Stress Management Intervention Research Articles

Effect of a nonpharmacological psychological stress management intervention on major cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Effect of a nonpharmacological psychological stress management intervention on major cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Supplemental Material for Effect of a Nonpharmacological Psychological Stress Management Intervention on Major Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Supplemental Material for Effect of a Nonpharmacological Psychological Stress Management Intervention on Major Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

The Selah trial: A preference-based partially randomized waitlist control study of three stress management interventions.

Chronic stress undermines psychological and physiological health. We tested three remotely delivered stress management interventions among clergy, accounting for intervention preferences. United Methodist clergy in North Carolina enrolled in a partially randomized, preference-based waitlist control trial. The interventions were: mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), Daily Examen prayer practice, and Stress Proofing (stress inoculation plus breathing skills). Co-primary outcomes were symptoms of stress (Calgary Symptoms of Stress Inventory) and 48-hour ambulatory heart rate variability (HRV) at 12 weeks compared to waitlist control. Survey data were collected at 0, 12, and 24 weeks and 48-hour ambulatory HRV at 0 and 12 weeks. The 255 participants were 91% White and 48% female. Forty-nine participants (22%) without a preference were randomly assigned between the three interventions (n = 40) and waitlist control (n = 9). Two hundred six participants (78%) with a preference were randomly assigned to waitlist control (n = 62) or their preferred intervention (n = 144). Compared to waitlist control, MBSR [mean difference (MD) = -0.30, 95% CI: -0.41, -0.20; P < .001] and Stress Proofing (MD = -0.27, 95% CI: -0.40, -0.14; P < .001) participants had lower stress symptoms at 12 weeks; Daily Examen participants did not until 24 weeks (MD = -0.24, 95% CI: -0.41, -0.08). MBSR participants demonstrated improvement in HRV at 12 weeks (MD = +3.32ms; 95% CI: 0.21, 6.44; P = .036). MBSR demonstrated robust improvement in self-reported and objective physical correlates of stress; Stress Proofing and Daily Examen resulted in improvements in self-reported correlates of stress. These brief practices were sustainable and beneficial for United Methodist clergy during the heightened stressors of the COVID pandemic. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04625777.

Is repeated mistake-making an effective treatment strategy for perfectionism? Findings from a randomized controlled trial

Background and objectivesPerfectionism has been linked to self-criticism, procrastination, and psychological disorders. In a previous study, an exposure-based treatment for perfectionism (ETP), which included exposures targeted at concern over mistakes, showed positive outcomes when compared to waitlist. The aim of this study was to further investigate ETP by comparing it to a stress-management condition and assessing durability of treatment effects by conducting a one-month follow-up assessment. MethodsEighty-five individuals with elevated perfectionism were randomly assigned to receive ETP (n = 43) or a stress management treatment (n = 42). ETP involved repeatedly practicing mistake-making by completing computerized tasks engineered to cause individuals to make mistakes. The stress management condition included listening to videos and answering questions about healthy habits, such as diet, exercise, and sleep, as well as viewing calming videos. Participants completed eight treatment sessions as well as baseline, post-test, and one month follow-up self-report questionnaires. ResultsContrary to predictions, compared to ETP, stress management led to significantly lower overall perfectionism, depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety at post and significantly lower depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety at follow-up. Further, individuals who completed ETP did not habituate to the exposure tasks, but distress increased from the first to the last treatment session. LimitationsThe duration of treatment was relatively brief. ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of using active psychological control conditions in treatment outcome studies and the need to test various components of treatments for perfectionism to observe what may be effective or even potentially iatrogenic.

