Stratified Sampling Technique Research Articles

A predictive model for collaborative leadership in digital transformation: Does it make a difference in Oman’s e-government performance?

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the role of collaborative leadership in government digital transformation in the Sultanate of Oman. To analyze collaborative leadership, the research examines four exogenous variables: self-directed team, power-sharing, relational intelligence and agility. The endogenous variable chosen to represent Oman's e-Government performance is organizational performance. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative method was applied to gather cross-sectional data in a questionnaire survey. Using a stratified sampling technique, the data were collected from 100 information and communication technology and e-government officials who assume leadership responsibilities. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) examined measurement and structural models. Findings The role of collaborative leadership in the performance of government digital transformation in the Sultanate of Oman was examined in this study. Collaborative leadership was categorized into four exogenous variables: self-directed team, power-sharing, relational intelligence and agility. Oman’s e-government performance operationalized as the organizational performance was selected as the endogenous variable. The results show that the self-directed team and agility components of collaborative leadership significantly positively impacted the performance of government digital transformation in the Sultanate of Oman. Research limitations/implications The major limitation of this research was that the study covered only four collaborative leadership attributes: self-directed teams, power-sharing, relational intelligence and agility. The study should have covered building trust, commitment, emotional intelligence, vision and communication skills. Practical implications These results are important for government policy creators and decision-makers aiming to enhance government digital transformation performance by leveraging collaborative leadership. Social implications Addressing collaborative leadership in management can be done through awareness of its importance to critical decision-makers and embedding it in the organization's governance, policies and human resource career path. In particular, it is recommended that public sector leaders continuously monitor self-managing teams and teamwork practices within the organization. Originality/value The originality and contribution of the above article lie in its investigation of the role of collaborative leadership in the context of government digital transformation in the Sultanate of Oman. The study contributes to the existing literature by examining the impact of four exogenous variables, self-directed team, power-sharing, relational intelligence and agility, on collaborative leadership. Additionally, the research uses a quantitative approach and uses PLS-SEM to analyze the data. The findings highlight the significant positive impact of self-directed team and agility components of collaborative leadership on the performance of government digital transformation. These insights provide valuable implications for government policy creators and decision-makers aiming to enhance digital transformation in the public sector by effectively implementing collaborative leadership strategies.

Sport sales managers’ perceptions of learning through experiential sales projects

PurposeWhile there has been a considerable amount of research conducted on experiential learning and sport sales, the purpose of this study is to shift the focus from students to current sport sales professionals and examine how experientially learning sales assisted in the sales professionals’ growth, competency, and skill development in the current sales roles they occupy. DesignEmploying a stratified purposeful sampling technique, sport sales-related professionals (from a diverse group of sports organizations, including, but not limited to, organizations within the MLB, NBA, XFL, and NASCAR; n = 7) who completed an experiential sales learning project between 2015 and 2022 were invited to give their perceptions of experientially learning sport sales in the form of a focus group. Post-interview inductive thematic analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarke's (2006) six-phase framework to extract themes. FindingsResults highlight three main themes extracted from the participants who engaged in sports sales experiential learning: 1) Initial Perceptions; 2) Project Resultants; and 3) Improvements for Experiential Sales Project, which are further expounded upon and contextualized within the literature. OriginalityThis is the first study to examine sport sales professionals’ perceptions of sport sales experiential learning in sport sales education. By shifting the focus from students to sales managers, the researchers highlight the unique differences that exists when comparing student perceptions in, or shortly after the completion of, an experiential sales project, versus the perceptions of the current sales managers in sport industry. For sport management faculty, important findings such experiential sales project improvements are discussed. For students, practical insight is given to help students overcome the negative feelings associated with sport sales experiential learning, in addition to the benefits of learning sales experientially and the impact it has on professional development, job opportunity, and personal marketability.

