Streptococcal Infective Endocarditis Research Articles

Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures.

Since 2007, antimicrobial prophylaxis for dental procedures has been recommended to prevent viridans group streptococcal infective endocarditis only for patients at highest risk of an adverse outcome.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Infective Endocarditis Incidence Following Invasive Dental Procedures

The association between antibiotic prophylaxis and infective endocarditis after invasive dental procedures is still unclear. Indications for antibiotic prophylaxis were restricted by guidelines beginning in 2007. To systematically review and analyze existing evidence on the association between antibiotic prophylaxis and infective endocarditis following invasive dental procedures. PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, Proquest, Embase, Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched from inception to May 2023. Studies on the association between antibiotic prophylaxis and infective endocarditis following invasive dental procedures or time-trend analyses of infective endocarditis incidence before and after current antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines were included. Study quality was evaluated using structured tools. Data were extracted by independent observers. A pooled relative risk (RR) of developing infective endocarditis following invasive dental procedures in individuals who were receiving antibiotic prophylaxis vs those who were not was computed by random-effects meta-analysis. The outcome of interest was the incidence of infective endocarditis following invasive dental procedures in relation to antibiotic prophylaxis. Of 11 217 records identified, 30 were included (1 152 345 infective endocarditis cases). Of them, 8 (including 12 substudies) were either case-control/crossover or cohort studies or self-controlled case series, while 22 were time-trend studies; all were of good quality. Eight of the 12 substudies with case-control/crossover, cohort, or self-controlled case series designs performed a formal statistical analysis; 5 supported a protective role of antibiotic prophylaxis, especially among individuals at high risk, while 3 did not. By meta-analysis, antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with a significantly lower risk of infective endocarditis after invasive dental procedures in individuals at high risk (pooled RR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.29-0.57; P for heterogeneity = .51; I2, 0%). Nineteen of the 22 time-trend studies performed a formal pre-post statistical analysis; 9 found no significant changes in infective endocarditis incidence, 7 demonstrated a significant increase for the overall population or subpopulations (individuals at high and moderate risk, streptococcus-infective endocarditis, and viridans group streptococci-infective endocarditis), whereas 3 found a significant decrease for the overall population and among oral streptococcus-infective endocarditis. While results from time-trend studies were inconsistent, data from case-control/crossover, cohort, and self-controlled case series studies showed that use of antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with reduced risk of infective endocarditis following invasive dental procedures in individuals at high risk, while no association was proven for those at low/unknown risk, thereby supporting current American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology recommendations. Currently, there is insufficient data to support any benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in individuals at moderate risk.

Oral streptococcal infective endocarditis among individuals at high risk following dental treatment: a nested case-crossover and case-control study

It is not clear whether Viridans Group Streptococcal Infective Endocarditis (VGS-IE) among individuals at high risk is more frequent following bacteraemia caused by invasive dental procedures (IDPs) than after daily bacteraemia caused by chewing and tooth brushing. The aim of this nested study was to assess if VGS-IE was temporally associated with IDPs in a national cohort of individuals at high risk. This nested case-control and case-crossover study was based on a Swedish national cohort study of 76,762 individuals at high risk of IE due to complex congenital heart disease, prosthetic heart valve or previous IE. Participants were living in Sweden between July 1st, 2008 and January 1st, 2018. The frequency of IDPs during the 3 months before VGS-IE was calculated and compared to controls (sampled 1:10). A case-crossover study was conducted to account for residual confounders. Participants were identified using the national patient register, and IDPs were identified using the national dental health register. 98,247 IDPs were carried out in the cohort during the study period: 624 occasions of oral surgery, 44,190 extractions and 53,433 sessions of subgingival scaling. The study could not confirm that IDPs were more common among cases (4.6%) than controls (4.1%), OR=1.22 [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.64-2.3], or during case- (3.3%) than reference periods (3.8%), OR=0.89 [95% CI: 0.68-1.17]. Restricting the analysis to the period when cessation of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of IE in Swedish dentistry was recommended, from the 1st of October 2012 to the 1st of January 2018, did not alter the results of the case-control study: OR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.20-2.09, or the case-crossover study: OR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.15-2.19. The study could not confirm that VGS-IE is associated with IDPs among individuals at high risk. A study with larger sample size could clarify whether there is a lack of association. The finding of a small (<5%) proportion of cases temporally associated with IDPs is similar to that of the previous large-scale study on IDPs and VGS-IE. Funding was provided by the Board of doctoral education at Karolinska Institutet, the Public Health Agency of Sweden, Folktandvården Stockholm AB, Steering Group for Collaborative Odontological Research at Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm City County, and the Swedish Dental Association.