HUMAN STRESS DETECTION BASED ON SLEEPING HABITS THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

Stress is a mental or emotional state brought on by demanding or unavoidable circumstances, also referred to as stressors. In order to prevent any unfavorable occurrences in life, it is crucial to understand human stress levels. Sleep disturbances are related to a number of physical, mental, and social problems. This study's main objective is to investigate how human stress might be detected using machine learning algorithms based on sleep-related behaviors. Detecting and understanding stress patterns during sleep can provide valuable insights into individuals' overall stress levels and aid in the development of targeted interventions for stress management. This project focuses on the detection of human stress in and through sleep using various sensing modalities and machine learning techniques. The project employs a multimodal approach, combining physiological signals, sleep-related data, and contextual information to capture comprehensive stress patterns during sleep. Physiological signals such as heart rate, electro dermal activity, and respiratory patterns are collected using wearable sensors, while sleep-related data, including sleep stages and sleep quality metrics, are obtained through polysomnography and actigraphy. This data when given to the web application performs the prediction through the ML model and gives the predicted output. This project is made on a Decision Tree Classifier with best hyper parameters. Key Words: Stress, Sleep disturbances, Human stress, Physiological signals, Polysomnography, Actigraphy

Enhancing well-being: evaluating the impact of stress management interventions for IT professionals in the workplace

Enhancing well-being: evaluating the impact of stress management interventions for IT professionals in the workplace

Feasibility and Preliminary Impact of a Web-Based Mind Body Intervention for Older Dementia Caregivers.

Mind-body interventions focused on intentional breathing and movement have been found to mitigate the negative effects of caregiving such as such as stress, psychosocial distress, and emotional distress associated for persons living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The objective was to assess the feasibility and acceptability and preliminary impacts of our 12-week mind body intervention "Gentle Yoga and Yogic Breathing" for caregivers of persons living with dementia on health outcomes including mutuality, depression and anxiety, loneliness and social support, quality of life, and physical function. We conducted a single-group cohort study in which 20 caregivers were enrolled. Data were collected at baseline and at the 12-week post-intervention endpoint. The intervention was acceptable; 75% (n = 15/20) completed the study; 16 completed post-study questionnaires. Very few experienced technical issues; 31% (n = 3) most commonly reported as poor internet connectivity, 75% (n = 12/16) perceived a health benefit, 88% (n = 14/16) perceived improved day-to-day mood, and 100% (n = 16/16) would recommend the intervention to other caregivers. Although there was minimal change from baseline to 12 weeks, for health outcomes, there were very small improvements noted in anxiety and overall health. There were no reported adverse events. The intervention was well received and is feasible and acceptable for future studies of stress and health management interventions for caregivers of persons living with dementia.Registered with https://www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03853148).

Perceived Stress, Blood Biomarkers, and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults.

There is a substantial gap in knowledge regarding how perceived stress may influence the relationship between serum-measured biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline. This study consists of 1,118 older adult participants from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP) (60% Black participants and 63% female participants). Linear mixed effects regression models were conducted to examine the role of perceived stress in the association between three blood biomarkers: total tau (t-tau), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) on global cognitive decline. Stratified analysis by stress level was also conducted to evaluate the associations between each blood biomarker and baseline cognitive function and decline. All models adjusted for age, race, sex, education, time, and their interactions with time. The interaction of stress, NfL concentration, and time was statistically significant on global cognition (β = -0.064 (SE = 0.028), p-value = 0.023) and on episodic memory (β = -0.097 (SE = 0.036), p-value = 0.007). Greater stress level worsens the association between high NfL concentration and cognitive decline. Stress management interventions may be helpful to reduce rate of cognitive decline in individuals with high concentrations of NfL.

