Stress Curves Research Articles

Mechanical behaviour of low-, medium- and high-entropy Ti-Hf-Zr-Ni-Cu-Co shape memory alloys

The mechanical behaviour was studied in twelve senary Ti-HfXZrX-Ni-CuXCoX alloys with various configuration entropies, which were regulated by the X value - concentration of doping elements (Hf, Zr, Cu, and Co) that varied from 1 at% to 17 at% and the concentration of the Ni group (Ni+Cu+Co) that varied from 49 to 51 at%. The stress vs strain curves were obtained at three temperatures (-100oC, 22oC and 100oC) at which the alloys were in different states (martensite, austenite, or a mixture of both). It was found that the senary Ti-Hf-Zr-Ni-Cu-Co alloys could undergo deformation via martensite reorientation, stress-induced martensitic transformation, and dislocation slip. The activation of the mechanisms depends on the deformation temperature compared to the temperatures of the martensitic transformations, as in the binary NiTi alloys. An increase in the X value from 1 to 10 at% increased the yield limit for dislocation slip in the austenite phase, while a further rise in the X value by 17 at% decreased this limit. An increase in the X value decreased the strain up to failure. The larger the [Ni] concentration or deformation temperature, the more pronounced the reduction in strain up to failure. An increase in X value from 1 to 5 at% significantly changed the fracture mechanisms from ductile to brittle due to the suppression of the dislocation movement.

Effect of the flow behavior and dynamic recrystallization of EH420 marine steel on the morphology evolution of martensite substructures

The hot deformation behavior of EH420 marine steel was investigated by isothermal compression tests in the temperature range of 850~1050°C and the strain rate range of 0.01~10s−1. A high-temperature constitutive model and a hot processing map were developed. The results indicated that the microstructure of EH420 marine steel after hot deformation was mainly bainite and lath martensite. The martensite blocks gradually coarsened with the increase in temperature within the range of 950~1050°C/0.01s-1, and the average width increased from about 0.7 μm to 2.3 μm. At high strain rates, martensite blocks became coarse and disordered due to flow instability. The flow stress curve showed a single peak when the strain rate was low. There were more dynamic recrystallization (DRX) structures, resulting in fine and ordered martensite blocks. Under the deformation conditions of 0.1~10s-1/1000°C, the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) decreased from 53.5% to 40.7% as the strain rate increased. Meanwhile, the hot deformation mechanism shifted from discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) to the combined effect of DDRX and dynamic recovery (DRV) and finally transformed into DRV. The flow stress derived from the constitutive model was consistent with the experimental results. The activation energy of EH420 marine steel was 3.16×105J/mol. The optimal hot processing parameters were 950~1050°C and 0.01~0.1s-1.

Enhancing sports mouthguards with PLA + and PC: stress reduction, energy absorption, and topology optimization.

The objective of this paper was to compare the effectiveness of different materials for mouthguards in preventing oral and maxillofacial injuries during sports activities. The present study compares the stress-reduction and energy absorption capabilities of two other fused filament materials - poly(lactic-acid plus) (PLA+) and polycarbonate (PC), with Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), which is the most commonly used material for mouthguard fabrication. Two human skulls were modelled, and a boxing glove simulated punches along the x, y, and z-axes with 5mm displacement with 1 kN force. Firstly, the maximum principal stress curve in the skull was compared for forces along the three perpendicular directions. Furthermore, the present study examines materials energy absorption properties, including their specific energy absorption characteristics and initial peak von Mises stresses. Additionally, a topology optimization approach is used to create an alternative design for a mouthguard to improve specific energy absorption. The model without a mouthguard showed the highest stress concentration of 32.298MPa in the teeth, followed by the EVA material, which resulted in a maximum principal stress of 28.525MPa. Fused filament 3D materials, such as PLA + and PC, on the other hand, showed better mechanical effectiveness in both lower jaw dislocation and lower maximum principal stress by 30.82% and 51.25% in the mandibular and maxillary teeth. Though EVA comparatively shows better specific energy absorption capability at 2.24kJ/kg post-optimization than PLA + and PC, the peak principal stress experienced in the mandibular region was comparatively higher. The topology optimization, however, improved the energy-absorbing capabilities of PLA + by 4.5 times, reaching 1.37kJ/kg and PC from 0.165kJ/kg to 0.38kJ/kg. This study demonstrates that PLA + and PC have better stress reduction capabilities than EVA and could be promising materials for the fabrication of mouthguards in sports activities. This study highlights the importance of topology optimization in dental materials science and engineering to develop safer and more effective mouthguard designs.

