Strength Of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Research Articles

Enhancing the Fatigue Strength of the Weld Line in Advanced Polymer Injection Molding: Gas-Assisted Mold Temperature Control for Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Composites.

This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing weld line strength in advanced polymer injection molding through applying gas-assisted mold temperature control, significantly increasing mold temperature beyond typical values observed in conventional processes. We investigate the effects of various heating times and frequencies on the fatigue strength of Polypropylene (PP) samples and the tensile strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) composite samples at different Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) percentages and heating times. Using gas-assisted mold heating, mold temperatures exceeding 210 °C are achieved, which represents a significant advancement compared to the standard mold temperatures of less than 100 °C. As a result, the fatigue strength of the PP sample with mold heating at 15 s shows a remarkable increase of up to 5.4 times at 5 Hz compared to the sample without mold temperature control. Moreover, ABS/TPU blends with 15 wt.% TPU exhibit the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value of 36.8 MPa, while blends with 30 wt.% TPU have the lowest UTS value of 21.3 MPa. This advancement demonstrates the potential for improved welding line bonding and fatigue strength in manufacturing. Our findings reveal that increasing the mold temperature before injection results in higher fatigue strength in the weld line, with the TPU percentage having a more significant influence on the mechanical properties of ABS/TPU blends than heating time. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of advanced polymer injection molding and offer valuable insights for process optimization.

FDM technology and the effect of printing parameters on the tensile strength of ABS parts.

The effect of printing speed on the tensile strength of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) samples fabricated using the fused deposition modelling (FDM) process is addressed in this research. The mechanical performance of FDM-ABS products was evaluated using four different printing speeds (10, 30, 50, and 70 mm/s). A numerical model was developed to simulate the experimental campaign by coupling two computational codes, Abaqus and Digimat. In addition, this article attempts to investigate the impacts of printing parameters on ASTM D638 ABS specimens. A 3D thermomechanical model was implemented to simulate the printing process and evaluate the printed part quality by analysing residual stress, temperature gradient and warpage. Several parts printed in Digimat were analysed and compared numerically. The parametric study allowed us to quantify the effect of 3D printing parameters such as printing speed, printing direction, and the chosen discretisation (layer by layer or filament) on residual stresses, deflection, warpage, and resulting mechanical behaviour.

Characterization and parametric optimization of additive manufacturing process for enhancing mechanical properties

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a cutting-edge industrial production technique that enables the creation of lighter, stronger components and systems. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a popular AM process for creating prototypes and functional components out of common engineering polymers. The mechanical characteristics of printed items are dramatically altered as a result of various process factors. As a result, it is critical to examine the impact of printing settings on the quality of the printed item. In terms of flexural strength, this study presents an experimental examination into the quality analysis of parameters on printed components utilizing FDM. By adjusting process factors such as layer height, raster width, raster angle, and orientation angle, the experiment was carried out utilizing Taguchi's L18 mixed orthogonal array approach. The UNITEK-94100 universal testing equipment was used to evaluate the flexural strength of Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) specimens that had been conditioned as per ASTM D790 standard. The impacts of parameters on experimental results were examined and optimized using the hybrid genetic algorithm with response surface methods, response surface approach, and Taguchi method. When the optimal solutions of each technique were studied, the response surface approach and Taguchi methods were determined to be less promising than the genetic algorithm method.

Effect of printing speed on tensile and fracture behavior of ABS specimens produced by fused deposition modeling

The current paper deals with the influence of printing speed on the tensile and fracture strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) specimens made by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique. Four different printing speeds of 10, 30, 50, and 70 mm/s are used to fabricate dog-bone and Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) specimens for examining the mechanical and fracture performance of FDM-ABS parts, respectively. Due to the plastic deformation in the crack tip zone of SCB specimens prior to fracture initiation, the critical value of J-integral is chosen as the fracture characterizing parameter. Therefore, elastic–plastic finite element analyses are performed to calculate the critical values of J-integral (Jc). According to the experimental results, the fabricated specimens with a printing speed of 70 mm/s shows the best performance with the maximum elongation and fracture resistance compared to the other printed specimens with different nozzle speeds. For exploring the failure mechanisms in the tensile specimens Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is utilized and various failure mechanisms have been presented and discussed. These observations are then linked to the tensile and fracture properties of the studied specimens.