Childhood trauma and hair cortisol response over the year following onset of a chronic life event stressor

ObjectiveChildhood trauma may contribute to poor lifelong health in part through programming of the HPA-axis response to future life stressors. To date, empirical evidence shows an association of childhood trauma with dysregulation of the HPA-axis and blunted cortisol reactivity to acute stressors. Here, we conduct an initial examination of childhood trauma as a moderator of changes over time in perceived stress levels and HPA-axis response to a major chronic stressor in adulthood. MethodsParticipants were 83 maternal caregivers of children newly diagnosed with cancer who completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and who, over the year following their child’s cancer diagnosis, had hair samples collected up to 7 times for the assessment of cortisol and completed monthly measures of perceived stress. ResultsCTQ scores were in the expected range for a community sample and associated with changes in perceived stress and cortisol concentration over time (γ =.003, p =.002; γ = −.0004, p =.008, respectively) independently of age, education, treatment intensity and randomization to stress management intervention. Maternal caregivers who endorsed lower childhood trauma showed a steeper decline in perceived stress and a larger increase in cortisol levels across the year than caregivers who recalled more childhood trauma. ConclusionsFindings extend animal models and studies that examine cortisol reactivity to acute stressors and suggest that childhood trauma may program a phenotype that is more psychologically reactive but shows a blunted HPA-axis response to chronic stress. While adaptive in the short-term, this early life programming may incur long-term costs for health. Further work is warranted to examine this possibility.

Effectiveness of stress management interventions for nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Elevated stress levels are related to diminished mental health, potentially leading to decreased well-being and performance of nursing students. While researchers have focused on developing stress management interventions, there is a need to synthesize the evidence. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of stress management interventions in nursing students. A systematic literature search identified controlled stress management interventions employing a validated psychological or physiological stress measure. Forty-one studies were included, with 36 forming a pool of 2715 participants in the meta-analysis. The overall effect on psychological stress was positive. Intervention type, delivery modality, intervention duration in weeks, and number of sessions were moderators of intervention effectiveness, with more significant effects for mind-body programs, on-site delivery methods, durations of 9-12 weeks, and 15-30 sessions. For physiological stress, the biomarkers of blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol levels decreased significantly. Future research is necessary for promising outcomes related to currently underrepresented indicators and to investigate the long-term effects of interventions.

Association of Personality Traits With the Efficacy of Stress Management Interventions for Medical Students Taking Objective Structured Clinical Examinations.

Personality traits are associated with psychophysiological stress, but few studies focus on medical students. This study aimed to better understand the association of personality traits with the efficacy of stress management interventions for medical students. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with fourth-year students who took the objective structured clinical examination at Bernard University Lyon 1 in December 2021. Students were randomized in cardiac biofeedback, mindfulness, and control groups. Each intervention was implemented for 6 minutes before the examination. Physiological stress levels were collected during the intervention. Psychological stress levels were rated by students at baseline and after the intervention. Personality traits were assessed via the Big-Five Inventory. Interactions between personality traits and the efficacy of the interventions were analyzed using multivariable linear regression models. Four hundred eighty-one students participated. Higher baseline psychological stress levels were associated with higher neuroticism and agreeableness (β = 10.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) [7.40, 13.13], P < .001 and β = 3.42, 95% CI [0.98, 5.85], P = .006, respectively) and lower openness (β = -4.95, 95% CI [-7.40, -2.49], P < .001). As compared to the control intervention, both stress management interventions led to lower levels of psychological (P < .001 for both) and physiological stress levels (biofeedback: P < .001 and mindfulness: P = .009). Biofeedback efficacy varied by extraversion score for psychological (β = -5.66, 95% CI [-10.83, -0.50], P = .03) and physiological stress reduction (β = -0.002, 95% CI [-0.003, -0.00004], P = .045). Mindfulness efficacy varied by agreeableness score for psychological stress reduction (β = -7.87, 95% CI [-13.05, -2.68], P = .003). Students with a high score in extraversion may benefit more from biofeedback interventions, while students with high scores in agreeableness may benefit more from mindfulness interventions.

Compounding effects of stress on diet, physical activity, and wellbeing among African American parents: a qualitative study to inform the LEADS health promotion trial.

