Strength Of China Research Articles

The Development of a Table Tennis Outstanding Program of International Competition for Mixed Doubles

Background and Aims: Table tennis mixed doubles is an emerging event in the Olympic Games. my country's academic community has only begun to study table tennis mixed doubles techniques and tactics in recent years. Research on statistical methods for mixed doubles techniques and tactics is still in the preliminary exploration stage. Based on this, this article aims to explore and use more scientific and effective statistical methods to analyze the techniques and tactics of my country's main opponents in the table tennis mixed doubles event of the Paris Olympic Games, to find technical and tactical statistical methods suitable for the mixed doubles event, and to explore the mixed doubles The characteristics and winning rules of the game provide certain theoretical reference for preparing for the table tennis mixed doubles competition of the 2024 Paris Olympic Games. The objective of this research is to develop a table tennis program for international competitions for mixed doubles. Methodology: This article mainly uses the four-stage and four-round evaluation method of table tennis mixed doubles technical and tactical statistical methods as the research object, and analyzes the international mixed doubles competition held between November 2021 and August 2023 by four athletes from different countries ranked top two in the world. Analysis and in-depth study of major mixed doubles matches. First, we review previous literature on table tennis doubles technical and tactical statistical methods. Secondly, we searched the literature from authoritative academic platforms at home and abroad in the past 10 years and selected and formulated technical and tactical research methods related to this article. Then, refer to Simi Scout technical and tactical video-related analysis software to study the technical and tactical use, points gained and lost, and competitive ability of the world's outstanding mixed doubles athletes in the game, at the same time. Combining the gender characteristics of table tennis doubles and mixed doubles events, a four-round model of serving and receiving for men and women was established, and a four-stage and four-round evaluation method of technical and tactical statistical methods for table tennis mixed doubles events was established. Finally, the study is summarized and recommendations are made. Results: The statistical method of "Four Stages and Four Rounds Evaluation Method" used in this article is a new technical and tactical statistical method for table tennis mixed doubles projects based on previous research on table tennis doubles. It is based on both theory and practice. Perspective, it improves the existing technical and tactical statistical indicator system, provides a theoretical reference for winning the gold medal in the table tennis mixed doubles event of the 2024 Paris Olympic Games and the future training and competition of my country's table tennis mixed doubles event, and enhances the overall strength of China's table tennis mixed doubles event., contributing to the continuous development of the world table tennis mixed doubles project Conclusion: The main conclusions of this article are as follows: 1. The four-stage and four-round evaluation method of mixed doubles technical and tactical statistical methods is feasible and effective. 2. The eight-round three-stage index evaluation method can specifically analyze the performance of athletes' techniques and tactics in a certain round, but it cannot reflect the use of techniques and tactics by mixed doubles athletes when facing different opponents. 3. The dual-system four-round evaluation method can analyze the advantages and disadvantages of rounds based on the gender differences between men and women, but it does not fundamentally solve the problem of inconsistency in the statistical data of each section. 4. The four-stage and four-round evaluation method can not only analyze the advantages and disadvantages of mixed doubles players according to gender characteristics but also summarize the techniques and tactics used by mixed doubles players when facing different opponents.

Prospek Mata Uang BRICS dan Korelasinya Terhadap Potensi Keamanan Ekonomi di Indonesia

This journal examines the potential of the BRICS currency, using the concept of neo-realism and conducting a comparative study on the condition of BRICS economic power. The author uses the Rational choice theory approach to explore the benefits for the BRICS policy to Indonesia, a developing country in the Asian region. The research primarily uses qualitative methods to analyze the process of international politics and the impact of the dollar's hegemony on the economic autonomy of developing countries. The study finds that the emergence of the BRICS currency not only provides a new alternative but also serves as an international preference for developing countries in their efforts to reduce dependence on the dollar. This dedollarization process is centered around the strength of China's renminbi (RMB) currency through the New Development Bank project. While the BRICS currency has not yet rivaled the dollar's hegemony, its implications aim to reduce the IMF's influence on international fund withdrawals, indirectly affecting Indonesia's economic security and regional political stability.