Surface modification of prototypes in fused deposition modelling using lapping process

PurposeParts created with fused deposition modelling (FDM) have poor surface quality and dimensional accuracy, which limits their applicability in a variety of applications. Therefore, post process of FDM parts seems to be essential to tackle these problems. The purpose of this study is to study the influence of lapping parameters (time, weight and angular velocity) on the surface roughness, material removal rate (MRR) and flexural strength of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts manufactured by FDM were post processed with the aid of lapping operation.Design/methodology/approachAfter printing the specimens, parts were lapped according to the Taguchi design of experiments. The surface roughness of the lapped parts was then evaluated by using laser profilometry, and the results were compared to study how lapping parameters affected surface roughness. A digital microscope was used to examine the surface damage of components that were being lapped. After that, the flexural strength of lapped parts was compared with the untreated part to study the effect of lapping process on the flexural strength. Finally, the influence of lapping parameters was investigated on the thickness change and MRR.FindingsThe results showed that while by increasing lapping time the surface roughness would improve; angular velocity and weight have an optimal value. The results also illustrated that not only the surface roughness of all ABS samples improve significantly but also the antistrophic behaviour of additively manufactured parts is turned to isotropic behaviour without decreasing flexural strength of specimens. MRR is also proportional to these parameters and by rising the value of them, MRR will increase.Originality/valueThe previous techniques of improving surface roughness whether chemical treatment or mechanical treatment had some disadvantages such as reducing mechanical properties, cost, long time of the process and so forth. As a result, finding a new approach such as lapping process to overcome the problems of previous methods seems to be necessary.

Linear model analysis of fused deposition modeling process parameters for obtaining the maximum tensile strength in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and carbon fiber polylactic acid (PLA) materials

PurposeThe purpose of the experimental investigation was to optimize the process parameters of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The optimization of the process was performed to identify the relationship between the chosen factors and the tensile strength of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and carbon fiber polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic material, FDM printed specimens. The relationship was demonstrated by using the linear experimental model analysis, and a prediction expression was established. The developed prediction expression can be used for the prediction of tensile strength of selected thermoplastic materials at a 95% confidence level.Design/methodology/approachThe Taguchi L9 experimental methodology was used to plan the total number of experiments to be performed. The process parameters were chosen as three at three working levels. The working range of chosen factors was the printing speed (60, 80 and 100mm/min), 40%, 60% and 80% as the infill density and 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm as the layer thickness. The fused deposition modeling process parameters were optimized to get the maximum tensile strength in FDM printed ABS and carbon fiber PLA thermoplastic material specimens.FindingsThe optimum condition was achieved by the process optimization, and the desired results were obtained. The maximum desirability was achieved as 0.98 (98%) for the factors, printing speed 100mm/min, infill density 60mm and layer thickness 0.3mm. The strength of the ABS specimen was predicted to be 23.83MPa. The observed strength value was 23.66MPa. The maximum desirability was obtained as 1 (100%) for the factors, printing speed 100mm/min, infill density 60mm and layer thickness 0.2mm. The strength of the carbon fiber PLA specimen was predicted to be 26.23MPa, and the obtained value was 26.49MPa.Research limitations/implicationsThe research shows the useful process parameters and their suitable working conditions to print the tensile specimens of the ABS and carbon fiber PLA thermoplastics by using the fused deposition modeling technique. The process was optimized to identify the most influential factor, and the desired optimum condition was achieved at which the maximum tensile strength was reported. The produced prediction expression can be used to predict the tensile strength of ABS and carbon fiber PLA filaments.Practical implicationsThe results obtained from the experimental investigation are useful to get an insight into the FDM process and working limits to print the parts by using the ABS and carbon fiber PLA material for various industrial and structural applications.Social implicationsThe results will be useful in choosing the suitable thermoplastic filament for the various prototyping and structural applications. The products that require freedom in design and are difficult to produce by most of the conventional techniques can be produced at low cost and in less time by the fused deposition modeling technique.Originality/valueThe process optimization shows the practical exposures to state an optimum working condition to print the ABS and carbon fiber PLA tensile specimens by using the FDM technique. The carbon fiber PLA shows better strength than ABS thermoplastic material.

Optimising Process Parameters of Fused Filament Fabrication to Achieve Optimum Tensile Strength

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology is one of the most emerging manufacturing technologies in the current time frame for small scale to complex production compared with conventional methods. AM presents a considerable amount of possibilities, with many areas (aerospace industry, biomedical field, construction & architecture industry, and food industry) for further development and challenges. Predicting the impact of variation in process parameters (layer thickness, orientation, and melting temperature) on a final manufactured product is one of the critical challenges in the domain. The fused filament fabrication process is used for the fabrication of parts, which is highly flexible, robust, and economical. In this work, Taguchi Design of Experiment is used to optimize process parameters for maximizing tensile strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic samples. The samples are printed as per the defined ASTM D638 plastic standard. Using Analysis of Variance technique, the obtained experimental results are validated and predicted for the optimum value of tensile strength under defined conditions.