The purpose of the study was to conduct in-depth qualitative interviews to understand the lived experiences of African American parents of overweight adolescents who had previously participated in a family-based weight loss program and to utilize these insights to inform the essential elements of the LEADS trial, an integrated resilience stress management and health promotion intervention. Participants (N = 30) were African American parents and/or caregivers (96.7% female; Mage = 49.73, SD = 10.88; MBMI = 37.63, SD = 8.21) of adolescents with overweight and/or obesity. Interviews were transcribed and coded using inductive and deductive approaches for themes by two independent coders. Inter-rater reliability was acceptable (r = 0.70-0.80) and discrepancies were resolved to 100% agreement. Prominent stress themes included caregiver responsibilities, work, interpersonal family conflict, and physical and emotional consequences of chronic stress. Participants also noted decreases in physical activity and poor food choices due to stress. Coping mechanisms included prayer/meditation, church social support, and talking with family/partner. Results highlight the importance of mitigating stress among African American parents through stress management and cultural/familial resilience approaches to increase the likelihood of engagement in behavioral strategies in health promotion programs. Future studies should assess the utility of incorporating stress management components and health promotion techniques to improve health outcomes among African American families.

Integrative Stress Perception Interventions for Leukemia Patients: A Multidisciplinary Approach

BACKGROUND: Leukemia patients often face significant psychological stress due to the uncertainty of their disease’s outcome, the side effects of treatment, and the profound changes to their lives. Effective stress management interventions are crucial for improving their quality of life and psychological well-being. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to explore and evaluate the theoretical frameworks and practical interventions for managing stress perception in leukemia patients, providing an integrated view of the current methodologies and their outcomes. METHODS: We review and synthesize the literature on stress perception interventions within leukemia care, focusing on mindfulness theory, cognitive behavioral theory, and the theory of uncertainty in illness. We assess the efficacy of various interventions, including mindfulness-based stress reduction, cognitive behavioral therapy, stress inoculation training, and graded interventions, alongside the utilization of measurement tools such as the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). RESULTS: The reviewed interventions demonstrate significant potential in reducing stress perception among leukemia patients. Mindfulness-based approaches help patients focus on the present and reduce rumination, cognitive behavioral interventions address negative thought patterns contributing to stress, and graded interventions tailor care to individual patient needs. Furthermore, the application of stress measurement tools provides a quantitative basis for evaluating intervention efficacy. CONCLUSION: Integrative stress management interventions, grounded in comprehensive theoretical frameworks, offer significant benefits for leukemia patients, contributing to lower stress levels and improved overall well-being. Healthcare providers are encouraged to incorporate these interventions into standard leukemia care, ensuring a holistic approach to patient treatment. Future research should aim to innovate and refine these interventions, ensuring they are accessible, feasible, and effective for the diverse leukemia patient population.

The Occurrence of Anxiety, Depression, and Distress among Professionals Working in Emergency Care.

Maintaining mental health is essential for professions with higher stress levels and challenging environments, including emergency specializations. In this study, the occurrence of distress, anxiety, and depression among a group of ambulance and hospital emergency care professionals was assessed (n = 202). A cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive online survey was conducted, including the internationally validated Beck depression inventory (BDI), the perceived stress scale (PSS-14), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Statistical analyses involved descriptive statistics, the χ2-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn-Bonferroni test, logistic regression (LR), Cramer coefficient (Cramer's V), Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs). Based on the results, female professionals are more likely to have depressive symptoms (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.3-5.1), perceived stress (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.2-4.1), and anxiety (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0-4.1) than male professionals. Perceived stress levels decreased proportionally with increasing years spent working in healthcare (OR = 7.4, 95% CI = 7.1-8.3). Extended work shifts of 12 or 24 h increase the risk of perceived stress and anxiety in emergency care workers (p = 0.02). Customized stress management interventions are needed to mitigate the amplified mental strain associated with gender, working years, and longer shifts in the emergency care sector to sustain their mental health and well-being.

Assessing the Effectiveness of STAPP@Work, a Self-Management Mobile App, in Reducing Work Stress and Preventing Burnout: Single-Case Experimental Design Study.

