Family Strengths Research Articles

Impact of healthy pregnancy and lifestyle in mothers on developmental delay in their offspring: a strength-based analysis of a longitudinal study among indigenous children in Australia

IntroductionExtensive literature has investigated the prenatal risk factors of developmental delay in children, with evidence highlighting the impact of prenatal health, mental health, and behavioural factors. While a deficit discourse has underscored Indigenous health research and policies, strengths-based approaches provide an opportunity to reframe this discourse, to illustrate and celebrate the strength and resilience of Australian Indigenous families. As such, this study aimed to identify the protective impact of healthy pregnancy and lifestyle in mothers on developmental delay in Indigenous Australian children; and whether it varies by child birthweight adjusted for gestational age. Further, we also tested whether child birthweight for adjusted gestational age mediates the association between a healthy pregnancy and lifestyle in mothers and developmental delay in their Indigenous offspring.MethodsStrength-based analysis was conducted using data from 8 longitudinal waves of LSIC study in Australia. Random-effect models were used to longitudinally measure the impact of maternal healthy pregnancy and lifestyle on developmental delays in their children between 2008 and 2018. A composite score (ranging from 0 to 3, score = 3 refers to most healthy pregnancy) was created for a healthy pregnancy and lifestyle variable using three criteria − (1) a lack of medical conditions, (2) no substance use including smoking/alcohol/illicit drugs, and (3) intake of iron/folic acid during pregnancy. All models were adjusted for potential covariates.ResultsOf the 780 mother-child dyads analysed, 65.4% of mothers reported healthy pregnancy and lifestyle; while 73.5% of children born with a recommended appropriate birthweight adjusted for gestational age, and 91.4% reported no developmental delays. In children born in the recommended range of appropriate birthweight adjusted for gestational age, healthy pregnancy in mothers (most healthy, aOR: 4.76, 95% CI: 1.12–20.18; and 2nd most healthy, aOR: 4.02, 95% CI: 1.09–14.83) was protective against development delay compared to maternal unhealthy pregnancy. Living in remote areas (vs. major city, and regional) was also found to be protective against developmental delay in those who were born within the recommended range of birthweight adjusted for gestational age. Further, the current study found that child birthweight for adjusted gestational age does not have any mediating effect on the association between healthy pregnancy in mothers and developmental delay in their children.ConclusionThis strengths-based study suggests healthy pregnancy in mothers should be advocated to prevent developmental delay in their offspring in the Australian Indigenous population. The findings also found living in remote areas has a protective effect against developmental delay in Indigenous children who born within the recommended range of birthweight adjusted for gestational age. These findings have implications for challenging and reframing the deficit discourse surrounding Indigenous Australian health research and policymaking. Further studies are needed to investigate the positive relationship between Indigenous Australians’ health and social and emotional well-being (SEWB) and their connection to their country and culture.

The Influence Experience of Family Strength on Career Calling Development in Early Adulthood

<p>本研究旨在探討家庭優勢對生涯召喚發展的影響經驗。以立意取樣方式邀請三位擁有生涯召喚經驗，並認為家庭在其生涯發展上帶來正向影響之成年前期者為研究參與者，以敘說研究方法進行分析。研究結果呈現三位參與者之生涯召喚發展歷程分別為：（一）我想要當助人者、拿到入場卷後的探索、在他人的期待中掙扎、沉澱後聽見信仰的指引；（二）把握接觸機會、工作室夢想的始末、失落與妥協、鼓起勇氣再次嘗試、不畏辛苦盡情享受；（三）和媽媽的共同興趣、如果不只是興趣呢、知道我不要什麼、知道我要什麼。家庭優勢經驗內涵有：工具性家庭優勢、代間性家庭優勢、關係性家庭優勢、手足關係性家庭優勢、家庭韌力、教育風格。以及家庭優勢對生涯召喚之影響：（一）家庭的開放，童年時期能接觸興趣、（二）家庭涵融衝突的發生，使之分化出自身信念、（三）家庭因召喚而改變，成為支持的養分。研究最後提出實務工作與未來研究方向建議，以利參考。</p> <p> </p><p>This study aimed to explore the effect of family strength on the career calling development. Using purposive sampling, three participants who have experienced career calling and perceive positive influences from their families on their career development in early adulthood were invited to participate. Narrative research methods were employed for analysis. </p> <p> The research findings present the career calling development journeys of the three participants as follows:(1) Aspiring to be a helper, exploring after receiving the ticket, struggling amidst others’ expectations, and hearing the guidance of faith after settling. (2) Seizing opportunities for engagement, the inception and conclusion of studio dreams, experiencing loss and compromise, gathering courage to attempt again, and enjoying hardships without fear. (3) Sharing common interests with mother, contemplating if it’s more than just an interest, knowing what I don’t want, and knowing what I want. The content of family strength experiences includes: instrumental family strength, intergenerational family strength, relational family strength, sibling relationship family strength, family resilience, and parenting style. Furthermore, the influence of family strength on career calling development: (1) the openness of family provide chance in childhood to know interest; (2) the containment of conflict in family helps young adult promote self-differentiation and self-understanding; (3) family would be changed by family member’s calling, shifting from opposition to support. At the end of the study, based on the research results, the researchers proposed some recommendations for practitioners and provided suggestions for future research.</p> <p> </p>

