Road Lighting Conditions Research Articles

Persistent exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) accelerates metamorphosis and colonization in larvae of marine shellfish

The ongoing course of urbanization has led to excessive use of artificial light at night (ALAN), which has rapidly become an important source of pollution in many cities. The Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) Larvae were kept under a 12/12 h light/dark photoperiod (DD) in order to determine the effects of ALAN on embryonic development. To simulate the street lighting conditions at night, the artificial light was switched on from 18:00 until midnight (AD) or until 06:00 the next day (ND). Moreover, Groups AD and ND had a considerably greater hatching success rate and metamorphosis rate than Group DD (P < 0.05), whereas Group DD had a significantly longer hatching period and course to complete the metamorphosis of the larvae (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analyses showed that members of Groups AD and DD had considerably higher expression levels of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis, spliceosome function, and the mRNA surveillance pathway. Prostaglandin B2, L-palmitoylcarnitine, stearic acid, palmitic acid, leukotriene C4, and arachidonic acid were screened by non-targeted metabolomics as differential metabolic markers that played a vital role in the response of larvae to different ALAN conditions. Multi-omics correlation analysis suggested that five pathways related to fatty acid synthesis, catabolism, and metabolism, such as biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and arachidonic acid metabolism, were enriched in each comparison. Further quantitative analysis showed that compared to Group DD, 33 out of 50 fatty acids were upregulated in Group AD, and the levels of almost all fatty acids were increased in Group ND, which in turn suggested that fatty acids played a vital role in the physiological response of larvae to illumination changes. The findings of this work were significant for the unbiased and full-scale assessment of the ecological effects of ALAN, as well as the structural stability of the marine benthic community.

Identification and Ranking of Road Safety Hazardous Locations: Case Study of Kotre–Aabhukhaireni Section of Prithvi Highway

In Nepal, due to rapid urbanization, there are many emerging towns and settlements near highways, which have raised issues of increased traffic density resulting in frequent road crashes like in Kotre- Aabhukhaireni section of Prithvi Highway. Higher crash rates depict lower safety conditions. To improve safety conditions and reduce the loss of life and property, hazardous conditions along the highways need to be identified and ranked for treatment purpose. This study is based on a methodological framework for identifying hazardous locations based on a Field Survey (condition rating) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for ranking road safety hazardous locations of Kotre- Aabhukhaireni road Section of Prithvi Highway by weighing the safety parameters of the road section and calculating the Safety Hazardous Index (SHI). Field condition rating with a focus on pavement surface conditions, structural conditions, shoulder and drainage conditions, pedestrian infrastructure and vehicle restraint system, street lighting, traffic signs, island and road marking conditions was conducted, and risk factors were identified by comparing these variables against norms.&#x0D; The study identified 15 different locations as safety hazardous locations. The results showed Yampa, Baradi, and Chirrkeni as the most hazardous ones with an SHI index of 0.852, 0.773 and 0.712 respectively, among the study section considered. In contrast, Dhaaptar was considered as the least hazardous one with SHI value of 0.210.

Performance Analysis of Solar Panel as a Public Street Lighting Energy Source

he use of sunlight as an energy source has been widely used. This condition is strongly related to the potential of sunlight in Indonesia, which is available throughout the year. Kalurahan Sidoharjo is one of the areas in Kulon Progo Regency with a significant potential source of sunlight. However, street lighting conditions in this region are still low and need some improvements. Solar-based Public Street Lighting (PJUTS) is one application of utilizing sunlight for street lighting. PJUTS is very suitable because the energy conversion from sunlight into electrical energy is still low. In this study, observations were conducted on the ability of solar panels and load consumption at PJUTS. Then, the observation data was used to analyze the sustainability. Observations were done by recording the power absorbed by solar panels using a controller and Solar Station software. The observations found that the solar panels can capture an average solar capacity of 146.14 Wh, while the use of lights at night consumes about 120 Wh. From this observation, the sunlight energy source in Kalurahan Sidoharjo is high enough to meet the public roads' lighting needs.

Solar Energy Utilization Analysis on Public Street Lighting in Sulur Kulon Progo

he utilization of solar energy as a power source has been widely used in Indonesia. This condition is strongly related to the potential of the sun in Indonesia, which is available throughout the year. Solar-based Public Street Lighting (PJUTS) is one application of utilizing solar energy for street lighting. The use of PJUTS is very appropriate because converting solar energy into electrical energy is still low. Sulur is one of the areas in Kulon Progo Regency with abundant solar energy potential. Meanwhile, street lighting conditions in this region are very low and need an addition of public street lighting. In this study, the ability of solar panels and lamp consumption at PJUTS is compared to analyze the technology sustainability. Observations are made by recording the power absorbed by solar panels using a controller and Solar Station software. The observations found that the solar panels can capture an average solar capacity of 150.73 Wh, while the use of lights at night consumes about 120 Wh. From this observation, the solar energy source in Sulur is enough to fulfill the public road lighting requirement.