Research on Air Cushion Flow Field and Bearing Characteristics of Single Row Hole Air Cushion Belt Conveyor

In order to obtain information regarding changes in the air cushion flow field and load-bearing characteristics of a single row hole air cushion belt conveyor, a structural model of the air cushion of the belt conveyor was established, with the single row hole air cushion belt conveyor as the research object. Firstly, according to the theory of fluid lubrication, a mathematical model of the air cushion was established. Then, the effects of air cushion thickness, pore velocity, and belt velocity on the pressure and bearing characteristics of the air cushion flow field were studied using FLUENT software. In addition, the equivalent stress, displacement, and pressure curves between the air cushion flow field and the conveyor belt and the material were analyzed using the two-way fluid–solid coupling method. Finally, the experimental platform of a single row hole air cushion belt conveyor was built, and the flow field and bearing characteristics of the belt were verified through experiments. The results show that reducing the thickness of the air cushion and increasing the pore flow rate can improve the pressure and bearing characteristics of the air cushion, while speed has little effect at lower belt speeds.

Effect of Printing Parameters and Heat Treatments on Microstructure Development of LPBF Manufactured Inconel 718 Alloy

Abstract Processing parameters of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique strongly govern achieved performances and manufacturing defects of printed alloys. In this work, it was aimed to study the effects of LPBF printing parameters and subsequent heat treatments on resulted microstructure characteristics and tensile properties of Inconel 718 alloy. Inconel samples were fabricated using three different energy densities. Then, microstructure features such as Lave phase, primary dendrite arm spacing, and internal residual stresses as microstrains of both as-built and heat-treated specimens were determined. It was found that in the range of used energy densities, alterations of phase fractions and average sizes of the Laves phase were insignificant. Decreased energy density led to microstructures with smaller primary dendrite arm spacing and thus principally contributed to enhanced yield and tensile strengths of as-printed samples, whereas increased porosity greatly deteriorated elongation. Moreover, their flow stress curves could be significantly increased by direct aging; however, typical cellular and columnar substructures occurring during the LPBF printing remained. Homogenization treatment could entirely eliminate such substructures and otherwise caused different formations of delta phase when it was performed prior to a delta process.

Rheology of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) gels: Thixotropy, yielding, wall slip, and shear banding

This study focuses on the rheological behavior of a cellulose nanocrystal gel. This system [5 wt. % cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) + 20 mM NaCl] is proved to be thixotropic, and the detected shear force tightly depends on the growth and break-up of the aggregates of CNC rods. From strain-controlled experiments, a nonmonotonic steady-state flow curve with a minimum stress value of ≈33 Pa is found, and the negative slope of stress versus shear rate suggests the existence of shear bands. From stress-controlled experiments (creep), the “static yield stress” is determined to be 67.5 ± 2.5 Pa. This difference proves that the local minimum stress of the flow curve does not coincide with the “static yield stress” determined by creep tests. However, this minimum stress can maintain flow provided that the material is already in a yielded state. At nominal shear rates below about 100 s−1, shearing is suggested to be localized in a shear band rather than over the whole material. The “dynamic yield stress” is found as “the minimum stress to maintain flow,” or the onset of shear banding. Moreover, wall slip also occurs at low nominal shear rates which is related to the interaction between the dynamic microstructure of the CNC gel and the wall: it is hypothesized that the low shear rates allow the CNC aggregates to extensively grow and, thus, the oversized CNC aggregates detach from the asperities of the wall. Our finding of the robust connection between yielding, thixotropy, wall slip, and shear banding shall shed new light on the nature of the nonmonotonic flow curves of yield stress and thixotropic materials.

Rheological analysis of network structure of raw natural rubber prepared by different processing techniques

The performance of raw natural rubber (NR) is dominated by its network structure, particular the levels of long chain branching (LCB) and entanglement. Here, three type of raw rubbers were prepared using different processing methods for commercial grade NRs. Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic behaviors, as well as stress relaxation, were analyzed to access their network structures. The third relative harmonic, phase angle, and first to second quarter-period integral ratio of stress curve were utilized as indicators for the nonlinearity of samples. By combining these values with flow activation energy and characteristic times, it can be confirmed that naturally coagulated NR showed higher elasticity than acid-coagulated NR due to high levels of LCB and entanglement, and hot air drying could lead to chain degradation. These findings correlated with molecular weight parameters, gel content and Mooney viscosity results. This research establishes a method for monitoring raw NR quality and predicting its properties.