Statistical Measure and Spatiotemporal Evolution Analysis of Inter-provincial Finance Efficiency of Science and Technology Based on Non-expected SBM Model

The report of the 20th Party Congress pointed out that the real economy must be the core of economic development, and the financial sector, as the "backbone" of the real economy, is a key factor in realizing high-quality economic development. Science and technology finance, as a new type of bridge connecting finance and science and technology, on the one hand, accelerates the flow of capital to new technologies, and on the other hand, helps scientific and technological innovations to constantly reach a new level. Although the strength of China's science and technology financial investment has been increasing, the problems of emphasizing investment over performance and unbalanced development of science and technology finance among regions still exist. Therefore, taking the inter-provincial data of the decade 2010-2019 as the research object, based on the input-oriented three-stage SBM-DEA model containing non-expected outputs, we constructed China's S&T financial efficiency evaluation index system to measure the S&T financial efficiency of China's provinces. In order to further empirically test the geographical differentiation of China's S&T financial efficiency, based on the results of the three-stage SBM-DEA, the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition method is used in combination with Kernel kernel and other statistical methods to reveal the characteristics of the geographical differentiation of China's S&T financial efficiency in China and the trend of its spatial and temporal evolution.

Impact of China-U.S. Trade Friction on China's Integrated Circuit Industry

With the development of economic trade between China and the United States, the frictions generated by it have an impact on Chinas integrated circuit(IC) industry. This literature research makes a specific analysis of the integrated circuit industry in terms of its future development trend and prospects, in order to study the impact of China-US trade frictions on China's Integrated Circuit Industry IC industry as a topic. The research uses the literature research method, factor analysis method, and inductive summary method. After analyzing the current situation of the IC industry, the research came up with three basic development problems, which are the more obvious phenomenon of China's IC import dependence, the overall strength of China's IC industry is still insufficient, and the lack of China's IC industry chain capability. After the analysis of three aspects: economic, social and technological, the research proposes three recommendations: improve the technology level, increase independent intellectual property rights, and policy support. The results obtained show that the industrial chain of the IC industry is getting better and better, the trend of substitution of domestic chips will continue to develop, the demand for emerging applications in downstream markets increases, and it can be recognized by domestic and international.

The role of semiannual cycle in modulating seasonality changes of surface air temperature over China and its mechanism

Taking the semiannual cycle of surface air temperature (SAT) into account in fitting the finer structure of the seasonal cycle, this study reveals the specific role of the semiannual cycle in modulating variations of the season onsets and lengths for the first time. The time-varying amplitudes and phases of the annual and semiannual SAT cycle for the period 1964 to 2017 in China are extracted from daily observations based on harmonic analysis. The results show that the phase differences between the two harmonics remain essentially unchanged, while the amplitude ratio of the semiannual to annual harmonics tends to increase after 1988. This enhanced semiannual cycle together with the global warming and annual cycle changes jointly led to a much longer summer with an average speed of 7.45 days/10 years and shorter spring, autumn, and winter with speeds of − 2.43, − 1.63, and − 4.26 days/10 years, respectively. Such obvious asymmetry cannot be found in fitting seasonal cycles by only annual harmonics. The average absolute percentages of the linear trends of season onsets and lengths caused by the intensification of the semiannual cycle are 52.63% and 78.66%. It indicates that season onsets and length not only depend on the phase of annual and semiannual harmonic, but also highly related to the strength of semiannual cycle. The time evolutions of semiannual cycle strength in China are found to be significantly correlated to the meridional temperature advection. The anomalous stronger southward wind in December can result in colder temperature and hence intensify the semiannual component.