Risk and Outcome of Infective Endocarditis in Streptococcal Bloodstream Infections according to Streptococcal Species.

This study aimed to identify which streptococcal species are closely associated with infective endocarditis (IE) and to evaluate risk factors for mortality in patients with streptococcal IE. We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients with streptococcal bloodstream infection (BSI) from January 2010 to June 2020 in a tertiary hospital in South Korea. We compared clinical and microbiological characteristics of streptococcal BSIs according to the diagnosis of IE. We performed multivariate analysis to evaluate the risk of IE according to streptococcal species and risk factors for mortality in streptococcal IE. A total of 2,737 patients were identified during the study period, and 174 (6.4%) were diagnosed with IE. The highest IE prevalence was in patients with Streptococcus mutans BSI (33% [9/27]) followed by S. sanguinis (31% [20/64]), S. gordonii (23% [5/22]), S. gallolyticus (16% [12/77]), and S. oralis (12% [14/115]). In multivariate analysis, previous IE, high-grade BSI, native valve disease, prosthetic valve, congenital heart disease, and community-onset BSI were independent risk factors for IE. After adjusting for these factors, S. sanguinis (adjusted OR [aOR], 7.75), S. mutans (aOR, 5.50), and S. gallolyticus (aOR, 2.57) were significantly associated with higher risk of IE, whereas S. pneumoniae (aOR, 0.23) and S. constellatus (aOR, 0.37) were associated with lower risk of IE. Age, hospital-acquired BSI, ischemic heart disease, and chronic kidney disease were independent risk factors for mortality in streptococcal IE. Our study points to significant differences in the prevalence of IE in streptococcal BSI according to species. IMPORTANCE Our study of risk of infective endocarditis in patients with streptococcal bloodstream infection demonstrated that Streptococcus sanguinis, S. mutans, and S. gallolyticus were significantly associated with higher risk of infective endocarditis. However, when we evaluated the performance of echocardiography in patients with streptococcal bloodstream infection, patients with S. mutans and S. gordonii bloodstream infection had a tendency of low performance in echocardiography. There are significant differences in the prevalence of infective endocarditis in streptococcal bloodstream infection according to species. Therefore, performing echocardiography in streptococcal bloodstream infection with a high prevalence of, and significant association with, infective endocarditis is desirable.

Amoxicillin therapeutic drug monitoring for endocarditis: A comparative study (EI-STAB)

IntroductionInternational guidelines recommend high doses of β-lactams for most cases of infective endocarditis (IE). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is increasingly used to adjust β-lactam dose based on plasma concentrations, although there are no comparative studies to support this practice. The benefit of amoxicillin TDM during IE was evaluated. MethodsAn observational, retrospective, cohort study of adults treated with high-dose amoxicillin for enterococcal or streptococcal IE was conducted in two referral centers. Patients with, or without TDM were compared. The primary outcome was mean daily amoxicillin dose. ResultsA total of 206 cases of streptococcal (n=140, 68%) or enterococcal (n=66, 32%) IE were included. IE occurred on prosthetic valves in 77 (37%) cases, and on intracardiac devices in 28 (14%) cases. Aortic valve was involved in 136 (66%) cases. There were 154 men (75%), mean age was 70 ± 14 years, valve surgery was performed in 81/206 (39%) patients, and in-hospital mortality was 8% (17/206). All patients in the TDM group and most patients in the group without TDM received amoxicillin as continuous infusion. Amoxicillin TDM was performed for 114 patients (55.3%), with a mean of 4.7 ± 2.3 measures per patient, a mean plasma steady-state concentration of 41.2 ± 19 mg/L, most (82/114, 72%) being within the therapeutic target (20–80 mg/L). Mean amoxicillin dose was lower in patients with TDM (10.0 ± 3.3 g/day) than those without TDM (11.3 ± 2.0 g/day) (P=0.003). ConclusionAmoxicillin TDM was associated with a reduction in daily doses, with no impact on adverse events and prognosis. Individualized treatment of IE through TDM may contribute to decreased use of antibiotics.