A comprehensive investigation on the performance of reconstruction of noncircular fiber-representative volume elements in unidirectional composites using diffusion generative models

This study employs diffusion generative models to reconstruct random representative volume elements (RVEs) of unidirectional composites with noncircular fibers. Microscope images of these composites were prepared and trained with denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM), denoising diffusion implicit model (DDIM), progressive distillation diffusion model (PDDM), and deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN). Hyperparameter tuning was performed for both DDPM and PDDM, and the generated RVE images were evaluated using the two-point correlation function (TPCF), Fréchet Inception Distance (FID), and computational cost. Furthermore, finite element (FE) models were generated using these images, and FE simulations were conducted considering interfacial debonding behavior. The resulting stress and strain curves from these simulations were compared. The results show that DDPM demonstrated the best performance in final image quality, while PDDM maintained stable performance from the early stages of training. Additionally, both models exhibited excellent agreement with the original images, indicating high quality, diversity, and resemblance.

Superplastic Deformation Behavior of 2 mm Ti60 Rolled Sheet in Air Environment

The superplastic deformation behavior of 2 mm Ti60 sheet is studied, and the constitutive equation of superplastic deformation is established. The results show that when the strain rate is 5.00 × 10−3 s−1 and the temperature is 950 °C, the maximum superplastic elongation reaches 400%. Through the analysis of the true strain–true stress curve, it is found that the average apparent activation energy (Q) is 490.783 kJ mol−1 and the average strain rate sensitivity (m) is 0.49. Dynamic spheroidization (DG) promotes the transformation of lath α phase to equiaxed α phase. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) promotes the generation of high‐angle grain boundaries (θ > 15°). After deformation, the strength of R‐type textures changes significantly. From the grip to the tip, the strength of R‐type texture gradually weakens, which is mainly caused by the rotation of grains during deformation. The deformation mechanism of Ti60 sheet is dominated by grain boundary sliding, and is coordinated by grain growth, DG, DRX, dislocation motion, and grain rotation.

Modeling the effects of initial grain size, martensitic transformation induced dynamic grain refinement, phases, and texture on strength of a high entropy alloy using crystal plasticity

Microstructurally flexible high entropy alloys (HEAs) can be tailored for strength via dual-phase strengthening mechanisms, which originate from the strain-induced phase transformation microstructural phenomena. One such alloy is a recently synthesized Fe42Mn28Co10Cr15Si5 (at%) HEA consisting of metastable gamma austenite (γ), stable epsilon martensite (ε), and stable sigma (σ) phases. In this work, a crystal plasticity homogenization incorporating a physically based phase transformation and hardening models is used to interpret and better understand the effects of strain induced phase transformation phenomena on the overall hardening response of the alloy. The transformation model is conceived based on the grain-scale stress sensitive motion of partial dislocations forming shear bands, while the hardening model is an extended Kocks-Mecking-type dislocation density-based formulation sensitive to grain size and shape. The deformation of constituent grains per phase in the alloy is modeled as a combination of anisotropic elasticity, crystallographic glide, and γ→ε phase transformation. Parameters of the hardening and transformation models within the homogenization are calibrated and validated on a suite of data including flow stress curves and phase fractions measured under compression, while the corresponding texture evolution data is used solely for verification. Good predictions of the model elucidate that the transformation induced dynamic Hall-Petch-type barrier effect is the primary origin of strain hardening along with the increase in the ε-phase fraction and dislocation density, while the individual strength of the phases gives rise to the overall strength. The modeling framework described in the present work is expected to be applicable to other HEA systems.