Analyzing how COVID-19 moderates the relationship between organizational learning capabilities, technological innovation, supply chain management and enterprise performance in the automobile industry

PurposeThis study explored how COVID-19 moderated the relationship between organizational learning capabilities (OLCs), technological innovation (TI), supply chain management (SMC) processes and enterprise performance (EP). It aimed to give ideas on how organizations could change and do well during big disruptions.Design/methodology/approachDesign: A structured questionnaire served as the data collection tool, employing a stratified sampling technique. Partial least squares (PLS) was utilized for data processing. Information was gathered from the automobile industry in Xian, China, providing an in-depth understanding of how COVID-19 moderated the variables under examination.FindingsThe study discovered that COVID-19 changed how organizational learning, TI, SCM and EP interacted. Some organizations had trouble keeping up with learning and innovation, but others used them to make their SCM stronger, leading to better performance. Also, different effects of COVID-19 were seen in various industries and organizations.Practical implicationsThis study provided practical implications for managers, policymakers and practitioners. It emphasized fostering OLCs and TI as crucial for resilience during disruptions like COVID-19. Strategic investments in SCM were highlighted to mitigate disruptions and seize opportunities. Additionally, context-specific approaches were underscored for navigating pandemic-induced challenges.Originality/valueThis study enhanced existing literature by analyzing how COVID-19 moderated the link between organizational learning, TI, SCM and EP. Through diverse methodologies and organizational contexts, it offered fresh insights into dynamic organizational responses to disruptions, advancing both theoretical understanding and practical knowledge in the field.

Work autonomy and its associated factors among health professionals in public hospitals of North East Ethiopia

A low level of work autonomy is the bottleneck for the health service delivery and the quality of the service. Although work autonomy is the pillar of organizational commitment and a means of employee retention mechanism, information about the magnitude of work autonomy among health professionals is limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess work autonomy and its predictors among health professionals working in public hospitals of Northeast Ethiopia. Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 24 to April 24, 2021, among health professionals using a stratified sampling technique. Variables with a p-value of < 0.25 in bivariable analysis were included in the multivariable analysis and variables with a p-value of < 0.05 in multivariable analysis were regarded as significantly associated factors. The overall good work autonomy in public hospitals (Dessie and Boru Meda Hospital) of North East Ethiopia was 54.5% (95% CI 54.48–54.53). Satisfaction with organizational policy and strategy (AOR 2.34, 95% CI 1.29–4.25), satisfaction with supervisor support (AOR 7.20, 95% CI 3.97–13.07), good health service delivery planning practice (AOR 1.88, 95%CI: 1.13–3.13), being married (AOR 4.26, 95%CI: 2.06–8.82) being pharmacy professionals (AOR 0.44, 95% CI 0.19–0.98), and being anesthesia and radiology professionals (AOR 4.66, 95% CI 1.65–13.19) were significantly associated with work autonomy of health professionals. More than half of the health professionals working in public hospitals in Northeast Ethiopia are autonomous in their work. Satisfaction with organizational policy and strategy, satisfaction with supervisor support, having good health service delivery planning practice, being married, and type of profession were significantly associated factors in public hospitals. Thus, strengthening strategies aimed at shaping poor health service delivery planning practices and dissatisfaction of employees concerning supervisor support and organizational policy might have a substantial contribution to improving the work autonomy of health professionals.

Turnaround Strategies and Performance of Kenya Planters Cooperative Union in Nairobi County, Kenya

This study sought to establish the influence of turnaround strategies on performance of Kenya Planters Cooperative Union. The specific objectives guiding the study were to assess the influence of restructuring strategy, reorganization strategy, repositioning strategy and diversification strategy on performance of Kenya Planters Cooperative Union. The resource-based view theory, contingency theory, institutional theory, and balanced scorecard theory all served as the study's guiding theories. The research design used for this study was a descriptive survey. The study's target population comprised all 815 people who work for the organization. A desired sample size of 268 respondents was reached by proportionate stratified sampling technique. With the aid of semi-structured questionnaires, primary data was gathered. To evaluate quantitative data, descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used. In the inquiry, two inferential statistics were used: correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study found that Kenya Planters Cooperative Union's performance was positively and significantly impacted by restructuring strategy, reorganization strategy, repositioning strategy, and diversification strategy. The analysis found that the organization can reduce operating costs for the business and retail network by implementing a restructuring approach. The organization can respond to the financial challenges and pressures it is now experiencing by reorganizing. Based on the study findings, it is recommended that Kenya Planters Cooperative Union should evaluate its strengths and weaknesses by looking at how well and how poorly the current organizational structure accomplishes business goals.

