Growth Of Streptococcus Mutans Research Articles

In Vitro Preventive Effect and Mechanism of Action of Weissella cibaria CMU against Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Periodontal Pathogens.

In this study, we evaluated the in vitro anti-biofilm, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity of Weissella cibaria CMU (CMU), an oral probiotic, against periodontopathogens. Compared to other oral probiotics, CMU showed a superior inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation and growth of Streptococcus mutans on orthodontic wires and artificial teeth (p < 0.05). CMU exerted potent antibacterial effects against S. mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis according to a line test. In human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) stimulated by P. gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, or Prevotella intermedia, CMU suppressed the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α] in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). CMU restored the production of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 following its inhibition by P. gingivalis, and it suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -3 induced by periodontopathogens (p < 0.05). Moreover, CMU needed direct contact with HGFs to exert their anti-inflammatory function, indicating that they act directly on gingival cells to modulate local inflammation. Our preclinical study provides evidence for the potential benefits of topical CMU treatments in preventing the development of caries and periodontitis caused by the dysbiosis of the dental plaque microbiome.

Antibacterial potential of celery leaf extract toothpaste on the growth of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a member of the Apiaceae family that can grow everywhere. Celery contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, essential oils, apigenin, choline, vitamins A, B, C, asparagine bitter substances. Celery contains flavonoids, saponins, and tannins which are antibacterial compounds. Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive bacterium creating an acidic atmosphere in the oral cavity, which causes insufficient saliva to prevent enamel demineralisation which can lead to dental caries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the inhibition effect of celery leaf extract (Apium graveolens L.) on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This   type   of experimental laboratory research uses the Post Test Only Control Group Design. The samples were Apium graveolens L. and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. The number of treatment groups was 24 with concentrations of 20, 40, 60, and 80%. Toothpaste containing antibacterial ingredients was used as positive control and for negative control, a basic toothpaste formula without antibacterial ingredients, namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), xylitol, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sorbitol, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), natrium benzoate. Data analysis using one-way ANOVA test with normality test using Shapiro-Wilk and homogeneity test using Levene test. The results at a concentration of 20, 40, 60 and 80% with a positive control there was no significant difference because the sig value was &gt;0.05. Results: The results showed that Celery containing toothpaste inhibits Streptococcus mutans growth (p value &lt;0.05) that there is a significant inhibition effect of Apium graveolens L. extract toothpaste on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Conclusion: There is an inhibition effect of celery leaf (Apium graveolens L.) extract toothpaste on the growth of Streptococcus mutans.Keywords: streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, inhibition, toothpaste, celery, apium graveolens L

Effect of Protein Repellent Addition to Self-Healing Experimental Resin Composite on Microcosm Biofilm and Cytotoxicity

Purpose: To investigate the effect of addition of MPC protein repellent agent to selfhealingexperimental resin composite on the self-healing efficacy, microcosm biofilmand the cytoxicity. Material and Methods: Polyurea formaldehyde microcapsuleswere synthesized by Insitu Polymerization Technique. MPC and the microcapsules areadded to the prepared experimental resin composite with different MPC concentrations.Protein repellence essay was examined by the Micro bicinchoninic Acid method.Biofilm models formed of streptococcus mutans growth was prepared and visualized byconfocal laser electron microscope to investigate the live \ dead assay over the studiedspecimens. The cytotoxicity of the specimens was examined via SRB assay. Fracturetoughness was examined using universal testing machine till fracture. Self-healingefficacy is evaluated. Results: In protein deposition, it was found that the 0%MPChas the highest value while the least value was found in the 10% group. In live/dead bacterial assay, it was found that the 0%MPC has the highest living bacterialvalue and the lowest dead bacterial value while the 7.5% group has the lowest livingbacterial value and the highest dead bacterial value. In the mechanical evaluation,the virgin fracture toughness, the highest facture toughness was found in the controlspecimens while the least fracture toughness was found in 10% group, the selfhealingefficacy results showed that the highest self-healing value was found in the0%MPC while the least self-healing efficacy value was found in the control group.Conclusion: Innovative self-healing composite with protein repellence give rise fora great variety of dental biomaterials with more promising results and long clinicalserviceability