Research on the evolution law and control technology of deviatoric stress in the surrounding rock of gob-side entry retaining

Gob-side entry retaining (GER) play a crucial role in enhancing coal recovery, improving roadway stress conditions, and ensuring safe and efficient mining operations. This study focuses on investigating the stability characteristics of surrounding rock using flexible formwork concrete (FFC) along the headgate of 3405 panel. According to the fracture pattern of roof, a mechanical model of GER was developed. This study derived expressions for the support resistance of the filling body and determined its optimal bearing capacity. A FLAC3D numerical model was employed to simulate the GER process, segmented into early, middle, and late stages. Simulation results demonstrate a progression in peak deviatoric stress and extent of plastic zones in the surrounding rock. This evolution includes an initial minor increase (early stage), followed by rapid escalation (middle stage), and eventual stabilization (late stage). The middle stage emerges as critical, characterized by pronounced mining-induced stress effects on the roof. During this phase, significant changes are observed in deviatoric stress curves, with plastic zones rapidly migrating deeper into the rock mass. Practical implementation of the findings revealed a maximum deformation of the filling body of only 198 mm, affirming the feasibility of employing FFC in GER. This research provides valuable insights into managing stability concerns in GER thereby enhancing safety and operational efficiency in coal mining under similar conditions.

A physically based constitutive model for 41CrS4 steel based on particle swarm optimization algorithm

Abstract Utilizing the Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation apparatus, a thermal compression assay was performed on 41CrS4 steel within the temperature range of 900 °C to 1200 °C, featuring a strain rate of 0.01 to 5 s−1, to derive its flow stress curve. The evaluation of the Arrhenius equation parameters was adeptly carried out by deploying a sophisticated particle swarm optimization algorithm. Through rigorous analysis, the correlation coefficient and the mean absolute deviation were calculated to quantify the alignment between the predictive accuracy of the developed model and the empirical data. The findings demonstrate the ability of the particle swarm optimization algorithm to significantly enhance the precision of the constitutive model. This augmented level of accuracy substantively increases the model’s utility and reliability for simulations of high-temperature material forming processes.

Frictional pull-out work capacity of macro-SSF in concrete composites and evaluation of matrix deterioration due to kinematic fiber-end-slip after full-debonding point

ABSTRACT This paper presents a parametric study on the effect of frictional pull-out work capacity on the performance of fiber/matrix regime during the kinematic pull-out process. This study involves an experimental program of pull-out test of straight steel fiber embedded in concrete composites, numerical study based on finite element modeling, and theoretical approaches based on mathematical model. Various parameters were considered such as fiber geometry, Poisson’s ratio, elasticity modulus, and aspect ratio. The experimental results were calibrated with the results of numerical study, and the theoretical approaches were controlled using deterioration coefficient based on a given curve of uniaxial stress–displacement relationship plotted experimentally. The results showed that the capacity of pull-out work decreases 62.6% when the fiber diameter decreases 6 times. Decreasing the fiber diameter also improves the resistance of the matrix against deterioration. While decreasing the fiber embedded length by 1.8 times, the frictional pull-out work decreases by 56.3% and boosts relatively the resistance of matrix against crumbling, where the frictional shear bond strength improved by 91%. Likewise, decreasing the fiber aspect ratio by 1.8 times decreases the done frictional pull-out work by 56.3% and boosts the fiber duct resistance against damage by improving the frictional shear bond strength.

Hot Torsion Tests of AA6082 Alloy

Materials characterization and the knowledge of their elastic-plastic behavior are of fundamental importance for the design of industrial manufacturing processes. Nowadays, FEM simulation is the main tool used to optimize product quality and minimize scraps, and the numerical codes have evolved over the years to obtain accurate solutions with reduced computational times. Nevertheless, in order to perform reliable simulations, it is necessary to include accurate modeling of the material flow stress. Hot torsion is a powerful method for the characterization of the material flow stress because, tests can be carried out at constant speeds and temperatures, reaching large strain values, and thus getting over the limits of compression and tensile tests. In this paper the hot torsion characterization applied to AA6082 alloy is presented: tests were performed with equivalent strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 s-1, in the temperature range from 440 to 550 °C (from 713.15 to 823.15 K). The results are presented in terms of equivalent stress vs equivalent strain. Finally, the material flow stress curve was predicted by the Hyperbolic sine model and Hensel-Spittel law, and the material parameters A, m1-9 are provided for the temperature expressed in °C and K.

Experimental Study on Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams by Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix.