Factors Militating Against Family Caregivers on Cancer Patients Health in Selected Teaching Hospitals in Ogbomoso Area, Oyo State, Nigeria

Introduction: Cancer is gradually becoming a chronic disease, which brings important needs and difficulties to both patients and caregivers. Objective: The study examines factors militating against family caregivers on cancer patients health in selected teaching hospitals in Ogbomoso area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Both questionnaire and interviewed techniques were used for data collection from 120 respondents chosen through stratified sampling techniques. In analyzing the data, logit regression model was employed in addition to conventional descriptive statistics such as tables, frequency distribution and percentages. Results: The result of regression model has coefficient of five (5) variables that were statistically significant at 1%, and 5% probability levels. The results revealed that variables with positive signs indicate that the chances of factors militating against family caregivers on cancer patients health increase with education (2.15), social support (2.76), communication, (2.67), and financial support (4.92) whereas, variables with negative sign indicates that the chances of factor militating against family caregivers on cancer patients health decreases with socio-cultural beliefs (-2.64). Conclusion: It identified that factors militating against family caregivers on cancer patients health strongly influenced by gender, age, education, marital status and religion. Hence, recommendation was made that regular systemic assessment of effects of caregiving and shared care responsibility among family members to provide a respite for a particular caregiver.

NURSING STUDENTS’ POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC QUALITY OF LIFE BASED ON DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC

Introduction: Post Covid-19 pandemic, there was a change in nursing student habits that needed adaptability and it is important to pay attention to their quality of life. The aim of this research is to describe the Quality of Life of Post-Covid-19 Nursing Students Based on Individual Demographic Characteristics. Method: A quantitative descriptive design with a proportional stratified sampling technique to 276 of 892 nursing students was conducted in April 2023. Data were collected using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to measure quality of life. This study used descriptive analysis for numerical data displayed in cross tables. Results: it was found that the quality of life of respondents tended to be good in the physical (68.25+11.27), psychological (59.78+13.62), social (68.18+15.78), and environmental (66.42+12.68) Based on the total of quality of life domains, male respondents had a higher average score than female respondents. Based on education level, it was found that respondents who were in professional programs had a higher quality of life score than those in Undergraduate Nursing Study Programs, while for history of exposure, it was found that in total, people who had been exposed had a higher quality of life than those who had not been exposed to COVID-19. Conclusions: The quality of life for nursing students after the Covid-19 pandemic has tended to be the highest level of well-being. It is necessary to identify students’ barriers in maintaining and improving their quality of life, especially in the psychological domain identified as the lowest domain.

Stock Market Liquidity and Stock Market Performance in Nigeria: Evidence from the Nigerian Exchange Limited

Insufficient liquidity can become a significant obstacle to stock trading and impede the smooth operation and performance of the stock market. This motivated the study to investigate the effect of stock market liquidity on stock market performance in Nigeria. The research design employed was ex post facto, while stratified sampling technique was used to select top 30 actively traded and most liquid companies tagged NGX-30 for this study. Data were sourced secondarily from SEC Statistical Bulletin, CBN Statistical Bulletin and www.investing.com. The Vector Error Correction (VEC) System Equation Regression was employed as the estimation technique. The results revealed that liquidity depth, liquidity breadth, and liquidity immediacy have significant positive effects on stock market performance as shown by ? = 0.2019, 8.5594, 3.3268; p-value = 0.0329, 0.0052, 0.0467 respectively. Also, interest rate, inflation rate and exchange rate have varied significant effects on stock market performance as shown by ? = -0.0023, -1.1738, 0.03432; p-value = 0.0634, 0.0346, 0.0778 respectively. Therefore, the study concluded that stock liquid significantly affects stock market performance. Thus, the study recommended that the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) should implement policies that encourage the participation of more traders to increase the number of actively traded stocks; support measures that improve the depth of the market by promoting transparency and fairness; improve the infrastructure for trade execution to enhance liquidity immediacy; and develop mechanisms to promptly identify and mitigate market risks.