Latent class analysis of attitudes towards drug use and well-being among South Korean young adults

Abstract Background The surge in drug use and lack of awareness about drug-related dangers among young adults have become major public health concerns in South Korea. According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, understanding attitudes towards drugs is crucial, as permissive attitudes may lead to drug use. Thus, the study aims to identify latent classes of drug use attitudes among Korean young adults and evaluate how their well-being influences each class. Methods A total of 301 college students in Seoul, South Korea, participated in the study. Latent class analysis (LCA) was employed to identify unique patterns of attitudes towards drug use. Subsequently, we examined the relationships between auxiliary variables (i.e., well-being, including life satisfaction, self-control, quality of life, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, childhood trauma, self-esteem, stress, family strengths, perceived social support, and stigmatization) and latent classes (i.e., attitudes towards drug use subgroups) by conducting multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results LCA categorized attitudes towards drug use into three groups: Class 1 (Permissive Drug Attitude Group), Class 2 (Moderate Drug Attitude Group), and Class 3 (Critical Drug Attitude Group). Class 2 showed a particularly permissive view on marijuana legalization. In multivariate logistic regression, higher stigmatization (β = .900, p < .05) was associated with membership in Class 1 compared to Class 3. Furthermore, being male (β = 2.272, p < .001) and having higher self-esteem (β = .989, p < .05) were linked to membership in Class 2 compared to Class 3. Conclusions The study enhances understanding of the complex relationship between Korean young adults’ well-being and their drug use attitudes. Effective interventions by frontline social workers aimed at preventing drug use should continuously monitor and address social stigmatization and self-esteem while providing accurate information and education regarding drug use. Key messages • Latent Class Analysis sorted drug attitudes into three groups: ‘Permissive,’ ‘Moderate,’ and ‘Critical’ Attitude Groups. • Individuals experiencing social stigmatization had a higher risk of permissive attitudes, while higher self-esteem increased the likelihood of being in the moderate group over the critical group.

Association between Economic Strain, Family Strength and Depression among Low-income Drug Addict Wives in Malaysia

Association between Economic Strain, Family Strength and Depression among Low-income Drug Addict Wives in Malaysia

The Measurement Model of Family Strengths for Generation Alpha in the Thai Context.

The concept of the Thai family has shifted from the traditional family to families of various forms, such as single-parent families, same-sex families, skipped-generation families, and one-person households, which affects not only mental health, but future relationships of the children. This research aimed to analyze the factors that contribute to family strengths in the context of Generation Alpha and develop a measurement model tailored to a Thai context. The sample consisted of parents and caregivers of Generation Alpha, divided into two sections, with 521 participants for exploratory factor analysis and 508 participants for confirmatory factor analysis. Using stratified random sampling, data were collected via questionnaires distributed across four regions of Thailand. The discrimination index ranged from 0.280-0.896, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.952. The results revealed a measurement model consisting of five key factors contributing to family strengths. The factor with the highest score was positive relationships, with a factor loading of 0.92. Additional factors included technology and media literacy, parental roles, good attributes, and mental immunity, with a factor loading of 0.80, 0.74, 0.55, and 0.44, respectively. The measurement model of family strengths for Generation Alpha in the Thai context was found to be consistent with the empirical data. These findings suggest that understanding these family strengths can significantly enhance the well-being of both Generation Alpha and their family members.

