Streeter-Phelps Model Research Articles

Optimizing roof-harvested rainwater storage: Impact of dissolved oxygen regime on self-purification and quality dynamics

Roof-harvested rainwater presents a promising, unconventional, and sustainable water resource for both potable and non-potable uses. However, there is a significant gap in understanding the quality evolution of stored rainwater under varying dissolved oxygen conditions and its suitability for various applications. This study investigated the evolution of rainwater quality under three distinct storage conditions: aerated, open, and sealed. Additionally, the microbial community and metabolic functions were analyzed to systematically evaluate the self-purification performance over long-term storage durations. The results indicate that aerated storage enhances microbial carbon metabolism, leading to a degradation rate of 54.4 %. Sealed and open storage conditions exhibited primary organic matter degradation during the early and late stages, respectively. Roof-rainwater harvesting (RRWH) systems showed limited denitrification activity across all three dissolved oxygen conditions. The maximum accumulation of NO3-N during the storage period reached 5.23 mg/L. In contrast, sealed storage demonstrated robust self-purification performance, evidenced by a comprehensive coefficient of 15.83 calculated by Streeter-Phelps model. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms governing rainwater quality changes under various storage conditions, emphasizing the necessity for developing effective management strategies for the storage and utilization of roof-harvested rainwater.

Climate change impact assessment on a tropical river resilience using the Streeter-Phelps dissolved oxygen model

This paper provides a technical analysis of a river’s current and future resilience in a watershed with intensive agricultural and fishing activities. The study area was the last section of the Culiacan River corresponding to the river mouth over a lagoon system. Dissolved oxygen modeling was performed using the Streeter-Phelps model to evaluate the river self-depuration capability using Biochemical Oxygen Demand, dissolved oxygen, streamflow, and water temperature data from 2013 to 2020. Fieldwork was carried out to establish the geomorphological characteristics of the river by determining stream velocity, width, and depth and the location of nine sources of pollution on the river. The modeling was performed for three groups of months with different temperatures, identified by hierarchical cluster analysis. Estimates were made for future scenarios, assessing the effect of climate change on the Culiacan River’s self-depuration capability. The results showed that most of the year, the degradation rate of the system results in rapid assimilation of organic matter. However, the modeling indicates that the river would lose its resilience capability under climate change. Thus, it is essential to implement wastewater treatment systems to reduce the environmental impact on the aquatic ecosystem in the river and the lagoon system.

Impact of Global Warming on Dissolved Oxygen and BOD Assimilative Capacity of the World’s Rivers: Modeling Analysis

For rivers and streams, the impact of rising water temperature on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) assimilative capacity depends on the interplay of two independent factors: the waterbody’s dissolved oxygen (DO) saturation and its self-purification rate (i.e., the balance between BOD oxidation and reaeration). Although both processes increase with rising water temperatures, oxygen depletion due to BOD oxidation increases faster than reaeration. The net result is that rising temperatures will decrease the ability of the world’s natural waters to assimilate oxygen-demanding wastes beyond the damage due to reduced saturation alone. This effect should be worse for nitrogenous BOD than for carbonaceous BOD because of the former’s higher sensitivity to rising water temperatures. Focusing on streams and rivers, the classic Streeter–Phelps model was used to determine the magnitude of the maximum or “critical” DO deficit that can be calculated analytically as a function of the mixing-point BOD concentration, DO saturation, and the self-purification rate. The results indicate that high-velocity streams will be the most sensitive to rising temperatures. This is significant because such systems typically occur in mountainous regions where they are also subject to lower oxygen saturation due to decreased oxygen partial pressure. Further, they are dominated by salmonids and other cold-water fish that require higher oxygen levels than warm-water species. Due to their high reaeration rates, such systems typically exhibit high self-purification constants and consequently have higher assimilation capacities than slower moving lowland rivers. For slow-moving rivers, the total sustainable mixing-point concentration for CBOD is primarily dictated by saturation reductions. For faster flowing streams, the sensitivity of the total sustainable load is more equally dependent on temperature-induced reductions in both saturation and self-purification.