Do Chinese Residential Colleges Narrow the Education Disparity Caused by Socioeconomic Status? A Comparison of Public and Private Universities Using Two Main Approaches to Assess Disparities in Access and Academic Attainment

Education is acknowledged as vital for a nation’s economic progress, yet socioeconomic status often dictates access to high quality education, endangering the achievement of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), where equitable learning is paramount. Previous studies suggest that public residential colleges (RCs) can narrow the gap in achievement among students of varying socioeconomic status (SES). Nonetheless, they do not guarantee participants equal opportunity across all SES levels to attend RCs. Their effectiveness in private higher education institutions, particularly in China, remains underexplored. This study compares RCs in the public and private sectors to examine their role in promoting sustainable education in China. Employing the proportional stratified sampling technique, questionnaires were distributed among 615 RC students from both the public and private sectors. Through descriptive and multiple regression analyses, findings strongly indicate that RCs—whether in public or private universities—cannot guarantee equal access to RCs for learners from various SESs. Particularly, the enrolment disparity in the private sector is more pronounced. Despite these differences, RCs, regardless of institutional affiliation, contribute to narrowing academic discrepancies, as measured by Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA), among students from various SES backgrounds. This underscores the significance of RCs in reducing academic attainment disparities across different types of colleges. Consequently, while RCs prove to be effective in narrowing academic discrepancies, there is a pressing need to prioritize equal access to RCs for individuals from disadvantaged SES backgrounds. Addressing this challenge is crucial for tackling issues linked to sustainable education, and in this way, ensure the SDGs are actually achieved.

Relationship between parental income and financial literacy level among students

Financial literacy has become an important element in improving the quality of individual, familial, societal, and national well-being. This study aims to find the relationship between parental income and financial literacy level among students at Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. The research employed a quantitative method using a closed-ended questionnaire to collect the data for the analysis. The research sample was selected using a stratified sampling technique and simple random sampling that consists of 366 undergraduate education students. The result indicates that parental income has a weak and significant positive relationship with financial literacy levels among students. Based on the regression analysis, the father’s income explains about 2.76% of the variance in financial literacy, while the mother’s income explains 10.8% of the variance in financial literacy. The results of this study show that parental income has a relationship with student’s financial literacy level. This finding of this study will help to understand more about the factor that can affect financial literacy.

The Significance of English Writing Skills on Learners' Performance: A Case of Two Secondary Schools in Kicukiro District, Rwanda

This case study aims to investigate the impact of English writing skills on learners' performance in secondary schools in Kicukiro District. Guided by Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Richards’ Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), the study used a mixed-methods approach. The study targeted 147 participants, comprising learners, teachers, and heads of studies, from which a sample of 75 participants was selected using proportionate stratified and purposive sampling techniques. Primary data was collected through both interviews and questionnaires, assessing the impact of English writing skills on learners' performance, exploring effective teaching approaches, identifying factors contributing to low English writing skills among learners at secondary schools in Rwanda, and examining the influence of teaching strategies on learners' writing skills. Out of these findings, the paper discloses that essay writing, agenda writing, playwriting, poetry writing, and minute writing skills considerably influence learners’ performance. The study suggests enhancing learners' writing skills through regular writing activities like letters and short stories. Teachers of English should also be role models for their learners when teaching to uplift their writing motivation. In a similar or different setting, future studies should investigate the relevance of other skills to primary learners.