Granulicatella adiacens infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis is an unconventional infectious disease nonetheless life-threatening. A roundabout of 3% to 5% cases of Streptococcal infective endocarditis is caused by nutritionally variant Streptococci (NVS). Granulicatella species is one of the atypical causes of infective endocarditis. In this context, the authors are disclosing a case of infective endocarditis in an underlying rheumatic heart disease patient, caused by Granulicatella adiacens. The patient had breathlessness for the past four months, on and off fever for two months anew and mid-diastolic murmur with vegetation in aortic valve as appeared by echocardiogram. The blood cultures were tested positive for Granulicatella adiacens. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous vancomycin for a period of six weeks.

Diffusion of amoxicillin into heart valves from infective endocarditis patients.

Amoxicillin is the drug of choice in the management of streptococcal and enterococcal infective endocarditis (IE) but little is known regarding amoxicillin diffusion into infected heart valves. Herein, we assessed amoxicillin valvular distribution and related pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment in IE patients undergoing heart valve surgery. In this 2-year prospective study, patients with IE treated by continuous infusion of amoxicillin and undergoing a surgical valve replacement were included. Both amoxicillin plasma and tissue concentrations were measured the day of surgery. Amoxicillin concentration in plasma and crushed heart valves were measured by a validated liquid chromatography method coupled with ultra-violet and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. MIC and MBC of amoxicillin were determined for all available isolates. The rate of achievement of PK/PD efficacy parameters were assessed. Twenty-two heart valves were removed from 20 patients. Bacterial aetiology was streptococcal (n = 17) and enterococcal (n = 3). Amoxicillin mean daily dose was 12 ± 3 g/24 h, mean plasma concentration was 29 ± 21 mg/L (n = 15), mean tissue concentration was 23 ± 15 mg/L (n = 22). Median diffusion rate was 62%. Patients reached a plasma concentration target >4XCMI (n = 13). Tissue concentrations were bactericidal for all streptococcal IE but not for enterococcal IE. Amoxicillin intravalvular measurements in IE treated patients showed significant penetration into the infectious site. These data are reassuring that in situ bactericidal concentrations can be largely achieved in the management of streptococcal IE and support the need for combination antibiotic therapy for enterococcal IE.

Comparison of Activated Clotting Time to Hepcon Protamine Titration for Anticoagulation Management during Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery in a Patient with Severe Hemophilia a on Emicizumab Prophylaxis