Numerical Investigation of Dissolved Oxygen Transportation through a Coupled SWE and Streeter–Phelps Model

Dissolved oxygen (DO) reflects the self-purification ability of a water body and is also an important indicator for quantifying the water quality. The morphological changes in the cross sections of river channels will affect the hydraulic conditions, and the distribution of pollutants and DO may also be affected, possibly resulting in local oxygen deficits and pollution. To effectively predict the water quality, a coupled model is introduced in this study. The shallow water equation (SWE) is adopted to calculate the hydrodynamic processes, and the modified Streeter–Phelps model is further coupled with the SWE model to evaluate the reaeration. By applying this model, mass transportation and reaeration in rivers are analyzed. The influences of the sudden cross-sectional changes in the river channel on the DO distribution and the reaeration ability are identified. The results reveal that a certain degree of expansion in the river is conducive to reaeration and can also accelerate the consumption of pollutants through the water body’s self-purification. DO transport in two real terrains, including a mountain basin and plain river, is extensively investigated, and the results indicate that the morphological characteristics in the mountain basin will cause the concentration distribution to form inside dead zones, while in the plain, the distribution will form a fan-shaped downstream zone.

Empleo del Modelo Streeter-Phelps para estimar el oxígeno disuelto del Río Utcubamba

El río Utcubamba nace en el distrito de Leymebamba a los 3 100 m.s.n.m, en la provincia de Chachapoyas de la Región Amazonas-Perú, desemboca en el río Marañón, provincia de Bagua y cuenta con una longitud aproximada de 253 km de cauce principal. Las poblaciones de Leymebamba, Chachapoyas, Pedro Ruíz Gallo, Bagua Grande, Cajaruro, El Milagro y Bagua, con una población total que supera los 150 000 habitantes, son los principales asentamientos urbanos a orillas del río, o con influencia directa sobre el mismo. El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación, fue emplear el modelo Streeter-Phelps para estimar el oxígeno disuelto del Río Utcubamba. La metodología empleada fue de orden analítico y consistió en primera instancia en seleccionar los puntos de muestreo que fueron tomados sobre el cauce principal, de los datos reportados y documentados por el Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, INDES-CES; posteriormente de acuerdo a las características hidráulicas se determinaron los puntos donde se empleó el modelo, a partir de esta información se seleccionaron las variables, aplicando las ecuaciones respectivas. El modelo describe el comportamiento del OD para los primeros 95,2 km, caracteriza adecuadamente los procesos de autodepuración y el balance de oxígeno en las aguas del río. Además, se prueba que los residuos tienen distribución normal mediante Shapiro Wilk cuyo valor es 0,9687; de esta manera se concluye que el modelo puede ser empleado para realizar inferencias.

Waste valorization and resource conservation in rice processing industries-an analytical study from Pakistan.

The study aims to analyze and enhance the eco-efficiency of rice processing in Pakistan while focusing on pollution prevention, waste management, and valorization opportunities. Three rice mills were selected, and physical and chemical properties of their wastewater and solid waste were analyzed. It is depicted that rice husk has the highest share in the solid waste stream and possesses a significant renewable energy potential with a calorific value of 16 MJ/kg and a much lower energy cost of about 0.4 USD/MJ as compared to diesel and furnace oil, i.e., 36.8 and 26.2 USD/MJ, respectively. Recovery of commercially valuable by-products from the effluent of parboiling process is also investigated, and about 0.25 kg of starch/L from wastewater has been effectively reclaimed by wet milling method. The effluent water is also analyzed using Streeter-Phelps model which confirmed that value of contaminants in the wastewater of two of the selected rice mills exceeds the dilution capacity of the receiving body, with dissolved oxygen values at critical level as 0.54 mg/L and -20.7 mg/L respectively. Water pinch analysis and water cascade analysis (WCA) have also been employed to monitor and manage the water footprints. While the concentration composite curve depicted that about 0.8 ton/h of freshwater is saved by an application of smart water integration and pinch point was determined as 1814 ppm. While the WCA confirms that a total water demand of 45.3 kg/s at the third purity level has been reduced to 28.0 kg/s at the lowest purity level.