长江三角洲生态环境脆弱带生态修复技术研究进展

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长江三角洲生态环境脆弱带生态修复技术研究进展 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201912312842 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 南京市政府重点科技专项（长江生态文明发展史与战略研究（043013005001））；国家科技部重点专项目（2018YF0800201） Research progress on ecological restoration technology of ecological fragile zone of the Yangtze River Delta Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:我国长江三角洲作为中国第一大经济区，综合实力最强的经济中心，其城市化和工业化发展迅速，但在人类活动的高强度影响和干预下，该地区的资源环境问题日益突出：生态环境脆弱性程度的增高，脆弱性发展趋势的加快等等一系列问题严重影响着长江三角洲的可持续发展，该区域生态环境呈现出的脆弱性特征已成为我国新的生态环境脆弱带。基于长江三角洲自然、经济、社会和环境状况的数据基础，及国内外脆弱性综合评价指标（自然因素和人为因素），对长江三角洲进行生态环境评估发现该区域具体的生态环境问题主要为土壤污染、城区大气污染、水环境污染，以及地面沉降等。通过剖析长江三角洲4类生态环境问题（土壤污染、大气污染、水环境污染、地面沉降）的现状、形成的具体原因及带来的影响，结合国内外生态修复技术的研究成果，详细论述了该区域4类生态环境问题的生态修复技术类型（物理方法、化学方法、生物方法、生态方法）、基本原理及各自的优缺点，同时评估了不同生态修复技术在污染治理过程中的可行性、安全性、经济性，旨在以上述理论研究为参照标准评估该区域环境污染治理过程中生态修复技术的修复潜力，为长江三角洲生态环境问题的治理修复提供方案及理论参考。长江三角洲生态环境的健康发展需要多方面的努力，需要全体社会成员增强生态环境保护意识，需要建立健全的生态修复相关政策及法律法规，需要运用多学科交叉综合修复技术，需要修订生态修复理论体系和技术规范，以上措施旨在为我国长江三角洲生态文明建设和可持续发展提供技术保障，促进该区域生态环境保护与经济社会的协调发展。 Abstract:As the largest economic zone and the economic center with the strongest comprehensive strength in China, the Yangtze River Delta has developed rapidly in urbanization and industrialization. However, under the high-intensity influence and intervention of human activities, the resource and environmental problems in the region have become increasingly prominent:the increase of ecological environment vulnerability, the acceleration of vulnerability development trend and a series of problems have seriously affected the sustainable development of the Yangtze River Delta, the fragile characteristics of the regional ecological environment have become a new ecological environment fragile zone in China. Based on the data of the natural, economic, social and environmental conditions of the Yangtze River Delta and the comprehensive vulnerability assessment indicators at home and abroad (natural and human factors), the ecological environment assessment of the Yangtze River Delta was carried out. It was found that the specific ecological and environmental problems in the region mainly included soil pollution, urban air pollution, water environment pollution, land subsidence and so on. By analyzing the current situation, specific causes and impacts of four types of eco-environmental problems (soil pollution, air pollution, water environment pollution and land subsidence) in the Yangtze River Delta, combined with the research results of ecological restoration technology at home and abroad, the types of ecological restoration technology (physical method, chemical method, biological method and ecological method), basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of four types of eco-environmental problems in the region were discussed in detail. At the same time, the feasibility, safety and economy of different ecological restoration technologies in the process of pollution control were evaluated aiming to evaluate the restoration potential of ecological restoration technologies in the process of environmental pollution control in the region with the above theoretical research as the reference standard, so as to provide a scheme and theoretical reference for the treatment and restoration of ecological environmental problems in the Yangtze River Delta. The healthy development of the ecological environment in the Yangtze River Delta requires various efforts, all members of society need to enhance their awareness of ecological and environmental protection, establish sound policies, laws and regulations related to ecological restoration, apply interdisciplinary comprehensive restoration technology, and revise the theoretical system and technical specifications of ecological restoration. The above measures were designed to provide technical guarantee for the construction of ecological civilization and sustainable development in the Yangtze River Delta, and promote the coordinated development of ecological and environmental protection and economy and society in the region. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Multiplex quantitation of 17 drug-derived components in human plasma after administration of a fixed herbal preparation of Sailuotong using combined online SPE-LC-MS/MS methods