Background: Emicizumab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody that bridges factor IXa and X, substituting the cofactor function of FVIII, but artificially shortens aPTT and interferes with aPTT-based assays. The activated whole blood clotting time (ACT) is the preferred point-of-care test to monitor anticoagulation with high-dose heparin in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). While theoretically ACT may be susceptible to the effects of emicizumab as the intrinsic pathway is involved, in vitro human clinical data suggest that emicizumab does not interfere with the ACT. There has been little experience managing patients with hemophilia A on emicizumab during CPB, and in most cases it is not feasible to delay surgery to await clearance of emicizumab due its long half-life. Heparin concentration by Hepcon protamine titration is an alternative monitoring method. Case: We describe the perioperative management of a patient with severe hemophilia A on maintenance emicizumab prophylaxis who underwent CPB with high-dose heparin monitored with both ACT and Hepcon. This 54-year-old male has a complex medical profile including Child Pugh B cirrhosis (baseline INR 1.5, platelets 100), Hepatitis C (treated), HIV on antiretroviral therapy (undetectable viral load), and remote portal vein thrombosis in the context of FEIBA and tranexamic acid use for a gastrointestinal bleed. He was diagnosed with Group B Streptococcus infective endocarditis. Despite optimal medical management, he developed aortic root abscess and aortic regurgitation necessitating operative intervention. A multidisciplinary team of hematology, cardiology, and cardiac surgery/anesthesia/intensive care deemed the risk of bleeding significant but not prohibitive and created a perioperative plan with liberal FVIII replacement followed by chromogenic FVIII levels postop (Table 1) to guide dosing. A bioprosthetic valve was chosen to reduce the need for postoperative anticoagulation. Emicizumab prophylaxis was continued. Intra-operative heparin titration was performed by the Hepcon point-of-care assay, but concurrent ACT measurements were taken to investigate the effect of emicizumab. INR, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, and platelet levels were measured as per surgical protocol. Preop FVIII replacement with moroctocog alfa (Xyntha®) (60 U/kg) was administered to target a ~120% FVIII level. Tranexamic acid was administered intraoperatively as per surgical protocol. He underwent a successful aortic valve replacement, bovine patch reconstruction and aortic root repair on CPB pump for a total of 175 minutes with no excessive intraoperative bleeding. Table 1 summarises the perioperative course, point-of-care testing results, hemostatic therapy, and FVIII levels. Following administration of protamine at the end of CPB (ACT 135s, Hepcon 0 U/mL) there was persistent oozing from the sternum which lessened with surgical packing and additional Xyntha®, but ultimately the chest was closed in favour of medical management. Two hours post-op there was ~1600mL of blood loss via chest tubes despite a FVIII level of 89%, platelets 147, and INR 1.7. Fibrinogen concentrate, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets were given prior to a repeat OR for exploration. Bleeding was confirmed from the sternal bone and muscle, and hemostasis was achieved with cautery and sutures. The remainder of the post-op course was uneventful with no further bleeding on emicizumab prophylaxis and FVIII replacement for 14 days. Discussion: The ACT and Hepcon results followed a similar trajectory over the operative course (Fig 1). Baseline and post-protamine ACT results were above normal reference range for non-anticoagulated patients (90-120s), and the intraoperative values were consistently above the target of 480s for CPB even when the Hepcon results fell below target (4.1 U/mL). The ACT results weren't artificially lowered with emicizumab, in fact elevated ACT values could have led to heparin underdosing risking circuit thrombosis. ACT is influenced by multiple variables including platelet count and function, antiphospholipids, factor deficiencies, temperature, and hemodilution. Therefore, the results may reflect derangements in one or more of these variables. We need further preclinical and clinical studies to better characterize the effect of emicizumab on ACT and identify the safest intraoperative monitoring strategy for patients on emicizumab requiring CPB surgery. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with left-sided infective endocarditis complicated by heart failure: a substudy of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) regist