Psychometric Properties of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale for Children With Disabilities in China

The study aimed to explore the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale for Children with Disabilities (FRAS-CWD). Due to the complexity of family resilience and the particularity of disabilities, there is a lack of reliable and valid tools to evaluate family resilience for children with disabilities in China. Data were collected from 767 Chinese parents of children with disabilities. Item analysis (IA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to test the discrimination of items, determine the factor structure and model fit, also with a Cronbach’s alpha for reliability test. EFA analysis yielded a 34-item 7-factor structure of the FRAS-CWD, which demonstrated satisfactory model fit by CFA analysis. The FRAS-CWD also showed good internal consistency. The FRAS-CWD is reliable and valid for evaluating family resilience for children with disabilities in China, reflecting the Chinese socio-cultural characteristics. Relevant professionals and practitioners such as family therapists and social workers can use the FRAS-CWD to assess family strengths and facilitate intervention for families of children with disabilities experiencing adversity.

Mental and neurodevelopmental health needs of Aboriginal children with experience of out-of-home care: a Western Australian data-linkage study

ObjectiveTo identify additional mental and neurodevelopmental health needs of Aboriginal children born in Western Australia, who are placed in out-of-home care (OOHC), relative to Aboriginal children born in Western Australia who were not placed. MethodsData-linkage of hospitalisations, health registries and child protective services data for all Aboriginal children born in WA between 2000 and 2013 was used. Children placed in out-of-home care between 2000 and 2019 were matched to children never placed and prevalence and cumulative incidence estimates of mental and neurodevelopmental health conditions were compared. ResultsChildren placed in out-of-home care had a three times greater prevalence of mental and neurodevelopmental health conditions generally. The prevalence of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder was ten times higher, and post-traumatic stress disorder was seven times higher for those placed in out-of-home care. Cumulative incidence plots highlighted for different conditions the ages at which the rate of diagnosis diverges between the two groups. ConclusionsChildren placed in out-of-home care had greater mental and neurodevelopmental health needs generally when compared to children never placed in out-of-home care . Implications for Public HealthChild protective services must ensure culturally safe, comprehensive, wrap-around services for Aboriginal children and their families are provided. Approaches should build on the strength of children, families and culture and avoid stigmatising children and their parents.

Associations Among Family Strengths, Depression and Life Satisfaction Between Disabled Children and Their Parent Caregivers: An Actor–Partner Interdependence Mediation Model

ABSTRACTAimTo explore the actor–partner effect and mediating role of depression on family strength and life satisfaction among children with disabilities and their parent–caregiver dyads.DesignA cross‐sectional study using secondary data collected from the 2020 (third) Korea Disability and Life Dynamics Panel.MethodsThis study included 434 Korean dyads of children with disabilities and their parent caregivers. A dyadic analysis was performed using the actor–partner interdependence mediation model.ResultsThe findings showed significant indirect actor effects of family strength on life satisfaction through depression for children with disabilities and their parent caregivers. The direct partner effects of one's family strengths on a partner's life satisfaction were statistically significant only for children. Additionally, significant indirect partner effects were observed in the association between parents' family strengths and children's life satisfaction through their own and their children's depression. The findings indicated that the life satisfaction of children with disabilities was more likely to be affected by their parent caregivers' perceived family strengths and depression.ConclusionIt is significant for health professionals to acknowledge the mediating and cross‐over pathways linking family strengths to life satisfaction through depression and, thus, focus on family‐based strategies to enhance life satisfaction among children with disabilities and their parent caregivers.Implications for the Profession and/or Patient CareThis study highlights the need for family‐oriented mental health interventions and education to promote life satisfaction among children with disabilities and their parent caregivers.ImpactBasic data were provided for establishing efficient healthcare education and counselling protocols and integrated family intervention programmes that can contribute to improving life satisfaction through the reduction of depression by strengthening the family strengths of disabled children–parent caregivers dyads. In future, studies should explore dyadic interdependence among children with disabilities and their parent caregivers.Reporting MethodSTROBE guidelines were followed for this study.Patient or Public ContributionNo public or patient contribution was required for this study.