Effect of Protein Repellent Addition to Self-Healing Experimental Resin Composite on Microcosm Biofilm and Cytotoxicity

Purpose: To investigate the effect of addition of MPC protein repellent agent to selfhealingexperimental resin composite on the self-healing efficacy, microcosm biofilmand the cytoxicity. Material and Methods: Polyurea formaldehyde microcapsuleswere synthesized by Insitu Polymerization Technique. MPC and the microcapsules areadded to the prepared experimental resin composite with different MPC concentrations.Protein repellence essay was examined by the Micro bicinchoninic Acid method.Biofilm models formed of streptococcus mutans growth was prepared and visualized byconfocal laser electron microscope to investigate the live \ dead assay over the studiedspecimens. The cytotoxicity of the specimens was examined via SRB assay. Fracturetoughness was examined using universal testing machine till fracture. Self-healingefficacy is evaluated. Results: In protein deposition, it was found that the 0%MPChas the highest value while the least value was found in the 10% group. In live/dead bacterial assay, it was found that the 0%MPC has the highest living bacterialvalue and the lowest dead bacterial value while the 7.5% group has the lowest livingbacterial value and the highest dead bacterial value. In the mechanical evaluation,the virgin fracture toughness, the highest facture toughness was found in the controlspecimens while the least fracture toughness was found in 10% group, the selfhealingefficacy results showed that the highest self-healing value was found in the0%MPC while the least self-healing efficacy value was found in the control group.Conclusion: Innovative self-healing composite with protein repellence give rise fora great variety of dental biomaterials with more promising results and long clinicalserviceability

Characterization of Cocoa Bean Husk Extract Particles and its Comparison as a Mouthrinse with Different Vehicles in Children aged 7-12 Years.

Assessing the efficacy of cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) particles with different vehicles as a mouthrinse in children aged 7-12 years in comparison to chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthrinse. A total of 80 children aged 7-12 years residing at a residential school/orphanage in Bengaluru city were selected and randomly allocated into five groups-group I: 0.1% CBHE with distilled water (DW); group II: 0.1% CBHE with Ringer's lactate (RL); group III: 0.12% CHX; group IV: 0.1% CBHE with normal saline (NS); and group V: 0.05% NaF. A Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) was recorded, salivary pH was assessed, and unstimulated saliva samples were collected at baseline (BL) after 30 minutes of rinsing on day 7 and day 14. These saliva samples were subjected to microbiological analysis, and all the data from five groups at four different time intervals was tabulated and statistically evaluated. Nearly 0.1% CBHE with NS as vehicle showed maximum antibacterial properties among all the groups at all time intervals. The addition of RL to CBHE provided better anti-plaque efficacy than 0.1% CBHE with DW and 0.12% CHX mouthwash. All three combinations of 0.1% CBHE and 0.12% CHX mouthwash proved to be better anti-plaque agents than 0.05% NaF. Improving the preparation of CBHE mouthwash by using NS, RL, and with the addition of saccharin sodium also improved the patient's compliance. Thus, preparing chocolate/CBHE mouthwash with NS or RL instead of plain DW increased the salivary pH, anti-plaque efficacy, and antibacterial property by reducing Streptococcus mutans growth. Cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) mouthwash is a better anticariogenic and nonalcoholic mouthwash compared to CHX and NaF, which can be safely used in children as a routine oral rinse and also for those with gingivitis and high-risk of caries. Kibriya S, Srinivasan I, Setty JV, et al. Characterization of Cocoa Bean Husk Extract Particles and its Comparison as a Mouthrinse with Different Vehicles in Children aged 7-12 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):54-59.

