Stratified Body Research Articles

Safety and efficacy of a novel dexmedetomidine nasal spray for pre-anesthetic sedation in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

BackgroundOff-label intranasal administration of injectable dexmedetomidine has been widely applied in the pediatric sedation setting. However, the development of an improved drug delivery system that is easy to use is needed. We developed a novel dexmedetomidine nasal spray that can be administered directly without dilution or configuration for pediatric pre-anesthetic sedation. This nasal spray has a fixed dose and is stable during storage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first licensed nasal spray preparation of dexmedetomidine worldwide.ObjectiveTo evaluate the pre-anesthetic sedation efficacy and safety of the novel dexmedetomidine nasal spray in children.MethodsThe study was conducted at 11 sites in China between 24 November 2021 and 20 May 2022 and was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05111431, first registration date: 20/10/2021). Subjects (n = 159) between 2 and 6 years old who were to undergo elective surgery were randomized to the dexmedetomidine group (n = 107) or the placebo group (n = 52) in a 2:1 ratio. The dosage was 30 µg or 50 µg based on the stratified body weight. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of subjects who achieved the desired child-parent separation and Ramsay scale ≥ 3 within 45 min of administration. Safety was monitored via the assessments of adverse events, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood oxygen saturation.ResultsThe proportion of subjects achieving desired parental separation and Ramsay scale ≥ 3 within 45 min was significantly higher in the dexmedetomidine group (94.4%) vs the placebo group (32.0%) (P < 0.0001). As compared with placebo, dexmedetomidine treatment led to more subjects achieving Ramsay scale ≥ 3 or UMSS ≥ 2, and shorter time to reach desired parental separation, Ramsay scale ≥ 3 and UMSS ≥ 2 (all P < 0.0001). Adverse events were reported in 90.7% and 84.0% of subjects in the dexmedetomidine and placebo groups, respectively, and all the events were mild or moderate in severity.ConclusionsThis novel dexmedetomidine nasal spray presented effective pre-anesthetic sedation in children with a tolerable safety profile.

Equivalence between simple multilayered and homogeneous laboratory-based rheological models in planetary science

ABSTRACT The goal of this work is to investigate under which circumstances the tidal response of a stratified body can be approximated by that of a homogeneous body. We show that any multilayered planet model can be approximated by a homogeneous body, with the same dissipation of tidal energy as a function of the excitation frequency, as long as the rheology of the homogeneous model is sufficiently complex. Moreover we provide two straightforward methods for finding the parameters of the homogeneous rheology that would exhibit the same tidal response as the layered body. These results highlight the fact that the two models cannot be distinguished from each other only by the measurement of the second degree tidal Love number and quality factor, and that we do not need the complexity of the multilayer planet model in order to estimate its tidal dissipation. The methodology promises a great simplification of the treatment of multilayered bodies in numerical simulations because the treatment of a homogeneous body – even with a complex rheological model – can be computationally better handled than that of a multilayered planet.

Compositional Evolution of Polygenetic Fissure Volcanic Systems: Insights From the Latest Eruptions at Craters of the Moon Volcanic Field

AbstractThe Craters of the Moon (COM) Volcanic Field in Idaho is the largest mostly Holocene lava field in the conterminous U.S. and the site of the most recent volcanism in the Yellowstone‐Snake River Plain province. This prominent example of a polygenetic fissure field has produced over 60 eruptions over the past 15,000 years from the Great Rift fissure system. The eight most recent lava flows, known as Period A, were erupted between about 2,500 and 2,000 years ago. In this study, major and trace element and Pb‐Sr‐Nd isotope data were obtained, with several samples collected from each flow from widely spaced locations to evaluate heterogeneity in their source magmas. The results reveal three previously unrecognized compositional groups that may represent separate magma batches, and that assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) controlled the evolution of the entire Period A suite. The three oldest flows were periodic withdrawals from a body of highly evolved and poorly homogenized magma, and four later flows represent successive samplings from a stratified body of more primitive magma. These two flow groups are related via variable AFC modeled with Magma Chamber Simulator software, with Neogene rhyolite as a plausible crustal assimilant. A third compositional type that requires a different parent magma and AFC history is represented by a single flow erupted from vents a few km away from the others. The compositional evolution and variability observed in this sequence of flows provide new insights into how magmas are generated, modified, and delivered in such polygenetic fissure systems.