Mathematical modeling in the Urumari micro-watershed using Streeter-Phelps mathematical models and the enhanced Do-Bod model

When a certain load of pollutants is dumped in urban surface waters, the natural hydrological parameters are altered and a consequent dispersion of a contaminant occurs. Water self-purification is a natural recovery mechanism that aims to restore the natural parameters of water quality. In the municipality of Santarém, the Urumari micro-watershed, one of the main urban streams and a tributary of the Amazon river, suffers from increasing degradation. Thus, it is necessary to systematically monitor the water quality of the micro-watershed, through mathematical modeling, in order to identify environmental impairment and propose mitigating tools that facilitate self-purification capacity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the degree of disturbance of the Urumari micro-watershed using Streeter-Phelps mathematical models and the Enhanced DO-BOD model. The software Curve Expert 1.4 was used to adjust the coefficients of the mathematical models, using the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear function adjustment method. The complete mathematical model of DO and BOD considered the parcels of punctual deficit, microbial BOD, nitrification, sediment demand, photosynthesis and respiration. Three coefficients of the Streeter-Phelps model and six coefficients of the Enhanced DO-BOD model were adjusted according to the experimental data of dissolved oxygen and water travel time. The mathematical models satisfactorily correlated the experimental data. The values of the correlation coefficient, mean absolute deviations and quadratic deviations are for the Streeter-Phelps model and the Enhanced DO-BOD model, respectively. The Streeter-Phelps model presented the best correlation to the experimental data with the values of R2 equal to 0.83; mean absolute deviation equal to 0.56 and quadratic deviations equal to 4.98.

Assessment of Surabaya River (Karang Pilang-Gunung Sari Segment) Water Quality by Streeter-Phelps Model

Assessment of Surabaya River (Karang Pilang-Gunung Sari Segment) Water Quality by Streeter-Phelps Model

Assessment of household greywater discharge from village houses using Streeter–Phelps model in stream

Assessment of household greywater discharge from village houses using Streeter–Phelps model in stream

Evaluating the Water Quality Contribution of Estero de Paco to Pasig River and Manila Bay, Philippines

The clean-up of the river system feeding into Manila Bay is crucial in addressing the current Manila Bay water quality. Since Estero de Paco is a feeder into Pasig River which enters the Manila Bay, its clean-up is imperative to sustain Manila Bay water quality. This research gathered information on the water quality Estero during both the dry and the wet season. Initial survey of the stretch showed that there are bridges and residential areas as potential sampling points. Using the Streeter-Phelps model an assessment of the water quality during different meteorological conditions shows that almost no DO is available during the dry season, while some have a DO > 5 mg/l (standard) during the rainy season. Unfortunately, based on the other critical parameters, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) was high due to discharge of septic waste directly into the river during the heavy rains. Sludge near populated areas were characterized and found to contain high levels of Oil & Grease, Organic Matter. The Streeter-Phelps equation used to evaluate the oxygen deficit shows that at the Pasig River junction DO is negligible even during the wet season. It is recommended that regular monitoring and community engagement be actively pursued.

Inverse algorithm for Streeter–Phelps equation in water pollution control problem

In this study, for the first time in the literature, we consider the inverse problem that arises in the problem of controlling water pollution in streams. The problem here is to determine the source’s load of pollution based on the results of measuring water quality in places remote from the waste source. Based on the results of measuring the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), which characterizes the level of pollution of surface water in a stream, will determine the level of the pollutant load of the waste discharger. Using classical Streeter–Phelps model, showing the relationship between the source power and the water quality of river channels, the inverse algorithm is constructed to determine the load capacity of the waste source. The resulting algorithm in this study is for general case and refers to several sources of waste. The article also presents the numerical results of applying the algorithm obtained for specific examples. The results of this study contribute to the scientific and substantiated issue of environmental decision making.