Work-related stress and burnout remain common problems among employees, leading to impaired health and higher absenteeism. The use of mobile health apps to promote well-being has grown substantially; however, the impact of such apps on reducing stress and preventing burnout is limited. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of STAPP@Work, a mobile-based stress management intervention, on perceived stress, coping self-efficacy, and the level of burnout among mental health employees. The study used a single-case experimental design to examine the use of STAPP@Work among mental health employees without a known diagnosis of burnout (N=63). Participants used the app for 1 week per month repeatedly for a period of 6 months. Using a reversal design, the participants used the app 6 times to assess replicated immediate (1 week after use) and lasting (3 weeks after use) effects. The Perceived Stress Scale, the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Burnout Assessment Tool were used to measure the outcomes. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the data. After 6 months of app use for 1 week per month, the participants showed a statistically significant decrease in perceived stress (b=-0.38, 95% CI -0.67 to -0.09; P=.01; Cohen d=0.50) and burnout symptoms (b=-0.31, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.12; P=.002; Cohen d=0.63) as well as a statistically significant improvement in problem-focused coping self-efficacy (b=0.42, 95% CI 0-0.85; P=.049; Cohen d=0.42). Long-term use of the app provided consistent reductions in burnout symptoms over time, including in the level of exhaustion and emotional impairment. The use of an app-based stress management intervention has been shown to reduce burnout symptoms and enhance coping self-efficacy among mental health workers. Prevention of burnout and minimization of work-related stress are of utmost importance to protect employee health and reduce absenteeism.

Effect of stress management intervention I and II: relaxation and combination techniques (relaxation and lemon turmeric and honey) on the stress level of comorbid respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic in west Bogor district

Background: This study aimed to determine the effect of stress management I: progressive relaxation &amp; 5 fingers, and stress management II: relaxation (progressive and 5 fingers) with lemon turmeric honey (lemonyit honey) on the stress level of cormobid respondents in the COVID-19 pandemic era. Methods: The research design was a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group. The location was in the area with the highest Covid-19 cases and Rukun Warga (RW) with the largest population, namely West Bogor Subdistrict in Curug and Cilendek RW. The study population was all residents aged adults to pre elderly. Samples were taken randomly, by first screening for hypertension, diabetes and respiratory disorders in adults-pre elderly. Samples that fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria were obtained 100 respondents, consisting of 3 groups; namely group 1 = 34 people received progressive relaxation techniques and five fingers for 60-90 minutes, group 2 = 30 people received a combination of relaxation techniques and lemonyit honey, and group 3 (control) = 36 people. Stress levels were measured using the Kurzen stress questionnaire. Data analysis included descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing. Results: Stress management I and II, effectively controlling stress levels in the Covid-19 pandemic era in comorbid respondents. Conclusions: Stress management I and II can reduce stress levels during the Covid-19 pandemic in respondents with cormobid. Stress management I and II, can be applied in health care facilities both in hospitals and communities during the Covid-19 pandemic, to reduce the stress levels of clients who have cormobid.

A Synthesized Model for Applying Stress Management and Biofeedback Interventions in Research Utilization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Stress management and biofeedback interventions have been shown to be effective in improving mental and physical health outcomes. However, previous research studies and synthesized models for applying these interventions in research utilization are insufficient. This study aimed to synthesize a model for applying stress management and biofeedback interventions in research utilization. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.Multiple studies were used to assess the effectiveness of applying stress management and biofeedback interventions published from 2017 to 2023. The process included identifying the research questions, conducting a comprehensive literature search, assessing study quality, extracting data, synthesizing the data, analyzing and interpreting the findings, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations. The results indicated a significant mean effect size without evidence of publication bias. The effect sizes of the subgroups among the study variables were not significantly different [Q = 4.02, p = .26]. However, there were significant differences regarding the mean effect sizes among the studies [Q = 63.59, p < .001] and also in terms of the test of subgroups among the participants [Q = 8.49, p = .04]. The results emphasize the importance of evidence-based practice and highlight the need for ongoing evaluation and refinement of interventions. The proposed model was supported by related theories and research studies in order to ensure the robustness and reliability to guide practice and future research in the field of biofeedback interventions. By following this model, researchers and practitioners can ensure that stress management and biofeedback interventions are evidence-based and are effective in improving mental and physical health outcomes.