Comparison of Antibacterial Effectiveness of Rambutan Leaf Extract (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and Tin Leaf Extract (Ficus carica L.) to Streptococcus mutans

Background: Caries is an infectious disease accompanied by damage to the surface tissue of enamel, dentin and extends toward the pulp. Microorganisms that have a role in the formation of caries, namely Streptococcus mutans. Rambutan leaves and tin leaves are plants that have an antibacterial effect. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial effects of rambutan and tin leaves on the bacteria Streptococcus mutans.&#x0D; Methods: In vitro experimental studies. A total of 30 petri dishes that have been added 1-2 ose of bacterial culture Streptococcus mutans and MHA (mueller hinton agar) were used in this study, with 10 test groups, namely 2 control groups, 4 rambutan leaves extract test groups, and 4 tin leaves extract test groups. Data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS using univariate and bivariate.&#x0D; Results: Extracts of rambutan leaves and tin leaves show the ability to inhibit the bacterial growth of Streptococcus mutans, along with increasing the dose of the extract. However, the inhibition ability of tin leaf extract was not as great as that of rambutan leaf extract at the same concentration.&#x0D; Conclusion: Rambutan leaf extract (Nephelium lappaceum L.) has effectiveness as an antibacterial Streptococcus mutans more optimal than tin leaf extract (Ficus carica L.).

Relationship between dental fluorosis, dental caries and salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans.

Worldwide, dental caries is an endemic infection and a significant public health problem. Fluoride reduces caries by helping to prevent demineralisation, by remineralising early carious lesions, and by decreasing the activity and growth of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Fluoride intake above the optimal levels leads to a condition known as dental fluorosis, which causes hypo-mineralisation of the tooth. Some studies have revealed that the severity of fluorosis is directly proportional to caries, but some showed opposite results. Hence, with these contradicting results, this study was undertaken to identify the relationship between different grades of dental fluorosis, dental caries and the most common cariogenic bacteria S. mutans in saliva. A total of 90 subjects within 14- to 16-year age range were selected and categorised depending on the severity of fluorosis into three groups: group I (mild), group II (moderate) and group III (severe) based on modified Dean's fluorosis index criteria (1942). Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected using the oral rinse technique and processed for quantification of S. mutans using Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin Agar medium. The number of colony-forming units (CFUs) was determined using a colony counter and expressed as ≥102, ≥103, ≥104 and ≥105 CFUs per ml of the sample, in accordance with the scale recommended by the manufacturer (HiMedia Laboratories). The severity of the caries was measured using decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT). Observations revealed that the overall DMFT was directly proportional to the level of S. mutans titres. It was observed that 67 to 73% of participants showed fewer colony counts (102 and 103) with minimal DMFT scores and 27 to 33% showed higher counts (104 and 105) with higher DMFT scores in all the groups. 105 CFUs of group III showed the highest mean DMFT scores (2.9) with an increased number of involved subjects than group II (2.3) and group I (1.5). In all, male participants had higher bacterial titres and DMFT scores than females. Fluoride in the drinking water served as anticariogenic agent regardless of the severity of fluorosis. Severe fluorosis with a higher incidence of caries and increased CFUs of S. mutans clearly indicates the importance of preventive measures and early treatment to reduce the severity of fluorosis and prevalence of dental caries.

Inhibitory potency of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea Linn.) extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans

Inhibitory potency of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea Linn.) extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans

Inhibitory potency of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea Linn.) extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans

Introduction: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that causes demineralization of the teeth. One of the main bacteria causing dental caries is Streptococcus mutans. Various natural antibacterial materials from plant extract can be used as an attempt to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and it has minimal side effects, one of which is butterfly pea extract. From the research that has been done, butterfly pea extract contains phytochemical compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and ternatin which act as antibacterial agents against the growth of microorganisms. Objective: To prove that butterfly pea extract has potential as an antibacterial agent that can be observed from the formation of the inhibition zone of Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The in vitro study was conducted by diffusion method using 12 test groups with 4 times repetitions. The test group consisted of a positive control group with chlorhexidine 0.2%, a treatment group with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% concentration of butterfly pea extract, and a negative control group with sterile distilled water. The samples were then incubated at 37ºC under anaerobic conditions for 24 hours. The inhibition zone formed was then measured using a caliper in millimeters (mm). Results: Butterfly pea extract can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans starting at a concentration of 50%. One Way ANOVA test results P=0.001 (P&lt;0.05), means that there are differences in the inhibition zone of Streptococcus mutans in each group. Conclusion: Butterfly pea extract can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans.