Sistem Informasi Pengaduan Perbaikan Jalan Desa (Program SIG) Berbasis Web

Several damaged roads in the Kebasen area during the rainy season are continuous work for the government. As an effort to assist this public service, it provides an opportunity for the public to submit complaints or complaints when public facilities have not met expectations. The following is an alternative to the procedure for submitting complaints or complaints for road repairs online which can help better communication. This study aims to build a GIS web-based road repair complaint information system. The system prototype was designed in stages with the development of the waterfall model system and the PHP programming language. In making this system the author uses the framework CodeIgniter (Ci) and Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD). The interface for connecting several applications uses the Google Application Programming Interface (API) and MySQL database. The results of this study are expected to be the system of choice for conveying the aspirations of the people up to date in complaints about road repairs, environmental conditions, traffic conditions, public road management conditions, security conditions, street lighting conditions and presenting information optimally

An exploration of the effects of various street lighting conditions on driver behaviors and safety at stop-controlled intersections: A driving simulator experiment

Lack of visibility is one of the challenges that impact drivers’ ability to perform driving tasks at night. Although prior studies indicated that lighting increases nighttime safety, lighting at stop-controlled intersections is not mandatory according to many U.S. states’ guidelines. This paper aims to investigate the impact of different lighting conditions on safety-related driving behavior during nighttime at stop-controlled intersections. The data were collected using a driving simulator experiment where participants drove through several intersections during daytime, nighttime without lighting, nighttime with partial lighting, and nighttime with full lighting. Collected measures included speed, time-to-collision (TTC), and post-encroachment time (PET). TTC/PET were used as safety surrogate measures to evaluate the impact of lighting on drivers’ safety. The results indicated that TTC/PET were higher during daytime and nighttime with partial/full lighting. Furthermore, the findings revealed that lower speeds were recorded at nighttime with partial/full lighting. Kruskal–Wallis test revealed that TTC/PET medians for nighttime without lighting were statistically significantly different from TTC/PET medians of the remaining lighting conditions. Moreover, negative binomial modeling indicated that lack of lighting and speed had inverse correlation with TTC. In summary, the results revealed that street lighting at stop-controlled intersections provided 37% increase in TTC, 15% increase in PET, and 15% reduction in speed.

Influence of automotive headlamp systems on the visibility of targets under different road lighting conditions

Modern high-resolution headlamp systems are capable of adjusting to different driving situations. However, the existing road lighting is not yet taken into account when setting the headlamp’s light distribution. This article investigates the influence of the automotive headlamp systems on the visibility of targets in different road lighting conditions and proposes a new lighting strategy based on these results. The luminances of square targets of different surface reflectances and at different distances ahead of the vehicle were measured in road lighting designed to meet classes varying from M3 to M6. For each combination the visibility level (VL) of the targets was determined, with road lighting alone and also when additionally illuminating the scene with the car headlamps. The influence of the headlamps on target visibility was found to depend on the road lighting class, the target distance and its reflectance. In some situations, additional light from the headlamp decreased the target VL and therefore the probability that a driver would detect it. Different ranges of headlamp light distribution were proposed for different road lighting classes to bring light only where it is needed.

Investigating Rural Single-Vehicle Crash Severity by Vehicle Types Using Full Bayesian Spatial Random Parameters Logit Model

The effect of risk factors on crash severity varies across vehicle types. The objective of this study was to explore the risk factors associated with the severity of rural single-vehicle (SV) crashes. Four vehicle types including passenger car, motorcycle, pickup, and truck were considered. To synthetically accommodate unobserved heterogeneity and spatial correlation in crash data, a novel Bayesian spatial random parameters logit (SRP-logit) model is proposed. Rural SV crash data in Shandong Province were extracted to calibrate the model. Three traditional logit approaches—multinomial logit model, random parameter logit model, and random intercept logit model—were also established and compared with the proposed model. The results indicated that the SRP-logit model exhibits the best fit performance compared with other models, highlighting that simultaneously accommodating unobserved heterogeneity and spatial correlation is a promising modeling approach. Further, there is a significant positive correlation between weekend, dark (without street lighting) conditions, and collision with fixed object and severe crashes and a significant negative correlation between collision with pedestrians and severe crashes. The findings can provide valuable information for policy makers to improve traffic safety performance in rural areas.