Optimization of FDM 3D printing process parameters for multi-material using artificial neural network

Abstract The Additive Manufacturing technology initially developed as a visualization and validation tool. The recent advancement in this technology like Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) make it rapid manufacturing. However, the manufacturing of ready to use parts using FDM is a challenging task. The processing parameters like infill density, infill pattern, extrusion temperature affect the design, quality, functionality and mechanical properties of the final part vigorously. The present article discusses the effects of material density, infill density and extrusion temperature on tensile strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG), and Multi-material test pieces. Multi-material is fabricated by merging 50% of ABS and 50% of PETG layer by layer in FDM 3D Printing. A total of 30 test pieces as per the ASTM D638-(IV) standard was printed having different infill density, extrusion temperature, and material density. In addition to this, Infill density and extrusion temperature are optimized for increasing the tensile strength of FDM fabricated units. Artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm-artificial neural network (GA-ANN) hybrid tool in MATLAB-16.0 are used for training and optimization purposes. It is observed that GA-ANN has maximized the tensile strength up to 4.54% and it has been validated experimentally.

Atomization of cellulose nanocrystals aqueous suspensions in fused deposition modeling: A scalable technique to improve the strength of 3D printed polymers

3D printed polymer parts remain too low in mechanical performance that inhibits their industrial applications. We introduce a novel and scalable technique to enhance the strength of 3D printed polymer parts. We incorporate cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) between adjacent layers of polymer with the aid of an atomization process integrated within a fused deposition modeling printer to spray aqueous suspensions of CNC during the printing process. CNCs act as nano-stitches between the polymer layers and thus improve the interlayer adhesion and ultimate strength of the printed parts. We show that spraying aqueous suspension of CNC with 0.5–1 wt% concentrations increase the interlayer strength of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts by 44%, tensile strength by 33%, tensile modulus by 20% and the toughness by 33% in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Increasing CNC concentration above 1 wt%, however, results in CNC agglomerates between layers, which negatively affects the interlayer adhesion and reduces the ultimate strength. Non-toxicity of CNC and water and hydrophilicity of CNC leverage the scalability of this method.

Microwave hydrothermal assisted preparation of CoAl2O4/kaolin hybrid pigments for reinforcement coloring and mechanical property of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

CoAl2O4/kaolin hybrid pigments with high blue value were prepared via microwave hydrothermal assisted technique. The obtained hybrid pigments incorporated 60 wt% kaolin presented excellent color properties (L⁎ = 34.44, a⁎ = 16.73, b⁎ = −70.49) after being calcined at 900 °C, which was matched with the organic Phthalo Blue. In particular, the hybrid pigments could be well dispersed into acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and the tensile strength, bending strength and impact strength of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene increased by 27%, 48.7% and 50% as the added amount of CoAl2O4/kaolin hybrid pigments was 2 wt%, respectively. Therefore, the as-prepared hybrid pigment could be served as a coloring agent and reinforced materials for enhancement the mechanical and thermal stability properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Due to the favorable dispersion in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene matrix, hybrid pigments also were applied in 3D printing.

Effect of chemical treatment on tensile strength and surface roughness of 3D-printed ABS using the FDM process

ABSTRACT Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is one of the most commonly used additive manufacturing processes because of its environment-friendly nature and cost-effectiveness. However, it suffers badly from low surface quality due to a larger layer resolution. The surface finish of FDM parts can be enhanced by post chemical treatment using various solvents. The chemical treatment reduces the surface roughness by dissolving the external surfaces of 3D-printed samples. Chemical treatment is an easy, fast and economical technique. In the present investigation, the effect of chemical treatment on surface roughness and tensile strength of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts made using the FDM process is investigated using two chemicals, namely acetone and 1, 2 dichloroethane. The post chemical treatment dramatically improves the surface finish and dimensional accuracy of ABS specimens. But chemical treatment results in the reduction of the tensile strength. Better tensile strength is obtained while using acetone solvent and a better surface finish is obtained using dichloroethane.

Experimental Investigation of Ultrasonic Welding on Non-metallic Material

In the present scenario of developing plastic utility in engineering applications, demand for reliable and faster joining processes has increased. Ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic is one of those joining methods which is based on application of high- frequency vibratory energy in that work pieces are held together under pressure without melting. Ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites has become an important process in industry because of its relatively low cost and high quality resultant joints This study involves modelling of experimental data of joint strength of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) material for ultrasonic welding on welding parameters (welding pressure, welding time, amplitude). In order to determine critical states of the welding parameters, analysis of variances has applied while optimisation of the parameters affecting the joint strength has achieved with centre composite method of the Response Surface Methodology.

Morphology and Physical Properties of ABS/NBR: The Effect of Melt Viscosity of SAN and the Content of NBR

In several acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers, some amounts of polybutadiene (PB) laTeX grafted with styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer were replaced by acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) copolymer, and the variations of morphology, mechanical properties, and rheological properties were examined. The impact strength of ABS, with a bimodal distribution of rubber size, was improved by the presence of the NBR, which distributes coarsely in the SAN matrix. Yield behavior in the rheological response due to the presence of rubber particles in the SAN matrix was enhanced by the coarser NBR particles, especially at high temperature.