Can propolis mouthwash inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans in a biofilm?

Can propolis mouthwash inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans in a biofilm?

BNN/TiO2 nanocomposite system-modified dental flow resins and the mechanism of the enhancement of mechanical and antibacterial properties.

Robust and antibacterial dental resins are essential for repairing the shape and function of the teeth. However, an ingenious way to achieve a synergistic enhancement of these two properties is still lacking. In this work, guided by molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, a boron nitride nanosheet (BNN)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposite system was synthesized and used to modify the dental flow resin to enhance its mechanical and antimicrobial properties. The mechanical and antimicrobial enhancement mechanisms were further explored. The modified resin demonstrated outstanding performance improvement with 88.23%, 58.47%, 82.01%, and 55.06% improvement in compressive strength (CS), microhardness (MH), flexural strength (FS), and elastic modulus (EM), respectively. Moreover, the modified resin could effectively inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) regardless of aging in water and the inhibition rates were more than 90%. In conclusion, the modified resin is expected to be an ideal restorative material for clinical applications.

The effect of vanillin nanoparticles on antimicrobial and mechanical properties of an orthodontic adhesive.

To evaluate the effect of adding vanillin nanoparticles on the antimicrobial and mechanical properties of the orthodontic adhesive. Transbond XT orthodontic adhesive (3M Unitek, Monrovia, California, USA) was modified with 1% and 2% vanillin nanoparticles. The chemical composition and degree of chemical conversion in orthodontic adhesive before and after adding vanillin nanoparticles to orthodontic adhesive were measured using Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Mechanical properties of unmodified orthodontic adhesive (UMOA) and 1% and 2% vanillin-modified orthodontic adhesive (VMOA) were assessed in shear bond strength (SBS) and tensile bond strength (TBS). The antimicrobial properties were evaluated using a Mueller-Hinton plate swapped with streptococcus mutans. The zone of bacterial inhibition for UMOA, 1% VMOA, and 2% VMOA was measured. Descriptive statistics, multiple comparisons, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Duncan's test were used to compare among the results. FTIR showed no chemical conversion of 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA. There was significant streptococcus mutans growth inhibition in 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA compared to UMOA. No significant difference in streptococcus mutans growth inhibition in 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA. The SBS decreased significantly in 1% VMOA compared to UMOA. In addition, SBS decreased insignificantly when comparing 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA. TBS significantly reduced in 2% VMOA compared with UMOA. In addition, there was no significant difference in TBS between UMOA and 1% VMOA, and 1% VMOA and 2% VMOA, respectively. The 1% VMOA has improved antimicrobial properties and kept mechanical properties of orthodontic adhesive within the acceptable level.

Antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles on polypropylene and acrylic resin denture bases.

The investigation of the antimicrobial action of Ag solutions in different surfaces has been performed, however, there is little data on the direct addition of those particles to the polypropylene denture base. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles in Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans colonization in acrylic resin and polypropylene denture bases. Twenty test bodies (10×13×3 mm) were fabricated with (heat-polymerized) poly methyl methacrylate acrylic resin (group 1), (heat-polymerized) poly methyl methacrylate acrylic resin with silver nanoparticles (group 2), polypropylene (group 3) and polypropylene with silver nanoparticles (group 4). Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans colonization were performed. A colony count was performed in Colony Forming Unit (CFU/ml) and registered to calculate the arithmetical mean of the duplicate values of each sample. Data was analyzed by Lilliefors test and since samples did not present a normal distribution, Kruskal-Wallis for variance analysis with the value of significance set at p<0.05. For Candida albicans colonies, when comparing nano-Ag in polypropylene, there were statistical difference between groups 3 and 4. For the same type of growth in heat-polymerized PMMA resin with and without nano-Ag, no statistical differences were found. The presence of nanoparticles did not affect Streptococcus mutans growth in the heat-polymerized PMMA resin. Value differences of S. mutans were not significant for comparisons between groups 1-2 and 3-4. Silver nanoparticles presented antifungal activity against C. albicans in polypropylene surfaces, but not in the heat-polymerized PMMA resin. Silver nanoparticles did not present antibacterial activity against S. mutans in any of the analyzed surfaces. Key words:Removable Partial Denture, Candida, Streptococcus mutans.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF BLACK QUICK (Nigella sativa L.) OIL EMULGEL AGAINST Streptococcus mutans (IN VITRO)