Abstract Background/Introduction Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a strong prognostic factor in infective endocarditis (IE), but data are lacking regarding its current management and outcome in Europe. Purpose To evaluate the current management and survival of patients with left-sided IE complicated by CHF. Methods We used data of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO registry, which is a prospective multicentre observational study conducted between January 1, 2016 and March 31, 2018 in 156 centres in 40 countries. The primary endpoints were 30-day and one-year mortality. Results Among the 3116 patients enrolled in this prospective registry, 2449 (mean age: 60 years, 69% male) with left-sided (native or prosthetic) IE were included in this study. Patients with CHF (n=698, 28.5%) were older, with more comorbidity and more severe valvular damage (mitro-aortic involvement, vegetations &amp;gt;10mm and severe regurgitation/new prosthesis dehiscence) than those without CHF (all p≤0.019). Patients with CHF experienced higher 30-day and one-year mortality than those without (20.5% vs. 9.0% and 36.1% vs. 19.3%, respectively) and CHF remained strongly associated with 30-day (OR [95% CI]: 2.37 [1.73–3.24]; p&amp;lt;0.001) and one-year mortality (HR [95% CI]: 1.69 [1.40–2.05]; p&amp;lt;0.001) after adjustment for established outcome predictors, including early surgery, or after propensity matching for age, sex, and comorbidity (n=618 [88.5%] for each group, both p&amp;lt;0.001). Early surgery, performed on 49% of these patients with IE complicated by CHF, remained associated with a substantial reduction in 30-day mortality following multivariable analysis, after adjustment for age, sex, Charlson index, cerebrovascular accident, staphylococcus aureus IE, Streptococcal IE, uncontrolled infection, vegetation size &amp;gt;10mm, severe valvular regurgitation and/or new prosthetic dehiscence, perivalvular complication, and prosthetic IE (OR [95% CI]: 0.22 [0.12–0.38]; p&amp;lt;0.001) and in one-year mortality (HR [95% CI]: 0.29 [0.20–0.41]; p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion CHF is common in left-sided IE and is associated with older age, greater comorbidity, more advanced lesions, and markedly higher 30-day and one-year mortality. Early surgery is strongly associated with lower mortality but is performed on only approximately half of patients with CHF, mainly because of a surgical risk considered prohibitive. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Abbott Vascular Int. (2011–2014) Amgen Cardiovascular (2009–2018),

Streptococcal infective endocarditis: clinical features and outcomes according to species.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is frequently caused by streptococcal species, yet clinical features and mortality are poorly investigated. Our aim was to examine patients with streptococcal IE to describe clinical features and outcomes according to streptococcal species. From 2002 to 2012, we investigated patients with IE admitted to two tertiary Danish heart centres. Adult patients with left-sided streptococcal IE were included. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed, to assess the association between streptococcal species and heart valve surgery or 1-year mortality. Among 915 patients with IE, 284 (31%) patients with streptococcal IE were included [mean age 63.5years (SD 14.1), 69% men]. The most frequent species were S. mitis/oralis (21%) and S. gallolyticus (17%). Fever (86%) and heart murmur (81%) were common symptoms, while dyspnoea was observed in 46%. Further, 18% of all cases were complicated by a cardiac abscess/pseudoaneurysm and 25% by an embolic event. Heart valve surgery during admission was performed in 55% of all patients, and S. gallolyticus (OR 0.28 [95% CI 0.11-0.69]) was associated with less surgery compared with S. mitis/oralis. In-hospital mortality was 7% and 1-year mortality 15%, without any difference between species. S. mitis/oralis and S. gallolyticus were the most frequent streptococcal species causing IE. Further, S. gallolyticus IE was associated with less heart valve surgery during admission compared with S. mitis/oralis IE. Being aware of specific symptoms, clinical findings, and complications related to different streptococcal species, may help the clinicians in expecting different outcomes.

21 Is confirmatory testing with penicillin gradient test strips necessary for cases of streptococcal infective endocarditis in the age of automated susceptibility testing (AST)?

21 Is confirmatory testing with penicillin gradient test strips necessary for cases of streptococcal infective endocarditis in the age of automated susceptibility testing (AST)?