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSailuotong (SLT) is a standardized herbal medicine formula made from extracts of ginseng (the dried root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), ginkgo (the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L.), and saffron (the stigma of Crocus sativus L.). It is prescribed compatibly for the treatment of vascular dementia (VaD) following the TCM principle of Qi-invigorating and Blood-activating. Ginseng is widely used as a tonic for the restoration of strength in China. Ginkgo and saffron have been traditionally used for a long time as medicines with the main effect of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Aim of the studySLT has been proven to be a promising medicine for VaD by existing pharmacological and clinical evidence. To understand how the formula herbs and their active ingredients cooperate to produce comprehensive effects, the present study aimed to establish a highly sensitive and accurate quantitative method to reveal the plasma exposure profile of SLT in humans. Material and methodsMultiplex quantitation of a total of 17 SLT-derived components in human plasma was fulfilled by using online SPE for sample extractions followed by LC-MS/MS determinations. Among them, 8 ginsenoside (Rg1, Re, F1, Rf, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd) were determined in ESI+ mode, and ginkgo flavonoids of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin were in ESI- mode. Improved sensitivity was achieved through optimizing the condition of sample extraction and LC separation, as well as mass parameters. 4 ginkgolides, including ginkgolide A, B, C and bilobalide, and 2 crocins of crocin-1 and its metabolite crocetin, were analyzed concurrently in negative ion mode, and their stability was ensured by a series of protective solutions. ResultsThe lower limit of quantitation was achieved to be extremely sensitive at 0.078 ng/mL for all ginsenosides, 0.033 ‒ 0.2 ng/mL for ginkgo flavonoids, 0.75 or 1.5 ng/mL for ginkgolides and 3 ng/mL for crocins. The methods were fully validated to be accurate and precise, and applicability was demonstrated by the analysis of clinical samples from 2 healthy volunteers. ConclusionThe developed methods should be useful in further detailed clinical pharmacokinetic research for clarifying the effect mechanism of SLT and formulating its rational therapeutic regimens.

A Study on the User Contact of Audiobooks in the Age of Digital Media Based on Computer Technology——A Case Study of the Popular Chinese Application “Himalaya”

With the development of computer technology, digital media technology has also developed rapidly, the audiobook industry is going from strength to strength in China. Among these audiobook platforms, Himalayan FM undoubtedly stands out, through which people can acquire supplementary knowledge by making the best of their fragmented time. In the meantime, paying for knowledge as a consumption habit is gradually developed in China. The purpose of this research is to find out the motivation behind and the reflection of people’s learning experience with audiobook. Taking Himalayan FM as case study, this study combines communication with psychology theories by online interview as “Cyber-ethnography”.

The Association Between Long-term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Bone Strength in China

Evidence regarding the association of long-term exposure to air pollution on bone strength or osteoporosis is rare, especially in highly polluted low- and middle-income countries. Little is known about whether the association between air pollution and bone strength changes at different bone strength distributions. Using the baseline data from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort, we investigated the association between long-term air pollution exposure and bone strength. We used multiple linear models to estimate the association between air pollution and bone strength, and we conducted quantile regression models to investigate the variation of this association in the distribution of bone strength. The 3-year concentrations of PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 for each participant were assessed using spatial statistical models. Bone strength was expressed by the calcaneus quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) measured by quantitative ultrasound, with higher QUI values indicating greater bone strength. A total of 66 598 participants were included. Our analysis shows that every 10 μg/m3 increase in 3-year average PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 was associated with -5.38 units (95% CI: -6.17, -4.60), -1.89 units (95% CI: -2.33, -1.44), -0.77 units (95% CI: -1.08, -0.47), and -2.02 units (95% CI: -2.32, -1.71) changes in the QUI, respectively. In addition, populations with higher bone strength may be more susceptible to air pollution. Long-term exposure to PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 was significantly associated with decreased bone strength in southwestern China adults. Air pollution exposure has a more substantial adverse effect on bones among populations with higher bone strength.