The relationship between kinship and foster placement on mental health indicators in children and youth seeking treatment

BackgroundChildren living in both kinship and foster care placements often face considerable adversity. It is possible that these placements can have differential impacts on children’s socioemotional, psychological, and educational outcomes and well-being. ObjectiveThis study examined the similarities and differences between children and youth who reside in kinship placements and those who reside in foster placements. Specifically, similarities and differences in children's mental health care and service requirements, as well as their family's strengths and resources were explored to better understand the needs of children placed in out-of-home care. ParticipantsThe final sample included assessments from 5356 treatment-seeking children, ages three to 18 years old, from across 66 select mental health agencies in Ontario. MethodsChildren were assessed using the interRAI ChYMH, the ChYMH-S, or the ChYMH-DD. These assessments include a variety of embedded evidence-informed scales and algorithms to examine the mental health needs, preferences and strengths of these vulnerable children. ResultsCompared to children in kinship placements, children in foster care were more likely to: (a) exhibit greater externalizing symptoms, (b) display concerns regarding sexual behaviour, (c) encounter trauma, and (d) experience more polyvictimization. No differences were found in terms of spirituality and cultural connectedness. Additionally, kinship caregivers tended to experience greater distress, compared to foster caregivers. ConclusionsFindings from this study highlight important areas where children residing in out-of-home care, particularly those in foster care, require increased access to mental health resources and support. Furthermore, trauma-informed care should always be at the forefront when working with foster and kinship care children and their families.

The Effect of Family Empowerment Based on Family-Centered Nursing on the Level of Family Independence in Preventing Stunting in Toddlers in the Simomulyo Community Health Center Working Area, Surabaya

Introduction: Stunting in toddlers is a major public health concern that impacts the next generation. It was suggested that the problems that occurred at the Simomulyo Health Center in Surabaya are mostly the result of parental and family circumstances. But at now, families and parents are unable to carry out their roles to the best of their abilities. The reason for this examination was to explore the relationship between family empowerment and family independence in preventing little child stunting, utilizing the family-centered nursing paradigm as a basis. Method: The research design employed a straightforward random sampling technique, and 154 respondents in total were sampled. Utilizing inclusion and exclusion criteria, 77 respondents were allocated to the intervention bunch and 77 respondents to the benchmark group. The instruments utilized in this experiment were questionnaires. 1) Demographic data; 2) Family assessment using the Family Centered Nursing Model of the Ministry of Health, developed from Friedman's research. This family examination will be conducted with the presence of a health provider. Assess the family's resources and strengths using the SCREEM (Social, Cultural, Religious, Economic, Educational, and Medical) framework. The statistical analysis used the Mann-Whitney test with p0.05 and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: The outcomes showed that there was a significant distinction in the level of family independence between the intervention and control bunches following the intervention. The difference test between the treatment and control groups produced a value of p<0.001 when conducted using Mann Whitney. Conclusion: Family empowerment grounded in a family-centered nursing paradigm can increase the degree of family independence and ward off stunting in toddlers. A later study found that toddler stunting can be avoided with greater family independence. Further research included a sustained coaching program for stunting prevention that spans from the beginning of a marriage to the first 1000 days of life (HPK).

An epigenome-wide study of a needs-based family intervention for offspring of trauma-exposed mothers in Kosovo.

Maternal stress and trauma during pregnancy have been shown to influence cortisol levels and epigenetic patterns, including DNA methylation, in the offspring. This study aimed to determine whether a tailor-made family intervention could help reduce cortisol levels in children born to traumatized mothers, and to determine whether it effected offspring DNA methylation. The secondary aim was to determine whether the family intervention influenced DNA methylation aging, a marker of biological aging. A needs-based family intervention was designed to help address relational difficulties and family functioning, and included a focus on family strengths and problem-solving patterns. Women survivors of sexual violence during the Kosovar war in 1998-1999, and their families (children with or without partners) were randomly assigned to 10 sessions of a family therapy over a 3-5-month period, or to a waitlist control group. Both mothers and children completed assessments prior to and after the intervention phase. Children's blood samples collected at these two time points were used to measure cortisol and epigenome-wide DNA methylation patterns (Illumina EPIC array). Cortisol levels, and genome-wide DNA methylation changes pre-/postintervention were compared between children in the intervention and the waitlist groups. DNA methylation age and accelerated biological aging were calculated. Sixty-two women-child dyads completed the study, 30 were assigned first to the intervention group, and 32 to the waitlist control group. In adjusted linear regression, the family intervention was associated with a significant decline in cortisol levels compared to the waitlist control (β=-124.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -197.4 to -52.1, p=.001). Children in the intervention group, compared to the waitlist control group, showed >1% differential methylation degree at 5819 CpG (5'-C-phosphate-G-3') sites across the genome (p<.01), with the largest methylation difference being 21%. However, none of these differences reached genome-wide significant levels. There was no significant difference in DNA methylation aging between the two groups. We find evidence that a tailored family-based intervention reduced stress levels in the children (based on cortisol levels), and modified DNA methylation levels at a number of sites across the genome. This study provides some preliminary evidence to suggest the potential for tailored interventions to help break the intergenerational transmission of trauma, however, large studies powered to detect associations at genome-wide significant levels are needed.

