strain-sensitive simply by programming localized crack size, shape and orientations. Furthermore, we demonstrate in-plane integration of strain/pressure sensor, anisotropic orientation-specific sensors, strain-insensitive stretchable interconnects, temperature sensors, glucose sensors, and lactate sensors without the need of soldering or gluing.

Flexible, transparent, and antibacterial ionogels toward highly sensitive strain and temperature sensors

Skin-like sensor has recently emerged for its promising applications in human motion monitoring and healthcare. However, it is challenging to develop flexible skin-like sensors multifunctionally coupled with high transparency and strain sensitivity, accurate thermosensation, and good antibacterial activity. Herein, we fabricate flexible and transparent (94.3%) ionogels by facilely mixing ionic liquid (IL) and thermal-plastic polyurethane (TPU) to be as skin-like sensors. The prepared TPU@IL ionogel-based sensor exhibits wide strain range (0.1–500%) and fast response (96 ms) to strain stimuli. Attributed to the temperature-dependent conductivity and low freezing point of IL, the ionogels can be served as stretchable temperature sensor, containing wide operating temperature window (−40-100 °C) and high detecting accuracy (0.1 °C). Moreover, the ionogels exhibit excellent antibacterial activity. This work may inspire future research to design full-featured skin-like sensors.

Ultrasensitive, Stretchable, and Fast-Response Temperature Sensors Based on Hydrogel Films for Wearable Applications.

Conductive hydrogels can be used in wearable electronics integrated with skin, but the bulk structure of existing hydrogel-based temperature sensors limits the wearing comfort, response/recovery speeds, and sensitivity. Here, stretchable and transparent temperature sensors based on a novel thin-film sandwich structure (TFSS) are designed, which display unprecedented thermal sensitivity (24.54%/°C), fast response time (0.19 s) and recovery time (0.08 s), a broad detection range (from -28 to 95.3 °C), high resolution (0.8 °C), and high stability. The thin hydrogel layer (12.15 μm) is encapsulated by two thin elastomer layers, which prevent the water evaporation and enhance the heat transfer, leading to the boosted stability and accelerated response/recovery speeds. The nondrying and antifreezing capabilities are further promoted by the hydratable lithium bromide (LiBr) incorporated in the hydrogel, enabling it to avoid dehydration in an extremely arid environment and freeze below subzero temperatures (freezing point below -120 °C). A comparative study reveals that the thermal sensitivity displayed by the TFSS sensor in capacitance mode is several times higher than that in conventional conductance/resistance mode above room temperature. Importantly, a new mechanism based on a horizontal plate capacitance model is proposed to understand the high sensitivity by considering the permittivity and geometry variations of TFSS. The thin TFSS, stretchability and transparency enable the sensor to be conformally and comfortably attached to human skin for real-time and reliable monitoring of various human motions, physical states, skin temperature, etc., without affecting the appearance.

Thermoelectric effect and devices on IVA and VA Xenes

AbstractEmerging Xenes, mostly group IVA and VA elemental two‐dimensional (2D) materials, have small and tunable band gaps between graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, giving versatile electrical properties. While their microelectronic or optoelectronic properties are being extensively explored, there remains a lack of study on Xenes' uniquely advantageous thermoelectric performance. This review highlights state‐of‐the‐art experimental and theoretical progress in the thermoelectric effect and devices of IVA and VA Xenes. Vertically displaced, a.k.a. “buckled” or “puckered,” atomic arrays result in exotic and tunable electrical or thermal transport behaviors. Different from chemical doping strategies usually employed in bulk thermoelectric materials, 2D Xenes can be tuned by physical means, such as atomic layer control and quantum confinement effects. A precise and compatible platform for 2D thermoelectric effect and devices study is available via the engagement between micro/nanofabrication of 2D Xene transistors and thermal property measurement techniques. This review also reveals potential thermoelectric applications of Xenes and their compounds (Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, etc.), such as accurate stretchable temperature sensors, fast terahertz photodetectors, and so on.image

Printable and Stretchable Temperature-Strain Dual-Sensing Nanocomposite with High Sensitivity and Perfect Stimulus Discriminability.

