Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Male Albino Rats Research Articles

Effects of Carica Papaya and Psidium Guajava Extracts on Hepato-Renal Performance of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Albino Rats

The growing number of diabetes coupled with the harsh side effects of some synthetic drugs has led to the increasing search for alternative medicine which are relatively cheap with minimum side effects. Objective: To investigate the anti-diabetic effect of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya and Psidium guajava extracts separately and in combination, and the effect of treatment on hepato-renal performance. Methods: Papaya and guava leaves were macerated in 98% ethanol for extraction. Results: The result showed that ethanolic leaf extract of P. guajava and C. papaya significantly (P< 0.05) reduced blood glucose level, Total Cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and significant increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) as compared to diabetic control group. Serum activities of liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was slightly elevated that indicate hepatotoxic nature of plant extracts. The level of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin and HbA1C level were restored to normal range. A slight reduction in body weight (P>0.05) of treated groups was observed. Serum urea and creatinine concentration was restored to normal level in treated rats with regeneration of kidney function. Conclusions: The study concluded that individual and combined plant extract show anti-hyperglycemic effect but the combined remedy at this dose show hepatotoxicity.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Anti-diabetic Activity of Some Novel Vanadium-Folate-Amino Acid Materials.

A new six intraperitoneal injections insulin-mimetic vanadyl(IV) compounds [(VO)(FA)(AAn)] (where n = 1–6: AA1 = isoleucine, AA2 = threonine, AA3 = proline, AA4 = phenylalanine, AA5 = lysine, and AA6 = glutamine) were synthesized by the chemical reactions between folic acid (FA), VOSO4, and amino acids (AAn) with equal molar ratio 1:1:1 in neutralized media. These complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and estimation of vanadyl(IV) metal ions. The thermal stability behavior of these complexes was studied by TG-DTG-DTA analyses. The structures of these complexes were elucidated by spectroscopic methods like infrared, electron spin resonance (ESR), and solid reflectance spectroscopes. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) study suggested the crystalline nature of the complexes. Magnetic moments and electronic spectra revealed the square-pyramid geometrical structure of the complexes. The conductivity results refereed that all synthesized vanadyl(IV) complexes were of a non-electrolyte behavior. The infrared spectra assignments of these complexes revealed that the FAH2 and AAn chelates act as a bidentate ligation. The chelation towards vanadyl (IV) ions existed via deprotonation of one of the carboxylic groups of FAH2 drug ligand, and so amino acids act as bidentate ligands via N-amino and O-carboxylate groups. Both scanning and transmission electron microscope (SEM and TEM) techniques were used to investigate the surface morphology. The main task of this research is the aim of designing a new insulin alternative antidiabetic drug agent. The antidiabetic efficiency of these complexes was evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats. Liver and kidney functions, insulin and blood glucose levels, lipid profile, and superoxide dismutase antioxidant (SOD) are verified identifiers for the efficiency of VO(IV)/FA/AAn system compounds as antidiabetic drug agents.

Antidiabetic and antioxidative properties of the hydro-methanolic extract (60:40) of rhizomes of Curcuma amada roxb. (Zingiberaceae) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat: a dose-dependent study through biochemical and genomic approaches

Background Curcuma amada is the most popular traditional medicine in India for the treatment of diabetes. The present study aimed to focus the antidiabetic and antioxidative activity of C. amada through the analysis of biochemical and genomic levels in a dose-dependent manner in streptozotocin-induced male adult rat. Method Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were administered orally with hydro-methanolic extract of C. amada at the dose of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/100 g body weight of rats for 28 days. The antidiabetic and antioxidative efficacy of the extract on glycemic, enzymatic, genomic and histological sensors along with toxicity study was investigated. Results The result showed a significant antidiabetic and antioxidative effect of the extract at dose-dependent manner. The significant recovery of fasting blood glucose level, serum insulin, activity of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and antioxidative enzymes in extract-treated diabetic group as compared to untreated diabetic group were noted. After the extract treatment, the size of pancreatic islet and cell population densities were significantly increased. Activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase in liver were significantly recovered along with the correction of Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression in hepatic tissue after the extract treatment in diabetic rats in respect to untreated diabetic group. Out of all the doses, the significant effects were noted at the dose of 20 mg/100 g body weight which has been considered as threshold dose in the concern. Conclusion It may be concluded that the significant and corrective effect in most of the sensors was noted at the minimum dose of 20 mg/100 g body weight of hydro-methanolic extract of C. amada without producing any toxicity.