An EEG based comparative study on driver's performance under the influence of metal halide and high pressure sodium lighting

For the last few decades the most favored light sources for road lighting designs are the Metal Halide (MH) and High Pressure sodium vapor (HPS). The use of LED has been increased profoundly in the recent time in different road lighting applications. One of the most important characteristics that differentiate both the light sources is their color. Although the spectral power density of both MH and HPS light sources contains peaks at different wavelengths throughout the visible spectrum but the color produced by the MH sources is mainly blue-white color and by the HPS sources are yellow. Recent study had shown that detection of object by the road users are highly influenced by lamp type (Biswas et al., 2018; Rea, 2013, 2014; Boyce Peter, 2014; Rea et al., 2010; Morante, n.d.). A comparative behavioral study along the performance analysis is thus very important from the driver’s point of view under the spectrum of these two light sources. In this research work the behavioral and detailed performance analysis study of a subject driving a vehicle in a simulated road lighting condition illuminated by HPS and MH light sources has been conducted. The driver’s time response along with electroencephalography (EEG) study was conducted to investigate the probable temporal processes and significant differences in the distribution of brain waves for detection of object located at on-axis (foveal). The results are compared for both the types of lamps and it has been found that metal halide lamps have better human cognitive performance.

An Approach To Comparative Simulation Of Road Lighting and Estimation Of Associated Quality Parameters

A software-based comparative simulation work was conducted about the luminance-based method of road lighting design with MATLAB and DIALux, giving due consideration to the design standards laid down in CIE140:2019 technical report. The outputs were obtained for a specified set of road lighting conditions in terms of luminaire mounting height, road width, spacing of lighting poles, overhang, and maintenance factor for four different CIE standard road surfaces R1, R2, R3, and R4, six different observer positions and three types of luminai rearrangements. MATLAB and DIALux outputs were quantified by three quality parameters, namely: average luminance, overall uniformity and longitudinal uniformity of luminance, and the linear correlation between the two was found to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.00001). DIALux, as a graphical lighting design tool, was found to be more convenient than the algorithm-reliant MATLAB programming approach for general road lighting simulation. However, MATLAB programming approachcould facilitate experimental road lighting simulation, and the developed MATLAB program could be used as a flexible tool to simulate road lighting with experimental luminaire distribution curve of luminous intensity (I) and road surface reduced luminance coefficient (r) tables. Further developments upon it could potentially integrate provisions for luminaires with custom tilt and curved road surfaces.

Variable categories influencing single-vehicle run-off-road crashes and their severity

Single-vehicle run-off-road (ROR) crashes account for a significant number of all the single-vehicle crashes and all the fatalities in the United States. The variable categories influencing single-vehicle ROR crashes and their severity could be different from other single-vehicle crashes. This paper, therefore, focuses on investigating single-vehicle ROR crashes to identify and compare variable categories influencing their occurrence and severity. A logistic regression model was developed to evaluate and identify variable categories associated with single-vehicle ROR crashes compared to other single-vehicle crashes. The results indicate that variables such as road characteristics (number of lanes, road surface condition, road terrain, functional classification, and geometric condition), weather condition, road lighting condition, vehicle type, and, driver characteristics (driver physical condition, age, and gender) are observed to have a statistically significant influence on the occurrence of single-vehicle ROR crashes. A partial proportionality odds model was developed to evaluate and identify variable categories associated with injury severity of single-vehicle ROR crashes. The results indicate that variables and variable categories such as weather condition (cloudy and rain), speed limit (<= 40.2 kmph [25 mph] and > 88.5 kmph [55 mph]), vehicle type (primarily buses), drivers’ age (<= 18 years), road surface condition (presence of water, ice, snow, and slush), and, mountainous terrain condition are observed to have a statistically significant influence on single-vehicle ROR crash severity.

APPROACHES FOR MAPPING NIGHT-TIME ROAD ENVIRONMENT LIGHTING CONDITIONS

Abstract. The integration of the 3D measurement techniques with luminance imaging has increased the potential for mapping night-time road lighting conditions. In this study, we present selected static and mobile approaches for the purpose. The measurement methods include conventional 2D imaging luminance photometry and the integration of the luminance imaging with terrestrial and mobile laser scanning. In addition, we present our initial experiences with performing integrated luminance mapping and photogrammetric reconstruction from drone imagery. All of the presented methods require that the camera is calibrated with a reference luminance source. Our results show the results of luminance calibration and feasibility of 3D luminance point clouds for evaluating road surface luminances. In addition, we discuss the other potential applications, limitations and future research.