The Role of Department Chair through the Lenses of Family Systems Theory and Family Strengths Perspective

As middle managers in higher education, department chairs play a critical role in the university structure while operating in an ambiguous location between faculty and senior administration. This paper will take a closer look at the role of department chair, how chairs are selected and prepared for the position, what the job entails, qualities of an effective chair, and challenges within the position. Then, after brief descriptions of family systems theory and family strengths perspective, the benefit of each as a useful lens for enacting the position of department chair will be explored. Sample applications of each will be provided.

Heart Healthy Routines in Young Children With Sesame Workshop: A Qualitative Study of Latina Mothers With Economic Hardship

ObjectiveTo explore how Sesame Workshop resources are perceived by Latino families with economic hardship and to highlight approaches for early heart healthy routine promotion. MethodsWe performed a purposive sampling of Latina mothers (n = 40) with young children experiencing economic hardship. Using an interview guide informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, we recorded Spanish and English semistructured interviews, which were translated and transcribed verbatim. Partnering with Sesame Workshop, we iteratively incorporated Sesame Resources into interviews to query for acceptability. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we coded transcripts through textual analysis until saturation, prioritizing in vivo coding to capture participant voices. ResultsWe constructed 3 themes. Parents connected with resources that 1) Reflect lived and multicultural experiences containing recognizable family scenes that can serve as tools to transfer a parent’s own early routines or cultural rituals to their child. They appreciated resources that 2) Engage caregivers and children together, featuring elements for both children and adult caregivers with activities to highlight important caregivers and encourage shared play. Participants also reflected on how 3) Routines amplify family strengths and foster resilient reactions with feelings of decreased stress when daily practices become routines, promoting resilient reactions and supporting long-term goals when facing setbacks. ConclusionsAn interdisciplinary partnership leveraged strengths of pediatric practitioners and Sesame Workshop to align future initiatives with the values and priorities of mothers of young children at risk for early obesity. Resultant themes inform strategies to promote heart healthy routines and relational health in young children with economic hardship.

Impact of Gender -Role Attitudes and Marriage Image on Family Strength

Impact of Gender -Role Attitudes and Marriage Image on Family Strength

The Study of Association between Family Strength and Depression among Non-disabled Siblings of People with Disabilities : Mediating Effect of Perceived Acceptance of Disability

The Study of Association between Family Strength and Depression among Non-disabled Siblings of People with Disabilities : Mediating Effect of Perceived Acceptance of Disability

PkM OF Enhancement Financial Literacy Through Training And Simulation Family Financial Management

Family financial management involves planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and controlling family economic resources to optimally meet needs. Effective management skills are essential, as income levels do not always determine the sufficiency of needs. Families often face uncertain income sources. As the smallest unit supporting national development, the economic strength of families contributes to national growth. Therefore, this service focuses on enhancing family financial management skills through training. The target of this community service program is the residents of Waai Village, Salahutu District, Central Maluku Regency. The issues faced include a lack of knowledge about household economics, absence of financial records, and difficulties in calculating income from various sources. As a result, community members tend to incur debt to meet urgent needs and lack savings, leading to all income being spent on daily necessities. This program aims to provide the residents of Waai Village with knowledge and skills in family financial management to improve their welfare. The training materials include concepts and applications of family financial management.

An Exploration of the Latent Profiles of Marriage Values Across Generations and the Influencing Factors: Gender, Family Strengths, and Self-Determination

The purpose of this study was to conduct Latent Profile Analysis to identify the types of marriage values within each generation and explore the influence of gender, family health, and self-determination on each type. This study was conducted as an online survey through social networking sites (SNS) for the Second Generation of Baby Boomers (1965~1974), Generation X (1975~1984), Generation Y (1985~1996), and Generation Z (1997~2003). A total of 1,114 copies were used for the final analysis. Latent Profile Analysis was conducted using Mplus ver. 8.8 software to identify the types of marriage values within each generation and explore the influence of gender, family health, and self-determination on each type. The significance of this study lies in the identification of a group in each generation that holds ambivalent values about marriage. Additionally, we identified differences between gender and self-determination as variables that affect marriage values, excluding family variables. Therefore, it is significant to understand marriage values by considering generational characteristics. Based on this, it is believed that it can provide a basis for education and counseling programs related to marriage, reflecting the important variables unique to each generation.