Skin-mountable physical sensors that can individually detect mechanical deformations with high strain sensitivity within a broad working strain range and temperature variations with accurate temperature resolution are a sought-after technology. Herein, a stretchable temperature and strain dual-parameter sensor that can precisely detect and distinguish strain from temperature stimuli without crosstalk is developed, based on a printable titanium carbide (MXene)-silver nanowire (AgNW)-PEDOT:PSS-tellurium nanowire (TeNW) nanocomposite. With this dual-parameter sensor, strain and temperature are effectively transduced into electrically isolated signals through the electrically conductive MXene-AgNW and thermoelectric PEDOT:PSS-TeNW components, respectively. In addition, the synergistic effect between the MXene nanosheets and PEDOT:PSS also greatly enhances the stretchability and sensitivity of the sensing devices. These properties enable the nanocomposite to decouple responses between temperature and strain stimuli with an accurate temperature resolution of 0.2 °C and a gauge factor of up to 1933.3 in a working strain range broader than 60%.

Ultrasensitive and Stretchable Temperature Sensors Based on Thermally Stable and Self-Healing Organohydrogels.

It is essential to impart the thermal stability, high sensitivity, self-healing, and transparent attributes to the emerging wearable and stretchable electronics. Here, a facile solvent replacement strategy is exploited to introduce ethylene glycol/glycerol (Gly) in hydrogels for enhancing their thermal sensitivity and stability synchronously. For the first time, we find that the solvent plays a key role in the thermal sensitivity of hydrogels. By adjusting the water content in hydrogels using a simple dehydration treatment, the thermal sensitivity is raised to 13.1%/°C. Thanks to the ionic transport property and water-Gly binary solvent, the organohydrogel achieves an unprecedented thermal sensitivity of 19.6%/°C, which is much higher than those of previously reported stretchable thermistors. The mechanism for the thermal response is revealed by considering the thermally activated ion mobility and dissociation. The stretchable thermistors are conformally attached on curved surfaces for the practical monitoring of minute temperature change. Notably, the uncovered Gly-organohydrogel avoids drying and freezing at 70 and -18 °C, respectively, reflecting the excellent antidrying and antifreezing attributes. In addition, the organohydrogel displays ultrahigh stretchability (1103% strain), self-healing ability, and high transparency. This work sheds light on fabricating ultrasensitive and stretchable temperature sensors with excellent thermal stability by modulating the solvent of hydrogels.

PVDF-TrFE-Based Stretchable Contact and Non-Contact Temperature Sensor for E-Skin Application.

Development of stretchable electronics has been driven by key applications such as electronics skin for robotic or prosthetic. Mimicking skin functionalities imposes at a minimal level: stretchability, pressure, and temperature sensing capabilities. While the research on pressure sensors for artificial skin is extensive, stretchable temperature sensors remain less explored. In this work, a stretchable temperature and infrared sensor has been developed on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The sensor is based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) as a pyroelectric material. This material is sandwiched between two electrodes. The first one consists of aluminium serpentines, covered by gold in order to get electrical contact and maximum stretchability. The second one is based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) that has shown good electrical compatibility with PVDF-TrFE and provides the stretchability of the top electrode. Without poling the PVDF-TrFE, sensor has shown a sensitivity of around 7 pF.°C−1 up to 35% strain without any change in its behaviour. Then, taking advantage on infrared absorption of PEDOT:PSS, a poled device has shown a pyroelectric peak of 13 mV to an infrared illumination of 5 mW at 830 nm. This stretchable device valuably allows an electronic skin (e-skin) use for contact and more importantly non-contact thermal sensing.

Intrinsically Stretchable Temperature Sensor Based on Organic Thin-Film Transistors

Achieving reliable electrical performance with stretchability and conformability is a key issue for wearable electronics. In this letter, we demonstrate an intrinsically stretchable temperature sensor element based on organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The OTFTs were characterized with respect to their temperature and strain dependence, and subsequently evaluated using differential readout circuit schemes. We considered two circuit variants to accommodate OTFTs with nominally positive or negative threshold voltages. Due to the strain suppression afforded by the differential readout, the intrinsically stretchable temperature sensor element achieves an inaccuracy within 1 °C with uniaxial strains from 0-30 %.