In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the shear performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened using fabric-reinforced cementitious matrices (FRCM). Four reinforced concrete beams, including a control specimen, were fabricated, and the shear strengthening effect of the FRCM was investigated on eight shear specimens, with the strengthening type and shear reinforcement as key variables. In particular, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique was applied to closely analyze the deformation of reinforced concrete beams subjected to shear forces. The average shear strain-shear stress curve of each specimen was derived, and the contributions of shear and bending to the vertical deflection and the change in the principal strain angle with increasing shear force were analyzed. The experiment results showed that all specimens failed with diagonal cracks within the shear span. In the specimens without shear reinforcement, the shear strength increased by up to 65% according to the FRCM strengthening, while in the specimens with shear reinforcement, only the sided bond strengthened specimen showed a strength increase of 16% compared to the control specimen. Based on displacement data of the DIC, it was confirmed that FRCM strengthening can control the deformation of the RC beam. To evaluate the shear strength of the FRCM-strengthened RC beams, a shear strength model was proposed by considering the contributions of the concrete section, shear reinforcement, and FRCM. The proposed model was capable of reasonably evaluating the shear strength of RC beams strengthened with FRCM, considering the shear contribution of FRCM and bond capacity between FRCM and concrete substrate, in which the shear strength of specimens was underestimated by 28% to 35%.

Accurate Prediction of Compression Index of Normally Consolidated Soils Using Artificial Neural Networks

The compression index (Cc) serves as a crucial parameter in predicting consolidation settlement in fine-grained soils, representing the slope of the void ratio logarithmic effective stress curve obtained from oedometer tests. However, traditional consolidation testing methods are notably time-consuming, typically spanning a 15-day period for preparation, execution, and parameter calculation, leading to significant delays in civil engineering projects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective methodologies to determine consolidation parameters within a shorter timeframe. Although various empirical formulas have been proposed over the years to correlate compressibility with soil parameters, none have reliably predicted the Cc across different datasets. In this study, to overcome this challenge, an alternative approach using artificial neural network (ANN) methodology to predict the compression index of fine-grained soils based on index properties is proposed. For this purpose, an ANN was trained and validated using a dataset consisting of 560 high and low- plasticity soil samples obtained from construction sites in various regions of Turkey over the last forty years, as well as soil borings in Istanbul. The modeling of artificial neural networks was performed using the Regression Learner program, which integrates with the Matlab 2023a software package and offers a user-friendly graphical interface for AI model development without coding. The data set, which was structured as a matrix with dimensions of 458 × 6, included input parameters such as the natural water content, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index and initial void ratio, as well as information on the compression index, which was the output variable. The developed ANN model showed an outstanding predictive performance when predicting the output of the test data, achieving an outstanding R2 score of 0.81. This underlines the potential of ANN methodologies to efficiently extract important data with fewer experiments and in less time, and offers promising applications in the field of geotechnical engineering.

Critical condition for initiation of dynamic recrystallisation in electron beam powder bed fused Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy

Despite the unique capabilities of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes for producing Ti components with complex geometries, the desired properties are only achievable if a holistic scheme is devised, considering the synergistic role of post-processing steps. This work aimed to enhance the applicability of metal AM products by improving the process chain in the manufacturing industry. For this purpose, the current work demonstrates a comprehensive investigation into the hot deformation of Ti-6Al-4 V (Ti64) pre-forms produced via the Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB-PBF) process focusing on the determination of critical conditions for initiating Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX) in these components. Following a sequential evaluation procedure, hot deformation experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1200 °C and strain rates of 0.001–1 s−1 to determine the critical stress and strain required for initiating DRX in Ti64 pre-forms and compare them to their wrought counterparts. In addition, a specific Finite Element Model (FEM) was coupled with DRX kinetics equations to predict the volume percentage of DRX grains during the hot deformation of the pre-forms. The analysis of flow stress curves showed a significant peak stress at low strains, which is then followed by a period of flow softening and eventually transitions into a nearly steady-state flow at higher strains. In addition, compared to their wrought counterparts, the EB-PBF samples exhibited a significantly superior flow softening behavior, as evidenced by a more significant volume fraction of DRX and faster recrystallisation rates. It was also revealed that the normalised strain for DRX initiation in the EB-PBF Ti64 and wrought one was 0.55 and 0.67, respectively. FEM results closely matched the experimental finding, confirming its reliability in providing valuable insights into microstructural evolution and offering a time-efficient alternative for process design and property optimisation, lowering dependence on trial-and-error approaches. Through a combination of experiments, numerical analysis, and finite element simulations, this study sheds light on the macroscopic deformation and microstructural transformations occurring during hot working processes.