Discussion on the Installation of Safety Action Failure Warning System in the Power Supply System of Beijing Winter Olympic Games

The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games is the first Winter Olympic Games that China has applied to host. It not only symbolizes the strength of China's sports cause, but also shows the strength of China's national strength. In order to ensure a safe and reliable power supply for the Beijing Winter Olympics, this paper analyzes the possible shortcomings of anti-violation in"three protection", "throw protection", technical standards of the power supply system of Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games, listed the fire accident lessons of Ice and Snow Museum of Taitai mountain in Taiyuan, and puts forward the method of the Winter Olympic Games to make up the"short board of anti-violation". For example, adding action failure warning system to the powe rsupply system, working with technical experts, making up the short board of anti-violation to prevent and resolving the professional risks of illegal electrical. At the same time, the paper puts forward some technical ideas to prevent the violation of regulations, which will add a layer of insurance for the power guarantee and safe electricity consumption of the Winter Olympic Games.

Research on risk evaluation of BIM application in military engineering project management

With the deepening of the reform of national defense and the military, the defense strength of China has been greatly enhanced, and the number of military engineering projects has also increased year by year. The complexity and large-scale construction of engineering projects make it difficult for the traditional military’s engineering project management to meet current needs. This puts forward higher requirements for the military’s engineering project management ideas and methods. The refined and intelligent military engineering project management has become our military’s Matters that need to be focused on. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a hot technology and a new production management method in the current construction industry, which provides us with a more advanced and intelligent military engineering construction project management idea. This paper identifies the risks of applying BIM technology to military engineering projects by consulting a large amount of data, and uses SPSS software to conduct neural network analysis of the identified risks and proposes corresponding measures to promote the extensive use of BIM in military engineering project management.

Influencing Factors in Regional Income Gap in Guangdong

The widening income gap may lead to a “middle income trap”. As a province of economic strength in China, Guangdong’s widening regional income gap will have a negative impact on its economic development. By adopting a time series regression research method, this paper found that changes in educational human capital and traffic facility have a significant influence on the widening regional income gap. Therefore, it is suggested to narrow the regional income gap by increasing education expenditures, allocating education expenditures in various regions, as well as planning traffic routes rationally.

Chinese-Style Innovation and Its International Repercussions in the New Economic Times

Innovation is the powerful headspring that makes the economy and society continue with sustainable development, and how to innovate is a current research issue all over the world. The purposes of this research are to examine Chinese-style innovations and to analyze the influence of Chinese-style innovation on the international market in the current economic times. From multiple perspectives of institutional innovation as well as scientific and technological innovation, the content, characteristics and connotation of Chinese-style innovation are comprehensively expounded and analyzed through the collection, combination and exploration of innovation, especially in Chinese-style innovation literature and interviews with relevant scholars, experts and enterprises. Then, the fit of Chinese-style innovation and characteristics of the new economic era are systematically described. Based on the exploration of international repercussions of Chinese-style innovation from both macro and micro aspects, the mechanism of Chinese-style innovation’s influence on China’s international market is also analyzed. In China, the underlying concept has not been well investigated before, therefore there is a gap in which to do research in this area. In accordance with the current research, a conceptual model for the new economic era, Chinese-style innovation and China’s international repercussions is established. This study finds that the influence of Chinese companies in research and development has significantly improved, the all-round and multi-domain pattern of Chinese enterprises’ overseas development has gradually taken shape, Chinese companies’ overseas social responsibility is growing, the overseas competitiveness of Chinese companies has gradually increased, the overall strength of China’s science and technology has gradually gained international recognition and its international repercussions have improved significantly.

Study on Flood Risk Characteristics and Disaster Prevention Countermeasures in the Taihu Basin

The Yangtze River Delta is the region with the strongest comprehensive strength in China. Taihu Basin is the economic core region in the Yangtze River Delta, and it plays a significant role in the economic development of the Yangtze River Delta, as well as in China. The basin is characterized by rapid urbanization, exploitation of natural resources and environmental pollution. After several decades of governance, the flood control system in the Taihu Basin has been significantly improved. Owing to exceptional weather conditions, geographical location and topographical features; the basin is extremely vulnerable to flood hazard. It presents a significant challenge for flood risk management when combined with global developments such as sea level rise. A comprehensive overview of flood management systems and considerations are of great value. In this paper, the characteristics of flood risk are summarized after the basin experienced dramatic development of urbanization over the last twenty years, and the existing problems and potential threats to the basin flood control system are analyzed. In view of a strategic perspective of disaster prevention, this paper presents various countermeasures to deal with the challenging situation in the Taihu Basin, including the structural systems and non-structural measures.