Forensic investigation in a multiple trauma deceleration case due to road traffic accidents

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTA) are the series of events from road events that are unexpected, and always cause damage to objects, injury and even death. Factors for the occurrence of RTA can be in the form of vehicle, road and human. In this case RTA occurred because of human negligence and road factors. The human factor in the form of the driver driving a vehicle at high speed with an estimated 160 Km/h at night, the other factor is the driver is sleepy or tired. Road factors contribute to the occurrence of accidents due to wide and declining road segments cause the driver unable to control vehicles at high speed, quiet roads and inadequate street lighting conditions. This accident resulted in a heavy damage to the vehicle and all passengers died. The explanation of the causes and patterns of death is important in forensic investigations of RTA victims.Case description: A case of RTA with multiple deceleration injuries was reported. This traffic accident case involved a minibus car speeding and crashing into a bulk cement tank truck that was stopped on the Banda Aceh-Meulaboh National Road, on 30 October 2016 around 04.15 a.m which caused all passengers of minibus died. The speeding minibus car suddenly stopped and hit the back of the tank truck, as a result the body moving at the speed of the vehicle suddenly slowed down (deceleration) causing multiple trauma. The effects on the bodies of the victims varied in the form of open head trauma, closed head trauma, chest trauma, abdomen and extremities. The mechanism and cause of death of the victims was massive bleeding in several organs, especially the head (traumatic brain injury) and chest (rib fracture).Conclusion: Forensic investigations are very useful in determining the cause of death, mechanism of death, manner of death, magnitude of the impact, direction, speed, and nature of the traffic accident.

An infrastructure of light and darkness: in visual conversation with Baudouin Mouanda

ABSTRACTThis article owes its inspiration to a series of photos that poetically documents the street lighting conditions in Brazzaville and which was taken by the Congolese photographer Baudouin Mouanda (born 1981). The first section reviews the provision of electricity and street lighting systems in sub-Saharan Africa as an expression of state power and weakness through infrastructural visibility and invisibility. Its aim is to provide a qualitative background and to enhance the situational understanding of the second, site-related section of the article which focuses on Brazzaville, the capital city of the Republic of Congo. Here Mouanda’s visual series is interpreted in light of conceptions of the ‘shadow’ and the ‘non-complete’, usable in trying to grasp the urban formations and lived realities in the global South.

A novel driver hazard perception sensitivity model based on drivers’ characteristics: A simulator study

Objective: Considering the high annual number of fatal driving accidents in Iran, any approach for reducing the number or severity of driving accidents is a positive step toward decreasing accident-related losses. Accidents can often be avoided by a timely reaction of the driver. One of the steps before reacting to a hazard is perception. Some driver characteristics may affect road hazard perception. In this research, it was assumed that various driver characteristics, including demographic characteristics and cognitive characteristics, have an impact on driver perception.Methods: The driving simulator used in this research provides various scenarios; for example, passing a pedestrian or animal across the road or placing fixed objects in a 2-lane separated rural road for 2 groups of experienced and inexperienced drivers under day and night lighting conditions. The go/no-go test was carried out in order to assess drivers’ attention to driving tasks and inhibitory control. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to estimate the relation between driver characteristics and sensitivity to road hazard perception. A new hazard perception index was proposed based on the time intervals in the hazard vulnerability.Results: The results show that the most effective variables in the analysis of sensitivity to hazard perception are driving experience (in kilometers) during the last 3 years and road lighting conditions. Moreover, hazard perception sensitivity was improved by better inhibitory control, selective attention, and decision making, more carefulness, the average amount of daily sleep, and marital status.Conclusion: The results of this research may be useful in educating and advertising programs. It also could enhance sensitivity to perception of hazards such as pedestrians, animals, and fixed obstacles among young and novice drivers.

Optimization Of Urban Street Lighting Conditions Focusing On Energy Saving, Safety And Users’ Needs

The outdoor lighting constitutes a significant part of the night activities of people in contemporary cities. Nevertheless, in many cases, this may result in the increasing and irrational use of it affecting the users of public areas, the environment and driving safety. The subject of this paper is to extend the discussion on the subject, to provide answers and to suggest methods for the improvement of the existing conditions in urban street lighting through the use of new technologies and smart lighting management systems, with the aim of achieving a smooth relationship between the user’s needs, safety, sustainability, quality of life and energy saving.