Simulating lunar highlands regolith profiles on Earth to inform infrastructure development and ISRU activities on the Moon

Lunar exploration and infrastructure development near the Moon's south pole, and at other future lunar settlements, demand a detailed understanding of the geotechnical properties, structure, composition, and stratigraphy of the near-surface lunar regolith. Long term exploration and development activities will require the use of regolith as a construction material for multiple structures, and as unrefined material for resource extraction during in situ resource utilization (ISRU) activities. Upcoming robotic and human exploration will be concentrated near the lunar south pole, which has a dominantly feldspathic composition typical of the lunar highlands. Past missions to lunar highlands terrain (Apollo 16, Luna 20) provide valuable “ground truth” data regarding the geomechanical properties of highlands regolith that serve as a guide for future exploration at the lunar south pole. Lunar highlands simulant LHS-1 has well-characterized geotechnical properties and is an appropriate analogue for highlands lunar regolith in terrestrial engineering studies. Cone penetrometer testing (CPT) measurements of LHS-1 reveal a strong exponential correlation between the G slope parameter and bulk density, which allows information to be obtained regarding the density profile of simulated regolith columns directly from CPT stress versus penetration curves. We show that LHS-1 can be used to replicate the near-surface regolith stratigraphy at the Apollo 16 highland landing region in Earth-based laboratories. The ultimate CPT penetration resistance measured in the laboratory under terrestrial gravity is not directly comparable to that measured under lunar gravity, and here we derive an average reduction factor of Rf = 0.29 to scale penetration resistance values to those measured in situ on the lunar surface. Geotechnical measurements of other lunar simulants combined with experiments similar to those described herein, tailored to the terrain type of interest, will provide crucial information to guide future regolith excavation, construction, and ISRU activities on the lunar surface.

Rheological Characterization of Inorganic Curing Foam for Preventing Spontaneous Combustion of Coal

ABSTRACT This study examines the rheological characteristics of inorganic cured foam (ICF). The apparent viscosity, yield stress, and modulus of elasticity of fresh cement-fly ash composite slurries with varying fly ash blending ratios at water/ash ratios of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 were determined. The findings indicate that, under identical testing conditions, the apparent viscosity, yield stress, and modulus of elasticity of fresh cement-fly ash composite slurries (FCFS) gradually decrease with increasing water/ash ratio. The apparent viscosity and modulus of elasticity of inorganic curing foam (ICF) decrease as the volume expansion rate increases, while the linear viscoelastic region (LVER) broadens with higher volume expansion rates. Furthermore, the fitted apparent viscosity-shear stress curve for FCFS aligns with the power law model, whereas the apparent viscosity-shear stress curve for ICF slurries is better represented by the Carreau-Yasuda function model. The results of the study will contribute to the industrial application of inorganic curing foams for the prevention of spontaneous coal combustion.

Effect of reinforcement layer on dynamic wetting behavior and accumulative deformation of granite residual soil subgrade

This paper contributes to investigate the impact of reinforcement layer on the dynamic wetting behavior and accumulative deformation of granite residual soil subgrade of expressways in southern China. The wetting test combined with vehicle test and vibration test were conducted in two selected test sections with a reinforcement layer (WRL) and without a reinforcement layer (NRL), respectively. The influence of vehicle speed, moving load, repeated loading, and loading number on the dynamic stress, dynamic acceleration, and dynamic displacement of both the NRL and WRL subgrades was explored under different wetting conditions. The impact of the wetting number and traffic loading on the time-domain characteristics of the dynamic response and the accumulative deformation were revealed. The results indicate that the WRL subgrade can effectively reduce the dynamic response compared to the NRL subgrade. The influence depth of the WRL subgrades is 1.3 m, while the influence depth of the NRL subgrades is 3.3 m. Dynamic stress, dynamic acceleration, and dynamic displacement increase with increasing the wetting number, moving load, and repeated loading. The peak values of the dynamic stress and dynamic acceleration time-domain curves for the NRL subgrade are 27 % and 24 % higher than those of the WRL subgrade, respectively. At 3 million loading numbers, the accumulative deformation of the NRL subgrades is 53.7 % higher than that of the WRL subgrade. The dynamic stress, dynamic acceleration, and dynamic displacement of the NRL subgrade are generally higher than those of the WRL subgrade. The predictive models are established to correlate the wetting, dynamic load, and the dynamic response for both NRL and WRL subgrades. The dynamic stress, dynamic acceleration, and dynamic displacement measured in the vibration test are generally higher than those measured in the vehicle test. The research results provide a reference for the design of durability subgrade in granite residual soil regions.