Protective effect of Pterocarpus marsupium bark extracts against cataract through the inhibition of aldose reductase activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats.

The present study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of Pterocarpus marsupium bark extracts against cataract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats. Aldose reductase is a key enzyme in the intracellular polyol pathway, which plays a major role in the development of diabetic cataract. Rats were divided into five groups as normal control, diabetic control, and diabetic control treated with different concentrations of Pterocarpus marsupium bark extracts. Presence of major constituents in Pterocarpus marsupium bark extract was performed by qualitative analysis. Body weight changes, blood glucose, blood insulin, and reduced glutathione (GSH) and aldose reductase mRNA and protein expression were determined. Rat body weight gain was noted following treatment with bark extracts. The blood glucose was reduced up to 36% following treatment with bark extracts. The blood insulin and tissue GSH contents were substantially increased more than 100% in diabetic rats following treatment with extracts. Aldose reductase activity was reduced up to 79.3% in diabetic rats following treatment with extracts. Vmax, Km, and Ki of aldose reductase were reduced in the lens tissue homogenate compared to the diabetic control. Aldose reductase mRNA and protein expression were reduced more than 50% following treatment with extracts. Treatment with Pterocarpus marsupium bark was able to normalize these levels. Taking all these data together, it is concluded that the use of Pterocarpus marsupium bark extracts could be the potential therapeutic approach for the reduction of aldose reductase against diabetic cataract.

Therapeutic potential of cyanobacteria against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Hypoglycemic effect of cyanobacteria has evaluated in the normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats as a mammalian model. Normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were orally administered cyanobacteria for 60 consecutive days, and their blood levels of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, lipid peroxidation, body weight and enzyme changes were determined using standard methods. Cyanobacteria administration reduced blood glucose level, and increased plasma insulin, C-peptide levels and restored the body weight. Cyanobacteria administration significantly reduced lipid peroxidation in the diabetic rats. Hexokinase enzyme activity was increased, whereas glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme activity decreased in streptozotocin-diabetic rats compared to their respective controls. Cyanobacteria administration caused significant renormalization of serum hepatic enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In conclusion, cyanobacteria have a protective effect on anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Antidiabetic effects of Eugenia jambolana in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat

Presently, no satisfactory effective treatment is available to cure diabetes mellitus. Although synthetic drugs are used, there are several drawbacks. The attributed antihyperglycemic effects of many traditional plants are due to their ability for the management of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of the seed of Eugenia jambolana in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats. Diabetic rats were treated with this fraction at a dose of 200 mg/kg/d for 35 days. Potential antidiabetic mechanisms were investigated with blood glucose (short-term and long-term model), serum insulin, glycated hemoglobin, study of in situ end-labeling in pancreatic tissue, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, followed by western blotting study to assess the hepatic hexokinase-I gene expression, and in-vitro assessment of intestinal maltase and sucrase activity. Results showed a significant antihyperglycemic action in both short-term and long-term treatment schedules. Serum insulin and glycated hemoglobin levels were also recovered in the treated group in comparison with the untreated diabetic group (p < 0.05). In situ end-labeling study focused on the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells in the treated group. We also observed the correction of expression of the hepatic hexokinase-I gene after the treatment of the fraction in diabetic rats. Intestinal maltase and sucrase activities also displayed inhibition activity in the presence of ethyl acetate fraction. The antidiabetic activity of the fraction was compared with glibenclamide, a standard antidiabetic drug. The findings provide information about the antihyperglycemic activity of this fraction through gene regulation.