A comparative study on the comprehensive strength of China’s biomedical industry group under the background of supply side reform

Background: in the context of deeply promoting supply-side structural reform in China, the bio-pharmaceutical industry of China is being boosted from three aspects of “adjusting structure, reducing costs and replenishing short-slab”, and the comprehensive strength assessment of bio-pharmaceutical industry cluster has become the important issue focused by the academic circles. Methods: the comparative analysis was made for the comprehensive strength of China bio-pharmaceutical industry cluster on the basis of grey theory analysis by establishing the assessment indicator system and assessment model complying with the characteristics of Chinese bio-pharmaceutical industry. Results: the empirical study revealed that: the comprehensive strength of Chinese bio-pharmaceutical industry cluster in the Yangtze River Delta Region was higher than that of the bio-pharmaceutical industry cluster in the Pearl River Delta and the circum-Bohai-Sea, the comprehensive strength of the bio-pharmaceutical industry cluster in the Pearl River Delta was higher than that of the bio-pharmaceutical industry cluster in the circum-Bohai-Sea. Conclusions: the comprehensive strength of Chinese bio-pharmaceutical industry cluster has to improve further; Chinese bio-pharmaceutical industry cluster needs not only to grasp the opportunity of current supply-side reform to further optimize industrial structure, but also needs to focus on the supply-side elements to improve production efficiency of element and promote its transformation and upgrading.

PENINGKATAN STATUS LANAL RANAI MENJADI LANTAMAL: STRATEGI INDONESIA SEBAGAI ANTISIPASI ANCAMAN CHINA DI NATUNA

The growing strength of China in all sectors, especially economy, and of course military, the country is increasingly aggressive in expanding its territory. As a result, the dispute in the South China Sea (SCS) between China and the five ASEAN countries, as well as Taiwan, spread to Indonesia, especially in Natuna. The Natuna Islands have an appeal to other countries because of its enormous natural resource and strategic location. To deal with the Chinese threat, which in case of war in Natuna will surely be done by sea, then this paper suggests to increase the status of Navy Base (Lanal) Ranai in Natuna into Navy Main Base (Lantamal). The escalation of threats from SCS makes Indonesia must have a strong sea defense base, facing directly to the SCS. So far, Indonesia only has 14 Lantamal, which is divided into two main command of the fleet, West Region Fleet Command (Koarmabar) and East Region Fleet Command (Koarmatim). With the vision of the World Maritime Fulcrum, 14 Lantamal with an area large as Indonesia, is certainly not enough. This paper also wants to see the link between the Navy and the Air Force in the concept of maritime based defense. This concept collaborates Navy and Air Force forces, due to geographical factors of the archipelagic state requires quick response. For that reason, the importance of synergy between Navy and Air Force seen from the role of Ranai Air Force Base in Natuna, Roesmin Nurjadin Air Force Base in Pekanbaru, and Supadio Air Force Base in Pontianak, to support Lantamal Ranai.

The Countermeasure Study of Finance to Promote the Construction of Shanghai (China) Science and Technology Innovation Center

In August 2015, Shanghai municipal government issued the《The Views Of Promoting The Innovation In Financial Services To Support The Implementation Of The Construction Of Shanghai Science And Technology Innovation Center》. Under the background, the paper studies how the finance to promote the construction of the science and technology innovation center in Shanghai. First of all, the paper discusses the current situation of the development of the finance and technical innovation of Shanghai to find the linkage relationship between the finance and technical innovation and analysis the existing problems about the process of the current financial innovation to the science and technology in the construction. Finally, it puts forward policy recommendations how the finance should promote the building of innovation and Technology Center in Shanghai and promote the release of the potential technological innovation. The aim is to speed up a global influence of science and technology innovation center construction of Shanghai, and to improve comprehensive national strength in China.