The impact of employee education on Corporate Growth and Career Development in the Nigerian tertiary institutions

The study investigated the impact of employee education on corporate growth and career development in tertiary institutions in South West, Nigeria. The study adopted a quantitative research method. A purposive sampling technique was used to select three universities out of all such institutions in the six states in the region. A proportional sampling technique was used to select 291 staff. Three instruments were used to elicit information from respondents tagged employee education questionnaire (EEQ), corporate growth questionnaire (CGQ), and career development questionnaire (CDQ). The instruments were subjected to a reliability test using SPSS version 21 where the reliability coefficient indicated at .901, .890, .811. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to analyze the hypotheses formulated at a .05 level of significance. The findings revealed that employee education has a significant impact on corporate growth where r = 745, p &lt; .05. It further showed that employee education has a significant impact on career development where r = 807, p &lt; .05. It concluded that employee education is the predictor of corporate growth and career development in tertiary institution in South West, Nigeria. In line with the findings of the study, it was recommended that the management of tertiary institutions should give prominence to employee education to boost staff morale and facilitate corporate growth and career development.

THE SOCIODEMOGRAPHICS INFLUENCE IN THE KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, AND BEHAVIOR OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN MALANG: A COMMUNITY-BASED STUDY

Background: Osteoporosis is a major global health issue that results in disability and high medical expenses. It can significantly impact both individuals and their caregivers, leading to pain, limitations in daily activities, and emotional distress. Purpose: This study observed the association of sociodemographic factors in affecting knowledge, perception, and behavior related to osteoporosis in a rural area of Malang, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area of Malang to assess the knowledge, perception, and behavior of adults (≥18 years old) toward osteoporosis. Participants were asked to fill in a validated questionnaire, which was selected randomly using a multistage stratified sampling technique. Collected data were analyzed on SPSS for Windows version 25.0. Results: The study included 376 randomly selected participants from various rural areas in Malang. The subjects mostly were within the 51-60 age group (34.0%), with female respondents accounting for 73.4% of the sample. On average, participants scored 1.8 (±2.5) for knowledge, 12.0 (±2.1) for perception, and 12.2 (±2.9) for behavior regarding osteoporosis. Both age and education levels showed associations with knowledge and perception, while only age was significantly linked to behavior concerning osteoporosis. Conclusions: Our study revealed a strong association between low educational levels, especially among the elderly, and the lack of knowledge, perceptions, and behavior toward osteoporosis.

Headteachers’ leadership practices in Ghana: Does a formal qualification in educational leadership and management programme matter?

This study investigated the leadership practices of headteachers (principals) who have obtained formal qualification/certification in educational leadership and management (ELM) programme with their counterparts who have not in a developing country context. The study, which employed the descriptive survey design and a questionnaire as the data collection instrument, was carried out in one educational district in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Using a proportionate stratified sampling technique, 220 teachers participated in the study while an independent sample t-test was used as the data analytical technique. Findings from the study showed that there was a statistically significant difference between headteachers who had obtained formal qualification in ELM and headteachers who had not in all six leadership functions explored in the study. The study concludes that the era where prospective headteachers in Ghana and other developing countries are appointed primarily on the basis of their teaching record and rank should give way to a system where formal qualification in ELM would be considered a condition for appointment into headship roles.

Evolution of Industrial Quality Parameters of Wheat during Storage in White and Colored Silo Bags: A Field-Scale Study

Over the past two decades, the silo bag system has gained popularity for storing grains and by-products under hermetic conditions. However, the impact of higher temperatures in the outer grain layer on key industrial parameters, such as wheat baking quality, remains insufficiently understood. Traditional silo bags are black on the inside and white on the outside to reflect sunlight, but colored bags, recently introduced to the market, absorb more heat, potentially warming the grain and causing damage. This study aimed to assess the effect of grain strata and bag color on grain temperature and quality under field conditions. Results showed a significant surface temperature increase in colored bags compared to white ones, approximately 3 °C, which affected the temperature of the peripheral grain layer. Moisture content slightly increased (0.2 percentage points) in the outer grain layer. However, many industrial quality parameters (protein content, P/L, W, and loaf volume) and the germination test for wheat, showed no significant differences between colored and white bags or between different strata after 120 days of storage, although the falling number increased and wet gluten decreased. These findings suggest that, despite surface temperature differences, the overall industrial quality of wheat remains unaffected by external bag coloration. The influence of ambient temperature on the peripheral layer was estimated to affect approximately 5–10% of the grain mass, indicating that adverse impacts on grain quality may go unnoticed without implementing stratified sampling techniques.