Poluição por matéria orgânica e autodepuração dos cursos d'água: impactos deste estudo no setor produtivo

Atualmente, o cenário competitivo organizacional exige das empresas a melhor utilização de seus recursos, assim como a otimização constante dos processos que permeiam suas atividades. Além disso, temas como sustentabilidade e responsabilidade ambiental estão cada vez mais presentes na indústria, se transformando, inclusive, em mais uma ferramenta para o aprimoramento dos processos. Analisando a produção por essa ótica, este artigo propõe uma discussão sobre a aplicabilidade dos estudos da poluição por matéria orgânica e autodepuração dos cursos d'água, utilizando de conhecimentos matemáticos, pelo modelo de Streeter-Phelps, para validação dos resultados e projeção da inserção deste estudo no ramo de reaproveitamento de água, por estações de tratamento, com a finalidade de eliminação de desperdícios e otimização da produção.

Modelización de la calidad del agua del estero aguas Claras, cantón Quevedo, Ecuador

Se estudió el impacto de la descarga de aguas residuales en el comportamiento del oxígeno disuelto y la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO) en el estero Aguas Claras, ubicado al suroeste del cantón Quevedo, durante los meses de octubre 2016 a febrero 2017. La simulación se realizó en tres tramos de la corriente, por medio del modelo de Streeter-Phelps y el programa QUAL2K. Los modelos se calibraron ajustando las constantes de reaireación (ka), desoxigenación (kd) y remoción total (kr), empleando la metodología GLUE (Estimación de la probabilidad de incertidumbre generalizada), a través de simulaciones de Monte Carlo. El análisis de rendimiento determinó valores promedio del coeficiente de determinación R2 y del coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe de 0,99, revelando un buen ajuste del modelo de Streeter-Phelps. El ajuste para QUAL2K fue sensiblemente inferior. El estudio sugiere una importante capacidad de autodepuración del estero por los altos valores de ka y kr

Examining the dynamics and modeling of oxygen regime of Chervonooskil water reservoir

The problems of deterioration of the ecological state of surface sources of drinking water supply especially concern water reservoirs since they are created for accumulation of water reserves. Biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen are integral indicators that characterize ecological state of a water body on the whole. Based on retrospective observational data for 2010–2014, the authors analyzed dynamics of indicators of BOD and of dissolved oxygen in the Chervonooskil reservoir (Ukraine). The tendencies towards improving oxygen regime of the reservoir were detected: an increase in concentration of dissolved oxygen and a decrease in BOD by average annual indicators. This is explained by a decrease in anthropogenic load on the basin of the water body due to economic decline, which is a consequence of unfavorable political situation in the country. Authors determined coefficients of biochemical oxidation of organic substances of the Streeter-Phelps model for the water reservoir. Given the influence of temperature on oxygen solubility and on the rate of biochemical processes, calculation of parameters k 1 and k 2 was performed for each month of the year. Correlation coefficient between the modeled and empirical values of biochemical oxygen demand is 0.86, which can be considered acceptable for such research

Estimation of Water Environment Capacity in the Cau River Basin, Vietnam using the Streeter–Phelps Model

Estimation of Water Environment Capacity in the Cau River Basin, Vietnam using the Streeter–Phelps Model

Analytical Lagrangian Model of Sediment Oxygen Demand and Reaeration Flux Coevolution in Streams

AbstractAn analytical model is developed for unidirectional-flow waterways in which the dissolved oxygen (DO) mass balance is dominated by reaeration and sediment oxygen demand (SOD) fluxes. To accurately represent the feedback between the two principal fluxes and the resulting spatial distribution of depth-averaged DO concentration (CDO) in the water column, formulations for the fluxes are implemented that are consistent with mass transfer theory rather than commonly used formulations (e.g., zeroth-order SOD) that neglect mass transfer physics. Water-side and sediment-side processes are incorporated into the SOD formulation; the sediment-side processes are simplified and parameterized empirically. The resulting DO mass conservation equation is expressed as a first-order linear ordinary differential equation. The model has similarities to the classic Streeter–Phelps model in the following respects: (1) it implements a Lagrangian control volume, (2) it expresses the competition between two flux or source/s...

Assessment of the water self-purification capacity on a river affected by organic pollution: application of chemometrics in spatial and temporal variations.