Factors that influence happiness of nursing students according to COVID-19 infection status

BackgroundHappiness is a cognitive and emotional evaluation of one’s life, and the upward approach affects satisfaction and happiness throughout life. Because nursing students must experience medical settings closely related to COVID-19 infection through clinical practice, they are vulnerable to exposure to infection and academic stress, and are also sensitive to personal life satisfaction and happiness. In this study, Korean nursing students who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic during the COVID-19 endemic era were divided into nursing students infected with COVID-19 and non-infected nursing students. By identifying the effects of college life adaptation, leisure satisfaction from club activities, and family health on happiness, which are individual sub-factors of happiness, we intend to provide basic data for the development of intervention programs for promoting their happiness.MethodsData were collected from October 4, 2023 to November 15, 2023. The subjects were 343 students enrolled in five nursing schools in four major cities (D, G, K, and Y) in Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients.ResultsFor COVID+ students, happiness was significantly affected by adaptation to campus life and family strengths. This model had r2 = 0.401; i.e., it explained 40.1% of the variability in happiness. For COVID0 students, happiness was significantly affected by adaptation to campus life and subjective health status, with r2 = 0.346.ConclusionsThese results indicate the necessity of developing a happiness-promotion program for nursing students.

Immigrant and minority parents' experiences in a neonatal intensive care unit: A meta-ethnography review.

To examine immigrant and minority parents' experiences of having a newborn infant in the neonatal intensive care unit and explore healthcare professionals' experiences in delivering care to immigrant and minority families. A meta-ethnographic review informed by eMERGe guidelines. We conducted a systematic literature review. Studies were included if they explored immigrant or minority parent experiences in neonatal intensive care units and health professional experiences delivering care to immigrant and minority families in neonatal intensive care. Reporting followed ENTREQ guidelines. Database searches included CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Google Scholar. Boolean search strategies were used to identify qualitative studies. No limitations on commencement date; the end date was 23rd August 2022. PRISMA guidelines used for screening and article quality assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute criteria for qualitative studies. Initial search yielded 2468 articles, and nine articles met criteria for inclusion. Three overarching themes were identified: (1) Overwhelming Emotions, (subthemes: Overwhelming Inadequacy; Cultural Expressions of Guilt; Not Belonging), (2) Circles of Support, (subthemes: Individual Level-Spirituality; External Level-Connecting with Family; Structured Peer-to-Peer Support), (3) Negotiating Relationships with Healthcare Professionals (subthemes: Connecting; Disconnected; Linguistic Barriers). Interactions between healthcare professionals and immigrant and minority parents were the strongest recurring theme. There can be a mismatch between immigrant and minority families' needs and the service support provided, indicating improvements in neonatal intensive care are needed. Despite challenges, parents bring cultural and family strengths that support them through this time, and many neonatal intensive care staff provide culturally respectful care. Professionals should be encouraged to identify and work with family strengths to ensure parents feel supported in the neonatal intensive care unit. Findings can inform policy and practice development to strengthen health professionals capabilities to support immigrant and minority families in neonatal units. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklists were used to report the screening process.

How to Support Kinship Care: Lessons Learnt Across the World

Kinship care is acknowledged in global guidance as the first form of care that should be explored for children outside of parental care. It is widely used across the world. However, it is poorly supported in many countries. A global review of the literature, key informant interviews and consultations with 411 kinship carers and children in kinship care provide lessons learnt on how to effectively support kinship care. Principles of good practice include enabling the active participation of children and caregivers, taking a kin-first approach, building on the strengths in kinship care families and acknowledging diversity within kinship care. Effective support to kinship care requires an enabling environment, which includes a strong evidence base, policies, strategies and guidance on kinship care, properly financed services across sectors and supportive social norms. In some instances, it is appropriate to formalise kinship care either through registering these arrangements or through the involvement of courts or social services in arranging and monitoring placements. However, this formalisation is neither necessary nor advisable in all instances, and support should never be contingent on formalisation. Kinship care families need access to a range of services and support, including child protection and social services, information about available services, social protection, support accessing health care and education and caregiving supports.