Homogeneous model for the TRAPPIST-1e planet with an icy layer

In this work, we investigate whether a multilayered planet can be approximated as a homogeneous planet, and in particular how well the dissipation rate of a multilayered planet can be reproduced with a homogeneous rheology. We study the case of a stratified body with an icy crust that, according to recent studies, displays a double peak feature in the tidal response that cannot be reproduced with a homogeneous planet with an Andrade rheology. We revisit the problem with a slightly more complex rheology for the homogeneous body, the Sundberg–Cooper rheology, which naturally has a double peak feature, and apply the model to the TRAPPIST-1e planet. Our results compare very well with the results obtained when employing a multilayered model, showing that it is possible to approximate the behavior of a multilayer icy planet with a homogeneous planet using the Sundberg–Cooper rheology. This highlights the fact that we do not need the complexity of the multilayer planet model in order to estimate the tidal dissipation of an icy planet.

Combinations of &lt;i&gt;Urochloa&lt;/i&gt; hybrid Mulato II and natural pasture hays as a basal diet for growing Farta lambs in Ethiopia

The study was conducted to evaluate the feed intake, digestibility, bodyweight change and carcass characteristics of Farta lambs fed Brachiaria (now: Urochloa) hybrid Mulato II and natural pasture hays in various proportions as a basal diet supplemented with a local concentrate mixture (CM). Twenty-five yearling male Farta lambs with a mean initial body weight of 19.6±0.29 kg (mean±s.e.) were used in feeding (90 days) and digestibility (7 days) trials. The lambs were randomly allocated to the following 5 dietary treatments on the basis of stratified body weight: 100% natural pasture hay (NPH) (T1); 75% NPH+25% Urochloa hybrid Mulato II hay (MH) (T2); 50% NPH+50% MH (T3); 25% NPH+75% MH (T4); and 100% MH (T5). A local concentrate mixture [300 g dry matter (DM)/hd/d] was fed to all animals. Crude protein (CP) concentration of the basal diet increased as proportion of MH in the ration increased (P&lt;0.05). Intake of DM and nutrients, and nutrient digestibility coefficients increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) as proportion of MH in the roughage component of the ration increased. Final body weight, average daily bodyweight gain, feed conversion efficiency and most carcass parameters measured were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher as proportion of MH increased from 0 to 100% in the basal diet. Based on the biological performance of the experimental lambs, performance of sheep in the region could be enhanced significantly by incorporating MH with native pasture hay and concentrate supplement in feeding rations. Economic assessments would reveal the optimal combinations of native pasture and MH for feeding to achieve particular outcomes. Other improved grass and legume species may fill the same role and should be investigated in differing environments.

Exposure Assessment of Array Antennas at 28 GHz Using Hybrid Spherical Near-Field Transformation and FDTD Method

To protect humans from overexposure to electromagnetic (EM) fields above 6 GHz, recently revised International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines and IEEE standard specify the basic restrictions in terms of absorbed power density (APD) and epithelial power density, respectively. To assess the EM exposure resulting from the 5G mmWave array antenna, we adopted a hybrid method that combines spherical near-field measurements and numerical dosimetry with spherical near-field transformation. Four array antennas working at 28 GHz were used as the radiation sources. The incident power density (IPD), APD, and temperature rise in a stratified body model and anatomical partial body models corresponding to different body locations were evaluated for various antenna-body distances. The results were validated by comparison with the full-wave simulations. The differences in peak spatial-average IPD and APD between two methods are below 0.08 and 1.05 dB, respectively, for the simulated cases and generally decrease with the increasing antenna-body distance. The highest heating factor for the peak spatial-average APD was approximately 0.025°C/(W/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). The results also show that the differences in APD and temperature rise caused by various exposed body locations are marginal.

Effect of body mass index on depression in a UK cohort of 363 037 obese patients: A longitudinal analysis of transition.

With obesity levels increasing, it is important to consider the mental health risks associated with this condition to optimize patient care. Links between depression and obesity have been explored, but few studies focus on the risk profiles of patients across stratified body mass index (BMI) classes above 30 kg/m2 . This study aims to determine the impact of BMI on depression risk in patients with obesity and to investigate trends of depression in a large cohort of British patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 . A nationwide primary care database, the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), was analysed for diagnoses of obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2 ). Obese patients were then sub-classified into seven BMI categories. Primary health care-based records of patients entered in the CPRD were analysed. A total of 363 037 patients had a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 ; of these patients 97 392 (26.8%) also had a diagnosis of depression. Absolute event rates over time and hazard risk of depression were analysed by BMI category. On Cox regression analysis of time to development of depression, the cumulative hazard increased significantly and linearly across BMI groups (P < 0.001). Compared to those with BMI 30 to 35 kg/m2 , patients with BMI 35 to 40 kg/m2 had a 20% higher risk of depression (hazard ratio [HR] 1.206, confidence interval [CI] 1.170-1.424), and those with BMI > 60 kg/m2 had a 98% higher risk (HR 1.988, CI 1.513-2.612). This study identified the prevalence and time course of depression in a cohort of obese patients in the United Kingdom. Findings suggest the risk of depression is directly proportional to BMI above 30 kg/m2 . Therefore, clinicians should note higher BMI levels confer increased risk of depression.