The prevalence of persistent bacteraemia in patients with a non-staphylococcal infective endocarditis, a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundCurrent guidelines on the management of infective endocarditis (IE) recommend follow-up blood cultures (FUBCs) to identify persistent bacteraemia, as this has prognostic value and guides treatment decisions. While persistent bacteraemia frequently occurs in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and IE, its prevalence and impact in non-staphylococcal IE is largely unknown. We determined prevalence and prognostic value of persistent bacteraemia in non-staphylococcal IE. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with definite non-staphylococcal endocarditis according to the modified Duke Criteria in two university hospital endocarditis registries We determined the prevalence and prognostic value of persistent bacteraemia. ResultsOf the included 159 patients 70 (44%) had prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). A median number of two [IQR 1–3] FUBCs were taken during the first week, with 134/159 (84%) having at least one FUBC in the first four days. Seven patients (4,4%) had persistent bacteraemia 48 h after start of antibiotic treatment: 5/70 patients (7.1%) with PVE and 2/89 (2.2%) with native valve endocarditis. Among 97 patients with streptococcal IE, nine patients with HACEK IE and six patients with Cutibacterium IE, no persistent bacteraemia was observed. Enterococcus faecalis was the causative microorganism in five patients with persistent bacteraemia, the other two had non-HACEK Gram-negative endocarditis. ConclusionPersistent bacteraemia in non-staphylococcal endocarditis was rare. It was more frequently observed in PVE and was restricted to more resilient microorganisms such as enterococci and non-HACEK Gram-negative bacteria. Routine collection of FUBCs in patients with streptococcal endocarditis has a low yield and may require re-evaluation.

Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with left-sided infective endocarditis complicated by heart failure: a substudy of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry.

AimsTo evaluate the current management and survival of patients with left‐sided infective endocarditis (IE) complicated by congestive heart failure (CHF) in the ESC‐EORP European Endocarditis (EURO‐ENDO) registry.Methods and resultsAmong the 3116 patients enrolled in this prospective registry, 2449 (mean age: 60 years, 69% male) with left‐sided (native or prosthetic) IE were included in this study. Patients with CHF (n = 698, 28.5%) were older, with more comorbidity and more severe valvular damage (mitro‐aortic involvement, vegetations >10 mm and severe regurgitation/new prosthesis dehiscence) than those without CHF (all p ≤ 0.019). Patients with CHF experienced higher 30‐day and 1‐year mortality than those without (20.5% vs. 9.0% and 36.1% vs. 19.3%, respectively) and CHF remained strongly associated with 30‐day (odds ratio[OR] 2.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.73–3.24; p < 0.001) and 1‐year mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.69, 95% CI 1.39–2.05; p < 0.001) after adjustment for established outcome predictors, including early surgery, or after propensity matching for age, sex, and comorbidity (n = 618 [88.5%] for each group, both p < 0.001). Early surgery, performed on 49% of these patients with IE complicated by CHF, remained associated with a substantial reduction in 30‐day mortality following multivariable analysis, after adjustment for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, cerebrovascular accident, Staphylococcus aureus IE, streptococcal IE, uncontrolled infection, vegetation size >10 mm, severe valvular regurgitation and/or new prosthetic dehiscence, perivalvular complication, and prosthetic IE (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.12–0.38; p < 0.001) and in 1‐year mortality (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.20–0.41; p < 0.001).ConclusionCongestive heart failure is common in left‐sided IE and is associated with older age, greater comorbidity, more advanced lesions, and markedly higher 30‐day and 1‐year mortality. Early surgery is strongly associated with lower mortality but is performed on only approximately half of patients with CHF, mainly because of a surgical risk considered prohibitive.

Correction to: Prevention of Viridans Group Streptococcal Infective Endocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Correction to: Prevention of Viridans Group Streptococcal Infective Endocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Infective Endocarditis Among High-risk Individuals Before and After the Cessation of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Dentistry: A National Cohort Study.