Stress as a Determinant: Exploring Predictors of Post-Covid-19 Pandemic Professional Quality of Life Among Nurses

The Covid-19 Pandemic, spanning from 2020 to 2022, ushered in unprecedented challenges for the healthcare system, impacting nurses who played a pivotal role in the global and Indonesian responses. Nurses faced emotional exhaustion, diminished job satisfaction, and suboptimal working conditions, compounded by increased responsibilities and monotony in delivering healthcare services. Objective: This study aimed to identify predictive factors influencing the post-pandemic quality of life among nurses in Padang City hospitals. Utilizing purposive sampling, 88 nurses participated, providing data through a demographic questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, and Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQoL-21). Nurses' quality of life (p-value = 0.000). Conversely, age, gender, tenure, experience in caring for Covid-19 patients, and career level exhibited no significant correlations. The findings underscore the importance of addressing stress as a determinant of nurses' well-being. Care managers at Padang City Hospital can leverage these insights to enhance nurses' quality of life, ultimately optimizing healthcare delivery to the community. This study offers valuable guidance for healthcare management, emphasizing the need to prioritize stress management interventions to bolster the overall effectiveness of nursing care.&#x0D;

Low Social Well-Being in Advanced and Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Effects of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management.

Social well-being impacts cancer patients' health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and coping style. This secondary analysis was conducted to examine whether advanced prostate cancer survivors who had experienced low social well-being would benefit from a web-based cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention. APC survivors (N = 192) who had received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were randomized to a 10-week CBSM or a health promotion (HP) control condition. A subsample of participants (n = 61) with low pre-intervention SWB (measured by social support from and relationship satisfaction with family and friends) was included in the study. Multilevel models compared participants' PC-specific quality of life (sexual, hormonal, urinary), affect-based psychosocial burden (cancer-related anxiety and distress), and coping strategies at baseline, 6months, and 12months. Covariates were included in all models as appropriate. Participants randomized to the CBSM condition showed significantly greater improvements in fear of cancer recurrence and cancer-related intrusive thoughts than those in the HP control condition. A significant condition by time interaction was also found, indicating that CBSM improved participants' PC-related fear in both short- (6months) and long-term (12months). However, the CBSM intervention did not significantly impact APC-related symptom burden. Only for the urinary domain, clinically meaningful changes (CBSM vs HP) were observed. In addition, all participants, regardless of condition, reported less coping (e.g., emotion-, problem- and avoidance-focused) over time. As predicted, the CBSM intervention improved several affect-based psychosocial outcomes for APC survivors with low baseline SWB.

Analyzing the stress management intervention impacting the mindfulness and well-being of employees.

Developing employee well-being as well as lowering stress may have several benefits for organizations. Stress management intervention techniques utilized via organizations help to develop worker mindfulness and well-being, and reduce stress. To review stress management interventions to determine the effectiveness of diverse interventions in improving the mindfulness and well-being of employees working in an organization. This work is split into two main sections: collection of data and analysis of data. First, data collection is carried out. The structured questionnaire was organized and distributed to managers and working employees of an organization. Based on the developed hypothesis, the questionnaire was arranged and all queries were compulsory. Subsequently, the collected data were performed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis. The Standard Mean Residual Root Square for the baseline model of mindfulness and well-being of employees working in an organization is 0.2156, which is better than threshold value. From the analysis, the goodness of fit and significant relation among the stress intervention techniques as well as mindfulness and well-being of employees in an organization has been found.