Background: Secondary infection of traumatic ulcer can be caused by Streptococcus mutans. Black seed oil emulgel (Nigella sativa L.) has a saponin that has antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans growth. The purpose of this research for know the antibacterial effect of black seed oil emulgel (Nigella sativa L.) on Streptococcus mutans growth in vitro. Method: Experimental laboratory in vitro was held using post-test only control group design. There are four groups: negative control group and black seed oil emulgel in 5%, 7%, and 10%. Disk diffusion method was used in this research. Data analyzed by Anova test. Result: The result indicates some significant effect of black seed oil emulgel on Streptococcus mutans growth from Anova test 0,000(&lt;0,05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is antibacterial effect on black seed oil emulgel to Streptococcus mutans growth.

The potency of herbal extracts and its green synthesized nanoparticle formulation as antibacterial agents against Streptococcus mutans associated biofilms

This study aims to determine the effects of the extracts of Streblus asper, Cymbopogon citratus, Syzygium aromaticum and its formulation of green synthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) on Streptococcus mutans growth and biofilm formation. The ethanolic extracts of S. asper, C. citratus, S. aromaticum, and a mix of the three herbs demonstrated antibacterial activity against S. mutans isolates by reducing bacterial biofilm formation and decreasing bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity. The formulated AgNPs from the ethanolic extracts could enhance the antibacterial activities of the plant extracts. Molecular docking found the best interaction between luteolin isolated from C. citratus and glucosyltransferase protein (GtfB), assuming the promising anti-biofilm activity. The scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological changes in the biofilm structure and a significant decrease in the biofilm area of the AgNPs treated. The study suggested that the extracts and its application could be used as natural alternative agents with multi-action against S. mutans infections.

In vitro study of the effect of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Biebersteinia multifida on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans

بررسی آزمایشگاهی غلظت مهارکنندگی عصاره‌های متانولی و اتانولی گیاه کاکوتی و قان‌تپر بر رشد باکتری استرپتوکوکوس موتانس و قارچ کاندیدا آلبیکنس

Uji Efektivitas Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Alga Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Patogen Streptococcus Mutans

Background: Steptoccocus mutans is one of flora normal bacteria in the human body which can cause infections in the mouth cavity. Algae are plant-like organisms that may be found in a marine ecosystem. Recents studies have reported that algae contains numerous pharmacological activities compounds, such us: antibiotic, cytotoxic, antifungal, anti virus and antitumor. Purpose: this research aimed to know the  antibacterial activity of algae extract against the growth of pathogen bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Algae were extracted by using aquades.The inhibition test was performed by agar diffusion method on Glucose Nutrient Agar (GNA) using three types of algae extracts: Eucheuma cottoni, Turbinaria decurrens and Ulva reticulata on the incubation period 1x24 and 2x24 hours at 37◦C. Data collection technique was based on the results of measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone (clear zone) for the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria using a caliper. The data obtained were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis methods. This data analysis was processed to see if there was a difference in antibacterial power from extract algae samples. Results: U. Reticulate algae extract formed a clear zone 11.2 mm in diameter at 1x24-hour incubation, and 10.3 mm at 2x24-hour incubation. T. deccurens formed clear zones 12.7 mm in diameter at 1x24-hour incubation, and 11.4 mm at 2x24-hour incubation. E. cottonii formed clear zones 10.1 mm in diameter at 1x24-hour incubation, and 9.3 mm at 2x24-hour incubation. Conclusion: Extracts of T. decurrens have the most potential in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microbes of S. mutants.