BackgroundA few years after the publication of the British guidelines, national recommendations were published by the Swedish Medical Products Agency in October 2012, promoting the cessation of antibiotic prophylaxis in dentistry for the prevention of infective endocarditis (IE). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the incidence of oral streptococcal IE increased among high-risk individuals after October 2012.MethodsThis nationwide cohort study included all adult individuals (>17 years) living in Sweden from January 2008 to January 2018, with a diagnose code or surgical procedure code indicating high risk of IE. Cox proportional hazard models were performed to calculate adjusted ratios of oral streptococcal IE before and after October 2012 between high-risk individuals and references.ResultsThis study found no increased incidence of oral streptococcal IE among high-risk individuals during the 5 years after the cessation, compared with before. Hazard rate ratios were 15.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.3–28.5) before and 20.7 (95% CI: 10.0–42.7) after October 2012 for prevalent high-risk individuals. Corresponding ratios for incident high-risk individuals were 66.8 (95% CI: 28.7–155.6) and 44.6 (95% CI: 22.9–86.9). Point estimates for interaction with time period were 1.4 (95% CI: .6–3.5) and 0.8 (95% CI: .5–1.3) for prevalent and incident high-risk individuals, respectively.ConclusionThe results suggest that the current Swedish recommendation not to administer antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of IE in dentistry has not led to an increased incidence of oral streptococcal IE among high-risk individuals.

Beta Lactams Plus Daptomycin Combination Therapy for Infective Endocarditis: An Italian National Survey (BADAS).

Background: infective endocarditis (IE) remains a severe disease frequently encountered in clinical practice and often requiring interdisciplinary medical and surgical management. This national survey aims to describe the clinical prescribing habits of the use of daptomycin in the setting of IE and the possible role for combination therapy with beta-lactams. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional internet-based questionnaire survey on therapy with daptomycin. The questionnaire was designed with closed-ended questions and distributed using the SurveyMonkey® platform between October 2019 to December 2020. Results: 55 clinicians from twelve Italians regions joined the questionnaire. The survey reported use of daptomycin as first-line choice in 31.48% of cases and as the first-line anti-MRSA agent in 44.44%. The empiric use of daptomycin was stated in the high suspicion of MRSA rather than MSSA, enterococcal or streptococcal IE. The rationale of daptomycin for the empirical treatment of native and prosthetic valve IE was mostly the possibility of administering an aminoglycoside-sparing combination regimen, high bacterial killing rate and high clinical efficacy. Conclusions: In conclusion, in selected patients, daptomycin could be a feasible option for the treatment of infective endocarditis in line with data from the European registry of daptomycin.

Independent risk factors of mortality in streptococcal infective endocarditis

Abstract Background Streptococcal bloodstream infection (BSI) is a common cause of infective endocarditis (IE), yet prognostic factors for mortality are poorly investigated. Purpose To investigate risk factors associated with in-hospital and one-year mortality in streptococcal IE. Methods All patients with a streptococcal BSI, from 2008 to 2017, were included in a regional population-based setup. Based on microbiological identification of phylogenetic relationship, streptococcal species were classified into eight main subgroups: Anginosus, Bovis, Mitis, Mutans, Salivarius, Pyogenic, nutritionally variant streptococci, and S. pneumoniae. Data were crosslinked with nationwide registries for identification of demographics, concomitant hospitalization with IE, medical history, seasonal variation, and socioeconomic status. Patients were followed up until death or a maximum of 365 days after admittance, whichever came first. Using a multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazard analysis, independent risk factors associated with in-hospital and one-year mortality were identified. Results Among 6,224 patients with a streptococcal BSI, 435 (7.0%) patients with streptococcal IE (mean age 69.0 (SD 14.8), 66% men) were included. The in-hospital mortality in IE patients was 11% (n=48), while the one-year mortality was 23% (n=100). Patients infected with species from the Bovis group had the lowest crude one-year mortality (13%), while patients infected with the Salivarius group had the highest crude mortality (36%). The proportion of deaths among women with IE were significantly higher than among men, both in-hospital (15% versus 9%, p=0.04) and after one year (29% versus 20%, p=0.02). Further, patients dying within one year had a significantly higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) (p=0.02), congestive heart failure (CHF) (p&amp;lt;0.0001), cerebral vascular disease (CVD) (p=0.004), cancer (p=0.04), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (p=0.01), and renal disease (p=0.01) than survivors. In the adjusted analysis, age (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.03, p=0.036) and renal disease (HR 2.46, p=0.045) were associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Furthermore, three independent significant factors associated with one-year mortality were identified; CHF (HR 2.18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–3.63]), cancer (HR 1.95 [95% CI 1.01–3.77]), and age (HR 1.03 [95% CI 1.01–1.05]) (Figure 1). However, patients infected with species from the Bovis group, had significantly lower risk of death at one-year (HR 0.30 [95% CI 0.10–0.89]) (Figure 1). Conclusion Having a renal disease at the time of IE diagnosis was associated with a higher in-hospital mortality in patients with streptococcal infective endocarditis. Further, congestive heart failure and cancer were associated with a higher one-year mortality, while the Bovis group was associated with a lower one-year mortality. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): Zealand University Hospital Roskilde and Helsefonden (20-B-0340) Figure 1. Adjusted risk of one-year mortality