Obesity and laboratory aspirin resistance in high-risk pregnant women treated with low-dose aspirin

Low-dose aspirin is used for preeclampsia prevention in high-risk women, but the precise mechanism and optimal dose are unknown. Evidence suggests that an imbalance in prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Aspirin has a dose-dependent effect blocking production of TXA2, a potent stimulator of platelet aggregation and promoter of vasoconstriction. Incomplete inhibition of platelet aggregation, designated aspirin resistance, can be reduced by increasing the aspirin dose. Evidence in the nonobstetric literature suggests that aspirin resistance may be more common among patients with a high body mass index. To investigate the association of obesity on platelet-derived thromboxane inhibition in high-risk women treated with low-dose aspirin. This was a secondary analysis of a prospective multi-centered study investigating the effect of low-dose aspirin (60-mg) administration in women at high risk for preeclampsia. Maternal serum TXB2 (an indirect measure of TxA2) levels were drawn at 3 time points: randomization (13-26 weeks' gestation), second trimester (at least 2 weeks after randomization and 24-28 weeks' gestation), and third trimester (34-38 weeks' gestation). Patients were included in the analysis if a TXB2 level was recorded at randomization and at least 1 time point thereafter. Patients were stratified by body mass index category and treatment arm. Median TXB2 levels were calculated at each time point, as well as rates of complete TXB2 inhibition (<0.01 ng/mL). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to generate odds ratios (OR) for complete TXB2 inhibition by body mass index category, adjusting for maternal age, race, high-risk group at randomization, nulliparity, and rate of randomization less than 16 weeks' gestation. A total of 1002 patients were included in the analysis, 496 (49.5%) and 506 (50.5%) in the low-dose aspirin and placebo groups respectively. There were substantial decreases in TXB2 levels among low-dose aspirin-treated women in all body mass index categories. In contrast, women assigned to placebo did not show a marked decrease in TXB2 levels after randomization, and obese women had higher median TXB2 levels in both the second (16.5, interquartile range [IQR] 8.0-31.8 vs 14.0, IQR 6.9-26.7, ng/mL; P= .032) and third (15.7, IQR 7.6-28.5 vs11.9, IQR 4.6-25.9, ng/mL; P= .043) trimesters. When comparing among stratified body mass index low-dose aspirin groups, women with class III obesity had the lowest odds of undetectable TXB2 levels in the second trimester (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.72) and third trimester (aOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.11-0.78) as well as at both time points (aOR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.02-0.41). High-risk obese women receiving low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia have lower rates of complete inhibition of TXB2. These data suggest that an increase in aspirin dosing or frequency may be necessary in this population.

Mixing and Combustion Performance of a Stratified Bluff Body Primary Zone Interacting with a Coannular Swirl–Induced Recirculation

AbstractThe interaction of an axisymmetric, bluff body-stabilized, primary zone, operated under stratified inlet mixture conditions, with a coannular, secondary swirling stream and an external, sur...

OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPE VARIATIONS IN A RECENTLY FORMED MASSIVE ICE AT THE MOUTH OF THE AKKANI RIVER, EASTERN CHUKOTKA

The object of this study is a recently (or in the Holocene) formed thick (up 2.7 m in height) buried massive ice body, exposed in 2 km South-East from the mouth of the river Akkani in the North-East of Chukotka in the vicinity of the settlement Lavrentiya. The structural-textural characteristics of ice and enclosing deposits are considered. It is shown that the overlying layers of sediments are loams with a slab structure and vertical-layer medium and thin-chill cryogenic structure and ice sockets. The ice of the body is very pure and transparent, visible to a depth of 0.5 m. There are some inclusions found in massive ice: sand and loams presented in forms of thin interlayers of particles or granules. The ice is full of bubbles. The main method of the research was the analysis of isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen within the stratified ice body, and also relationships between them as well as ratios between the deuterium excess and δ 2 Н. The thick and relatively contemporary massive ice layer buried under a layer of proluvial sediments had been found for the first time, and together with this, the isotope variations of the buried ice (δ 2 Н and δ 18 O) were determined. The mean values of δ 18 О and δ 2 H in the ice are rather stable and equal to −17.1 and −128.3‰, respectively. These isotope characteristics may be used for cryogenic reconstructions of massive ice formations widely distributed in the late Quaternary deposits in Eastern Chukotka.