Corrective role ofEugenia jambolanaon testicular impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat: An approach through genomic and proteomic study

The present study was conducted to explore the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of hydro-methanolic (40 : 60) extract of seed of Eugenia jambolana on testicular impairment in diabetic rats. In this respect, biomarkers of oxidative stress, genomics and proteomics in testicular tissue were assessed. Side by side, glycated haemoglobin, serum testosterone, activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase in serum, epididymal sperm count including reproductive organosomatic indices were evaluated. Results indicate that a significant recovery (P < 0.05) in the levels of these parameters in fraction-treated diabetic group in comparison with diabetic control. A significant recovery was noted (P < 0.05) in the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 gene towards the control after the treatment of said fraction. Histological study also focused a significant recovery (P < 0.05) in the number of different generation of germ cells at stage VII of spermatogenesis in fraction-treated diabetic group. The said fraction treatment to diabetic rat can recover the activities of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase significantly towards the control (P < 0.05). Finally, it may be concluded that ethyl acetate fraction of seed of E. jambolana has a promiseable remedial effect on diabetes-induced testicular dysfunctions in male rat without inducing any metabolic toxicity.

Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effect of hydro - methanolic (2:3) extract of the seed of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat: An approach through pancreas

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of the hydro - methanolic (2:3) extract of the seed of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. for the management of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups (n = 6): normal control, diabetes control, diabetes + extract treated, and diabetes + metformin treated. The extract (25 mg/100 g by weight) and metformin (2.5 mg/100 g by weight) were administered once a day, orally by gavages for 21 days at fasting condition. Hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphatase activities were measured in hepatic tissue. Activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), along with the quantity of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and conjugated diene (CD) in hepatic and renal tissues, were assessed. Histoarchitecture of the pancreas and serum insulin level were also evaluated. Significant diminution in the activities of hepatic hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase along with elevation in glucose-6-phosphatase were noted in STZ-induced animals with diabetes in respect to control animals. Level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) was elevated in animals with diabetes. Activities of CAT, Px, and SOD were diminished significantly along with the elevation in TBARS and CD levels in animals with diabetes. Diameter of pancreatic islets, count of islets, and degeneration in pancreatic acini were also noted in animals with diabetes. Treatment of these animals with extract or metformin resulted in substantial recovery in the aforementioned biosensors toward the control level. This recovery is not equal to metformin because the plant extract is not the pure form of effective ingredient(s) but provides insight to the pharmaceutical industries that the extract has a protective therapeutic effect against diabetes through ß-cell regeneration capacity.

Effect of Diashis, a polyherbal formulation, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats.

This study focuses on the effect of ‘Diashis’, a polyherbal formulation composed of eight medicinal plants for the management of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. As oxidative stress is one of the consequences of diabetes, the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes and metabolic enzymes were evaluated. Treatment with ‘Diashis’ in STZ-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) recovery in the activities of hepatic hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphatase along with correction in the levels of fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and liver and skeletal muscle glycogen. The oxidative stress status in the liver was corrected by ‘Diashis’ which was highlighted by the recovery in the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase along with the correction in the quantity of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and conjugated diene. ‘Diashis’ was not found to have any metabolic toxicity. The antidiabetic effects of ‘Diashis’ were compared with those of the antidiabetic drug, ‘Glibenclamide’.

Studies on hypoglycaemic effects of polyherbal preparation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats

Many traditional treatments have been recommended in the alternative system of medicine for diabetes mellitus. However, the mode of action of most of the herbals used has not been defined. It has been reported that sex hormones are important regulators of insulin-mediated events in skeletal muscles. In view of this, a novel herbal preparation containing antidiabetic and aphrodisiac plants was used in the present study. Adult male albino rats were divided into following groups after induction of diabetes. Rats were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ), at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight after overnight fasting, to induce diabetic state with blood glucose levels >250 mg/dL. Group 1-Control rats treated with single i.p. injection of vehicle, Group 2-Rats treated with polyherbal preparation (PHP; 500 mg/kg body weight by oral intubation, morning and evening for 30 days), Group 3-STZ-diabetic rats treated orally with equal volumes of vehicle (water) alone and Group 4-STZ-diabetic rats treated with PHP after 10 days of diabetic induction. STZ-diabetes decreased the body weight, serum insulin level and glucose oxidation in liver and skeletal muscles but increased the fasting blood glucose level. After polyherbal treatment, body weight and glucose oxidation were completely restored to control level while serum insulin level was restored partially and the glucose tolerance was significantly improved. There was a significant decrease in total haemoglobin (Hb) level of diabetic rats when compared to control but polyherbal treatment significantly improved the same. However, the other parameters studied (red blood cell [RBC], white blood corpuscle [WBC], packed cell volume [PCV], mean corpuscular volume [MCV] and mean corpuscular haemoglobin [MCH]) were unaltered. In conclusion, the anti-diabetic properties of PHP appear to be mediated through pancreatic beta-cell regeneration, resulting in maintenance of optimal blood glucose and its oxidation in liver and skeletal muscles.