Doctoral students’ satisfaction with research support services at public universities in Kenya

Research support services (RSS) play an essential role in the lives of academics and researchers. The study focused on availability of RSS and doctoral students’ satisfaction with RSS provided in public university libraries in Kenya. The success of doctoral students is often determined by the extent of RSS provided by the university libraries. Every library system's main goal is to satisfy its patrons. Specifically, the paper was guided by these objectives: to assess the extent of provision of RSS in university libraries and to determine the level of satisfaction of doctoral students on available RSS. A sample size of 372 doctoral students were selected using stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniques, and 32 librarians were selected purposively from selected public universities in Kenya. This study adopted a descriptive research design and used an online survey research technique to collect data from doctoral students and librarians. Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) were used to analyse the data. Findings indicate that a wide range of RSS were provided in the selected universities and that while doctoral students are satisfied with the availability of materials, they are not happy with the currency of the materials in the library. The study concludes that there were significant differences in the provision of RSS for doctoral students across the selected public university libraries and that doctoral students have varying levels of satisfaction with the research support services provided to meet their information needs at selected public universities. The study findings will help university libraries to improve their services, provide targeted services to doctoral students and develop frameworks that will guide in resource allocation.

Coach Leadership Behavior and Student Athlete Performance: Towards A University Sports Leadership Program

This study investigated the correlation between coach leadership behavior and their performance in Huaihua University, Hunan Province, China with the purpose of proposing a University Sports Leadership Program. The participants in this study are college athlete athletes. Stratified sampling technique was used in the selection of participants. There was a total of 240 college athletes representing the various sports team in the university. The researcher used adapted questionnaires that assessed the leadership behavior of coaches and athlete performance respectively, using some constructs from the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS): training and instruction, democratic decision making, autocratic decision making, social support and positive feedback and A Cross-Sport Athletic Performance Rating Scale measuring Self-motivation, Self-confidence, Emotional Stability, Athletic Ability, and Character. The overall result suggests a strong relationship, as coach leadership behavior is significantly and highly correlated with student athletes' level of performance; and The Sports Leadership Program emerged as a result of an in-depth study that revealed a strong correlation between athlete performance and coach leadership behavior. The program aims to maximize team relationships and athlete development by addressing gaps in coaching techniques that have been discovered.

LASSA FEVER AND PERCEIVED HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AMONG RESIDENTS OF OKE-ERO LGA: INCORPORATING INFOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS

This research on Lassa fever was conducted in rural communities located within Oke-Ero Local Government Area of Kwara State. We use multi-stage sampling technique consisting of simple random, proportionate and convenience sampling techniques to select a sample size of (402) respondents for this study. The results of the study among the respondents showed that abortion and haemorrhage are significantly perceived as implications of LF as cal. χ2 (256.69) was greater than the critical value (16.92) and cal. χ2 (238.597) was greater than the critical value (16.92) at degree of freedom 9 and α=0.05 for the latter and former respectively. Other results revealed that the residents of Oke-Ero LGA significantly have knowledge of causes, prevention and symptoms of LF as cal. χ2 (1011.28) was greater than the critical value (7.82), cal. χ2 (668.299) was greater than the critical value (7.82); and cal. χ2 (437.79) was greater than the critical value (7.82) for the three cases at DF 3 and α=0.05 respectively. From the findings the null hypotheses were rejected in all cases. These results showcase positive correlation with the level of education of the respondents. In conclusion, the residents of Oke-Ero LGA have knowledge of causes, prevention and symptoms of LF and they perceived abortion and haemorrhage as implication of LF. Therefore, the researchers recommend that government at all levels, further strengthen campaigns on the causes, symptoms, and prevention of LF and encourage community participation in health education and environmental sanitation.