Theoretical principles and practical aspects of adjustment of headlights on wheel vehicle military

The theoretical foundations and practical aspects of the application of the adjustment headlights military automotive technology. The analysis of known approaches to building systems adjusting headlights. The structure of the system, its mathematical analysis conducted and compiled the relevant algorithms. Systems of passive and active safety, signaling and warning systems, driver's state control, vehicle adaptation to traffic conditions acquire wide development. The quality of the road lighting conditions is significantly affected by the high-quality performance of tasks according to its purpose and on the safety of traffic at night. Adaptive lighting systems allow the lights to be rotated only in the horizontal plane. During the movement of military vehicles on roads with a slope and on roads in mountainous terrain, it is necessary to turn the lights, both in horizontal and in vertical planes. Modern microcontrollers allow you to adjust the headlights automatically, without the participation of a person, which prevents the driver from being distracted from the control process and improves visibility while driving both for him and for crew members. The application of the correction of headlamps on military automotive equipment is especially relevant for units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which often have to conduct hostilities at night in the course of an anti-terrorist operation. In this study, algorithmic velocity estimation is used for the measurement of positions. Together with the sensors, the body position on the formation of input signals is fed by the output of the steering wheel positioner, as well as the angles of rotation of the headlights, which can be rotated horizontally and vertically. The peculiarity of the headlight control system in the vertical direction is the need for high-speed system with uneven road. The formation of input signals for these sensors are scalable and buffer amplifiers, which coordinate the signals of the sensors by level and by power with the inputs of the microcontroller. Generation signals arrive at a multichannel analog digital converter built into the microcontroller.

Classification of Street Lighting Conditions for a Community-Centric System

This paper proposes a method for classifying street lighting conditions after dark in order to share the collected data with the local community. Such information is important for the safety and security of residents, and can be used to discuss about anti-crime activities and nighttime route recommendations. However, it is difficult to ascertain the actual street lighting conditions because of insufficient street-lamp data and the effects of obstacles and other light sources. In order to tackle this problem, we propose a social approach by which local residents collaboratively collect street lighting conditions using their smartphones. The technology behind this approach is a classifier that places the street lighting conditions into one of three levels. It is based on three attributes that are calculated from the illuminance data collected by the smartphones. The results of experiments on 164 actual streets show a maximum classification accuracy of 88.4%. We also discuss performance differences between smartphones and the effect of walking speed during data collection, both of which are important factors affecting the classification accuracy.

EFFECT OF RAINFALL ON TRAFFIC FLOW CHARACTERISTICS DURING NIGHT TIME

Understanding traffic behavior for obtaining a smooth, safe and economical traffic operation requires a thorough knowledge of traffic flow parameters and their mutual relationships.Eventhough adverse weather can reduce traffic efficiencies, there are still questions to answer regarding the relationship between weather conditions and traffic flow at night. This paper presents an investigation of the rainfall effects to the traffic flow characteristics on atwo-lane rural highway during night time. The traffic data and corresponding rainfall data for uninterrupted road segment of Federal route 3 at Dungun, Terengganu were collected under road lighting condition during the north-east monsoon season. The effect of good weather condition, light rain, moderate rain and heavy rain conditions on speed, flow and density were quantified and compared. Results from the analysis indicate that mean speed, mean flow and mean density are reduced under various rainfall conditions. In general, the impact of good weather and various rainfall conditions on Greenshield’s fundamental traffic flow relationship have weak correlations except for the relationship between flow and density. The important points in the fundamental diagram derived from flow-density relationships indicated that critical density, maximum flow, critical speed, jam density and free flow speed of roadway all decrease as rainfall intensity increases. It can be concluded that traffic flow characteristics of two-lane rural highway in Terengganu are affected by rainfall conditions.

Luminance-Corrected 3D Point Clouds for Road and Street Environments

A novel approach to evaluating night-time road and street environment lighting conditions through 3D point clouds is presented. The combination of luminance imaging and 3D point cloud acquired with a terrestrial laser scanner was used for analyzing 3D luminance on the road surface. A calculation of the luminance (cd/m2) was based on the RGB output values of a Nikon D800E digital still camera. The camera was calibrated with a reference luminance source. The relative orientation between the luminance images and intensity image of the 3D point cloud was solved in order to integrate the data sets into the same coordinate system. As a result, the 3D model of road environment luminance is illustrated and the ability to exploit the method for evaluating the luminance distribution on the road surface is presented. Furthermore, the limitations and future prospects of the methodology are addressed. The method provides promising results for studying road lighting conditions in future lighting optimizations. The paper presents the methodology and its experimental application on a road section which consists of five luminaires installed on one side of a two-lane road in Otaniemi, Espoo, Finland.