Correction to: Prevention of Viridans Group Streptococcal Infective Endocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Correction to: Prevention of Viridans Group Streptococcal Infective Endocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Endocarditis due to Gram Positive Anaerobic Cocci: First report of Peptoniphilus indolicus endocarditis and literature review

Abstract Background Gram positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are rare causes of Infective Endocarditis (IE). We report the first case of Peptinophilus indolicus endocarditis 2 months after valve replacement. We reviewed all cases of GPAC IE listed in PubMed and identified main characteristics of these infections. Case report A 82-year old man presented a 48H fever with transcatheter valve replacement 2 months earlier. Hyperleukocytosis and high C-Reactive protein level were found. Gram positive cocci grew on anaerobic blood cultures. Peptoniphilus indolicus was identified, susceptible to Penicillin G (MIC Results P. indolicus are Gram Positive Anaerobic Cocci (GPAC) bacteria described in deep infections. In this case, IE occurred early after intervention without any secondary embolic complication. We reviewed 34 cases reports-series of GPAC IE. They are more often observed in male patients with mean age of 52 years and occur mainly on prosthetic valve. GPAC are described as susceptible bacteria towards antibiotics. Penicillin G, amoxicillin are first-choice molecules with 6 weeks duration of treatment. We compared GPAC to streptococcal and anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli (GPAB) IE. Anaerobic IE occur more often on prosthetic valves compared with streptococci IE. Surgical treatment was more frequently performed in anaerobic IE than in streptococci IE. Amoxicillin MIC was lower for anaerobic compared with streptococci IE. A lower mortality rate seems to be observed with GPAC than streptococci IE. Conclusion We reported the first case of Peptoniphilus indolicus IE. These GPAC IE occur mostly on prosthetic valves without embolic complications, are susceptible to antibiotics and lead to frequent favorable outcome of the patients.

Prevention of Viridans Group Streptococcal Infective Endocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

In 2007, the American Heart Association published updated evidence-based guidelines on the recommended use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent viridans group streptococcal (VGS) infective endocarditis (IE) in cardiac patients undergoing invasive procedures. The 2007 guidelines significantly scaled back the underlying conditions for which antibiotic prophylaxis was recommended, leaving only 4 categories thought to confer the highest risk of adverse outcome. The purpose of this update is to examine interval evidence of the acceptance and impact of the 2007 recommendations on VGS IE and, if needed, to make revisions based on this evidence. A writing group was formed consisting of experts in prevention and treatment of infective endocarditis including members of the American Dental Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Academy of Pediatrics, in addition to the American Heart Association. MEDLINE database searches were done for English language articles on compliance with the recommendations in the 2007 guidelines and the frequency of and morbidity or mortality from VGS IE after publication of the 2007 guidelines. Overall, there was good general awareness of the 2007 guidelines but variable compliance with recommendations. There was no convincing evidence that VGS IE frequency, morbidity, or mortality has increased since 2007. On the basis of a review of the available evidence, there are no recommended changes to the 2007 VGS IE prevention guidelines. We continue to recommend VGS IE prophylaxis only for categories of patients at highest risk for adverse outcome while emphasizing the critical role of good oral health and regular access to dental care for all. Randomized controlled studies to determine whether antibiotic prophylaxis is effective against VGS IE are needed to further refine recommendations.