Association of Sociodemographic Factors in Affecting the Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviour of Tuberculosis and HIV in Malang: A Community-Based Study in Rural Area

Background: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death among people with HIV. In Indonesia, the Tuberculosis prevalence in 2021 stood at 969,000 cases with an average of 354 cases per 100,000 people. Nevertheless, tuberculosis is often neglected by many people, whereas in fact, it is a preventable and curable disease. This study aims to assess the knowledge, perception, behaviour, and screening for tuberculosis and their association with sociodemographic factors in a rural area of Malang, Indonesia. Method: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted. The subjects of this study were adults (≥18 years old) who could comprehend the Indonesian language. We included 462 individuals who were chosen randomly by a multistage stratified sampling technique in rural areas of Malang, Indonesia. A validated questionnaire was asked to be filled in by participants, which were selected randomly using a multistage stratified sampling technique. Collected data were analyzed on SPSS for Windows version 25.0 Results: This study found that most (59.77%) of adults from the study area are still unaware of tuberculosis infection, transmission, prevention, and its risk factors. Only 1.2% were aware of the importance of screening if they had contact with positive tuberculosis patients. Participants in the age groups of 61 to 70 and over 70 years old were 5.5 and 4.0 times more likely to exhibit unsatisfactory behaviour compared to those in the 27 to 30 age group. Conclusion: This study shows that knowledge, perceptions, behaviours and tuberculosis screening toward tuberculosis are still lacking in rural communities in Malang and showed that participant on younger age and higher educational subjects has better knowledge, behaviour, perception and screening towards Tuberculosis and HIV.

Effect of Project Control on Project Performance of Education Projects in Rwanda: A Case of SOMA Umenye Project

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of project control and project performance in education project. Despite the fact that the Rwanda Basic Education Board in partnership with United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has implemented the Soma Umenye Project through project control in terms of scheduling, financial resources, risk control and change control, its performance remains poor and critical. In conducting this research, four objectives were: to effect of project schedule control on Soma Umenye project performance, to examine the effect of project resources control on Soma Umenye project performance, and to analyze the effect of project change control on Soma Umenye project performance. To achieve these objectives, literature reviewed on the subject matter including definitions of key concepts, conceptual review, theoretical framework, conceptual framework and research gap analysis, moreover both planned theory and contingency theories were used. Descriptive research design was used and also the target population of the study was 169 employees of Rwanda Basic Education Board and all of them a sample size of 169 employees were selected by using stratified sampling technique. Questionnaire, interview guide and documentation were used as tools of data collection. Data was processed through editing, coding and tabulation and the data was also analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Findings indicated that that holding all the project control to a constant zero, project performance of Rwanda Basic Education Board (REB) will be 0.083 percent, a unit increase in the use of project schedule control would lead to reduction in project performance of Rwanda Basic Education Board by 3.4%, a one percent increase in the use of project resources control would lead to an increase the project performance of Rwanda Basic Education Board by 7.5%, a one percentage increase in the use of risk control would lead to 62.3% increase of project performance of Rwanda Basic Education Board and lastly a one percentage increase in the use of project change control would lead to 27.1% increase of project performance of Rwanda Basic Education Board. Overall, the project risk management control had the greatest effect on project performance at REB, followed by project change control, project resource control and lastly project schedule control. At 5% level of significance and 95% level of confidence, project resources control had 0.549 level of significance; project schedule control had a .327 level of significance, project risk control had a 0.000 level of significance finally project change control also had a 0.011 level of significance. The study concluded that there is a positive relationship between project controls on project performance of education projects in Rwanda, moreover the researcher in line with the findings and objectives of the study suggested that Rwanda Basic Education Board, as a public organ, may continuously establish checkpoints and milestones to review the project's progress, address key issues, and take corrective actions if necessary, to keep the project on track.