Water pollution caused by organic matter is a major global problem which requires continuous evaluation. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to assess spatial and temporal changes caused by natural and anthropogenic phenomena along Potrero de los Funes River. Cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to a data set collected throughout a period of 3 years (2010-2012), which monitored 22 physical, chemical and biological parameters. Content of dissolved oxygen in water and biochemical oxygen demand in a watercourse are indicators of pollution caused by organic matter. For this reason, the Streeter-Phelps model was used to evaluate the water self-purification capacity. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the sampling sites based on the similarity of water quality characteristics. PCA resulted in two latent factors explaining 75.2 and 17.6 % of the total variance in water quality data sets. Multidimensional ANOVA suggested that organic pollution is mainly due to domestic wastewater run-offs and anthropogenic influence as a consequence of increasing urbanization and tourist influx over the last years. Besides, Streeter-Phelps parameters showed a low reaeration capacity before dam with low concentration of dissolved oxygen. Furthermore, self-purification capacity loss was correlated with the decrease of the Benthic Index. This measurement suggested that biological samplings complement the physical-chemical analysis of water quality.

A simple water quality model as a tool for the evaluation of alternative river basin management plans

<p>A key component in the implementation of Water Framework Directive is the development of a river basin management plan for each river basin district. Water quality models are important tools to test the effectiveness of alternative management plans on the water quality of the respective water bodies. The main objective of the present study was to develop and demonstrate the use of a rather simple water quality model as a tool for the evaluation of alternative water management scenarios for the river basin district of Evrotas. Furthermore an extension of the water quality model based on Monte Carlo simulation to provide for uncertainty identification is also exhibited. The model is based on the basic principles of the Streeter-Phelps model. A hierarchical approach was developed in order to delineate a complex hydrographic network into a series of water bodies being connected by convective terms. The pollution loads which were used as input data were related both to point sources and non-point sources. Based on the results a substantial removal of organic carbon load originating from the industrial activities is needed in order to achieve high dissolved oxygen concentrations throughout the entire hydrosystem even at the dry period.</p>

Composite Goodness of Fit in Reaeration Coeffcient Modeling

Determination of reaeration coefficient is an important factor in surface water quality modeling as it determines the efficiency of the Streeter-Phelps model used for predicting dissolved oxygen deficit of any stream. This study compared the efficiency of Atuwara model with ten other reaeration coefficients models by making use of three data sets obtained from river Atuwara during the prevalent wet and dry seasons using composite goodness of fit test which was developed by quantitatively combining statistical and graphical goodness of fit. The eleven tested models were ranked in order of performance. Results show that the four top ranking models were developed through a process that utilized data from multiple streams while models that were developed from data obtained from the test subject alone performed less competitively. The outcome of the study also suggests that the usual practice of selecting the best model based on statistical analysis alone does not necessarily yield the best result and therefore recommended the incorporation of quantitatively analyzed graphs. The paper concludes that selection of the best performing model among existing reaeration coefficient models using the composite goodness of fit may present a cheaper and better alternative to conventional model development approach.

Predicting the Hypoxic-Volume in Chesapeake Bay with the Streeter-Phelps Model: A Bayesian Approach1

Liu, Yong, George B. Arhonditsis, Craig A. Stow, and Donald Scavia, 2011. Predicting the Hypoxic-Volume in Chesapeake Bay with the Streeter–Phelps Model: A Bayesian Approach. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1348–1363. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00588.x Abstract: Hypoxia is a long-standing threat to the integrity of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. In this study, we introduce a Bayesian framework that aims to guide the parameter estimation of a Streeter–Phelps model when only hypoxic volume data are available. We present a modeling exercise that addresses a hypothetical scenario under which the only data available are hypoxic volume estimates. To address the identification problem of the model, we formulated informative priors based on available literature information and previous knowledge from the system. Our analysis shows that the use of hypoxic volume data results in reasonable predictive uncertainty, although the variances of the marginal posterior parameter distributions are usually greater than those obtained from fitting the model to dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles. Numerical experiments of joint parameter estimation were also used to facilitate the selection of more parsimonious models that effectively balance between complexity and performance. Parameters with relatively stable posterior means over time and narrow uncertainty bounds were considered as temporally constant, while those with time varying posterior patterns were used to accommodate the interannual variability by assigning year-specific values. Finally, our study offers prescriptive guidelines on how this model can be used to address the hypoxia forecasting in the Chesapeake Bay area.