Investigation on the effectiveness of mouth-washing using laban leaves (Vitex pinnata) steeping water in reducing plaque accumulation: a study in state elementary school 1 Pagar Air, Aceh Besar

Background: Dental and oral diseases that are commonly suffered by Indonesian people, are dental caries and periodontal disease. Dental plaque is the primary cause of the periodontal disease and dental caries. The diseases can be prevented by inhibiting the formation of dental plaque using a mouthwash. One of the ways in removing dental plaque is by mouth washing using laban leaves (Vitex pinnata Linn) steeping water. Laban leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins which can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans so that it capable of removing dental plaque naturally. Bio-ingredients have been long used in health sector for preventive, curative, and rehabilitative treatments.Methods: Experimental research with pre- and post-tests design using proposing sampling technique, where 56 people were taken as samples. The samples were divided into 2 groups which receiving different treatments. Group 1 was instructed to do mouth washing with laban leaves steeping water, while Group 2 was with water. Each of students did the mouth washing for 30 s (20 ml).Results: based on the comparison of the dental plaque index (before and after the mouth washing using laban leaves steeping water) it is revealed that the steeping water of laban leaves was effective in reducing the plaque index with p value of 0.000 (&lt;α=0.05).Conclusions: mouth washing using the laban leaves steeping water was effective in reducing the plaque accumulation. We then recommend a further study to investigate the potential of laban leave to be used in a mouthwash. 

Prolonged Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation by Sustained Release of Chlorhexidine from Varnish Coated Dental Abutments: An in Vitro Study.

Background It has been confirmed that bacterial biofilm covering dental implants is the main microbial source causing preimplant infectious and inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial/antibiofilm effect of chlorhexidine, incorporated into a sustained-release varnish of chlorhexidine (SRV-CHX) coating, on dental abutments. Materials and Methods Three kinds of dental abutments were used: a high-performance semi-crystalline engineering thermoplastic polyetheretherketone (PEAK) healing abutment, a titanium healing abutment, and a titanium permanent abutment. These abutments were coated with SRV-CHX or SRV-placebo and exposed daily to fresh cultures of Streptococcus mutans. The effect of SRV-CHX on S. mutans growth on agar plates was studied by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZOI) around each tested abutment every day for a period of 36 days. Biofilm formation on the SRV-CHX/placebo-coated abutments was detected using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and monitored by crystal violet (CV) staining. Results SRV-CHX-coated abutments 2 and 3 were able to inhibit S. mutans growth for 34 days, while abutment 1 inhibited growth for 32 days. Abutment-associated biofilm formation was notably inhibited by SRV-CHX coating after 13 days of incubation with S. mutans. Finally, the biofilm formed around SRV-CHX-coated abutments was completely inhibited up to 12 days of abutment exposure to S. mutans. Conclusion Coating of dental abutments with SRV-CHX demonstrated long-term effective inhibition of S. mutans growth and biofilm formation on the abutment surface.

MIC and MBC of red fruit extract (Pandanus conoideus Lam) against periodontal pathogens bacteria

There are only few studies on the antibacterial activity of red fruit extract (Pandanus conoideus Lam) against oral pathogenic bacteria. Thus, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of red fruit extracts by looking at the Minimum inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) against periodontal pathogenic bacteria. The subjects of this study were Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277). The antibacterial effectiveness of red fruit extract was tested by the liquid dilution method (microdilution). The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test followed by a double comparison test with the Post Hoc Least Significance Different (LSD) test method. The red fruit extract effectively inhibited and eliminated test bacteria (p &lt;0.05). Our study showed that the red fruit extracts at a concentration of 20% could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which was determined as the MIC strength of 80% as MBC of both bacteria tested. Furthermore, red fruit extract at the concentration of 10% showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum, which was determined as MIC of Fusobacterium nucleatum and the strength of 40% as MBC of Fusobacterium nucleatum. The red fruit extracts were significantly effective against the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis provide essential information for further in vivo clinical studies to determine the exact dosage and clinical effectiveness of periodontal disease.