Performance Management and Evaluation Research to University Students

For the past decades, conspicuous progress is demonstrated in all fields of China, such as economy, science and technology. Meanwhile, the comprehensive strength of China has been enhanced greatly. However, the quality of higher education should face some difficulties. It is an important Step that how to further realize and enhance the performance of higher education. An assessment framework is essential to be constructed to evaluate the performance of students in the higher school. Because of the difficulty of expressing the experts' opinions exactly, hesitant fuzzy sets are introduced to form a multiple attribute decision making model. A new distance measure is proposed to solve this evaluation problem under the framework of MAGDM. Finally, a case study is demonstrated to verify the reliability and applicability of the proposed method.

The new Shanghai Xiaojie: Chinese fashion identities

Abstract One of the key debates in contemporary fashion marketing is the local–global binary; the twenty-first-century fashion industry is increasingly international, both in terms of production and consumption, yet there is no consensus on whether globalization inevitably homogenizes cultural experiences or allows for heterogeneity. The authors argue that the historical concept of chinoiserie has informed Chinese fashion identities, and seek to challenge this perception by presenting alternative perspectives on the importance of Chinese heritage and culture to those currently working in fashion. The disrupted nature of China’s fashion history, the persistence of orientalist imaginings of her past, and the strength of China’s manufacturing industry are all factors that contribute to the complexities in defining contemporary Chinese fashion. This article is written to provide an introduction to modern Chinese fashion through an exploration of how contemporary fashion creatives understand the influence of culture on their work, and how their understandings of Chineseness and the East–West binary impact their work. Whilst this is necessarily a snapshot view of the Chinese fashion industry, the article confirms a belief in the importance of cultural identity on creative practices and shows how contemporary Chinese fashion can escape prescribed and restricted fashion identities.

The Geography of Styles of Reasoning: East and West, North and South

Hacking’s (1985) concept of ‘styles of reasoning’ has prompted research into a multitude of markedly different areas, including: learning and teaching of science (Hawkins and Pea 1987), the history and philosophy of the use of case studies (Forrester 1996), epistemic differences in German and American embryology (Maienschein 1991), the relationship between philosophy and history of science (Radder 1997), and more recently even the relationship between sexuality, translation, and East Asian studies (Chiang 2009). This article attempts to add to this discourse by considering the concept of ‘styles of reasoning’ from the perspective of history of science and geography in China. First, it discusses observation and correlative thinking in the traditional Chinese science of dili (principles of the earth) and fengshui (wind and water), focusing on the meaning and difficulty of the translation of the concept shi , ‘configurational force,’ which embodied an astute early qualitative understanding of gravity and its relationship to fertility. Seminal texts from various dynasties considered in this discussion include the Book of Burial, Classic of Burial, Yellow Emperor’s Classic of House Siting, Arousing the Dragon Classic, Twenty Four Difficult Problems , and Water Dragon Classic . The article then argues that this different ‘style of reasoning’ displayed in the discipline of dili became blurred in Western scientific styles of reasoning to become dilixue (geography). A journal article on the history of the development of the concept of ‘mountain veins’ in traditional Chinese science by a member of the Chinese Geological Survey, Weng Wenhao (1925), is indicative of this melding of Eastern and Western styles of reasoning. It is posited that even with the strength of China’s early scientific foundations, the acceptance in China of Western scientific reasoning was markedly accelerated due to the environmental history of China (Elvin 2004). The environmental history of China over three thousand years is then compared to that of Australia over the past two hundred years using the traditional dili construct to argue that northern hemisphere peoples coming to the south have had to modify their styles of reasoning to perceive the ritualizations of knowledge inherent in northern knowledge systems, based on the generally more fertile geographies of the power bases of the north. It is argued that accepted ‘universal’ theoretical stances such as the market approach advocated by Hayek (1980 and 1976) have more of a geographic basis than is realized and that continuing to follow the ‘logic of short term advantage’ (Elvin 2004) and the ‘ethics of chance’ (Paton 2009) that have become major catalysts to present day market-based systems could have a very negative effect on the survival of the human species over the long term.