Antihyperglycemic effects of separate and composite extract of root of Musa paradisiaca and leaf of Coccinia indica in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat.

We evaluated the antihyperglycaemic properties of aqueous-methanolic (40:60) extract of root of Musa paradisiaca and leaf of Coccinia indica in separate as well as in composite manner by conducting experiment on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. We measured food and water intake ability, the fasting blood glucose level, glucose tolerance, activities of important carbohydrate metabolic enzymes like glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase in liver along with quantification of glycogen in liver and in skeletal muscle and serum insulin level. We noted that after treatment of aqueous methanolic extract of above plant parts in separate as well as in composite manner at a concentration of 80 mg/100 g body weight/day to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat resulted in a significant remedial effect on blood glucose level as well as carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and the quantity of liver and skeletal muscle glycogen. Serum insulin level that was diminished in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat recovered significantly after the co-administration of extract of above plant parts. All the above parameters showed a more potent remedial effect after composite extract treatment with respect to separate treatment and none of the extract has any general metabolic toxicity induction.

Influence of Pectin and Guar Gum Composite Flour on Plasma Biochemical Profile of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Albino Rats

Dietary fiber sources like pectin and guar gum have gained immense importance because of their constructive role of releasing sugars and absorbing sugars slowly in the intestinal tract; consequently, they reduce the severity of diabetes mellitus. In this article, we explore the hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic worths of pectin and guar gum by adding them to wheat flour to prepare chapaties, a staple in the diet of those in the Indo-Pak region. For this purpose, four different treatments of composite flour were prepared by adding wheat flour with 3% pectin (T1), 3% guar gum (T2), a combination of pectin and guar gum 2% of each (T3), along with a control (T0). Composite flour samples were stored for 60 days and analyzed for proximate analysis on monthly basis. Protein and fat contents of different treatments were affected significantly by various storage intervals. Likewise, chapaties were prepared after every storage interval and evaluated for sensoric attributes. Chapaties prepared from treatment T2 gained highest score with respect to all sensory parameters (color, flavor, taste, texture, chewing ability, and foldability) followed by T0, T3, and T1. The chapaties prepared from composite flour samples were fed to Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats to find out their impact on plasma biochemical profile. After decapitating the rats, the blood sample was collected and analyzed for blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides level. Rats fed on T2, showed highest reduction (17.09%) in blood glucose followed by T1 (10.25%) and T3 (9.24%), as compared to T0. Blood cholesterol was reduced up to 18.88, 16.76, and 12.23% by T2, T3, and T1, respectively than that of control. Similarly, T2 showed the highest reduction (16.33%) in blood triglyceride level followed by T3 (12.31%) and T1 (2.76%). We concluded from our research study that dietary fibers from guar gum and pectin are helpful in reducing blood glucose and cholesterol levels. It is further suggested that guar gum is more effective than pectin to control these diseases. For this reason, wheat flour should be supplemented with dietary fiber sources to combat the existing dilemma of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.

Antidiabetogenic Effects of Separate and Composite Extract of Seed of Jamun (Eugenia jambolana) and Root of Kadali (Musa paradisiaca) in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Male Albino Rat: A Comparative Study

Antidiabetogenic Effects of Separate and Composite Extract of Seed of Jamun (Eugenia jambolana) and Root of Kadali (Musa paradisiaca) in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Male Albino Rat: A Comparative Study