Early Postoperative Complications after Oncoplastic Reduction.

Breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiation therapy (BCT) has been established as safe oncologically. Oncoplastic breast surgery uses both oncologic and plastic surgery techniques for breast conservation to improve cosmetic outcomes. We evaluated the risk factors associated with complications after oncoplastic breast reduction. A single-institution, institutional review board-approved, retrospective review of electronic medical records of female patients with breast cancer who underwent oncoplastic breast reduction from 2008 to 2014. A review of electronic medical records collected relevant medical history, clinical and pathological information, and data on postoperative complications within 6 months stratified into major or minor complications. Categorical variables analyzed with the χ2 exact method; continuous variables were analyzed with the Wilcoxon rank sum test exact method. We identified 59 patients; 4 required re-excision for positive margins, and 1 moved on to completion mastectomy. The overall complication rate was 33.9% (n = 20): 12 major (20.3%) and 8 minor (13.6%). Of the continuous variables (age, body mass index, and tissue removed), increased age was associated with minor complications (P = 0.02). Among the categorical variables (stratified body mass index, prior breast surgery, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, vascular disease, pulmonary disease, and stratified weight of tissue removed), none were associated with overall or major complications. Pulmonary disease was associated with minor complications (P = 0.03). Bilateral versus unilateral oncoplastic breast reduction showed no statistically significant increase in complications. The overall complication rate after oncoplastic breast reduction was markedly higher than that in nationally published data for breast-conserving surgery. The complication rate resembled more closely the complication rate after bilateral mastectomy with immediate reconstruction. No risk factors were associated with major or overall complications. Age and pulmonary disease were associated with minor complications. Patients should be selected and counseled appropriately when considering oncoplastic breast reduction.

Stratified body shape-driven sizing system via three-dimensional digital anthropometry for compression textiles of lower extremities

Poor fit has become one of reasons for high non-compliance in the use of garments made of compression textiles in venous deficiency treatments. A novel methodology to categorize lower body shapes and sizes has been established via three-dimensional digital anthropometric technology in this study based on 208 Hong Kong subjects aged 40–60 years. Three new parameters were introduced to classify body shapes, namely the “A-angle” for assessing the “alignment” of lower extremities, the “cosine values of the key angle” at the turning point for below-knee shape determination, and “gradient” for above-knee shape categories. The mathematical simulation via the interpolation function was employed to explore the characteristics of shape variation trends with the involvement of dynamic interactions of both circumferences ( Cir) and heights ( Hei) of lower extremities. The clustering analysis quantitatively segmented the sample population into three stratified leg morphologies (i.e. diamond, inverted trapezoid, and balanced leg shapes) in terms of the determined anthropometric landmarks along the lower extremities, in which the C ir( s) of the brachial ( cB1), calf ( cC), and thigh ( cF) exhibited most obvious differences among the clustered lower limbs. The created stratified shape-driven sizing system and methodologies further involved the body shape classifications into the Cir-based size categories to cater for diverse body morphologies in product size selection, thus improving dimensional fitness and accurate treatment using compression textiles in practice.

The Monstrous New Art: Divided Forms in the Late Medieval Motet

Anna Zayaruznaya. The Monstrous New Art: Divided Forms in the Late Medieval Motet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015. Pp. 234 + appendices. Broadly speaking, Zayaruznaya's The Monstrous New Art is about text-music relations in the ars nova motet with a focus on the period spanning 1315 to 1370. Zayaruznaya demonstrates with aplomb that late medieval motet composers were far more sensitive to the texts they were setting than has previously been realized, responding to their matiere (or subject matter) in myriad subtle ways. Her focus is, specifically, on texts concerning fragmentation and disjunction--themes especially frequent in representations of the monstrous, but also present in works on the Trinity (three in one), the stratified body politic, and the two-faced courtly lady. The book's introduction situates the analysis it precedes within ars nova scholarship. It also justifies its focus on monsters, which are characterized, in Zayaruznaya's reading, primarily by a lack of unity. Zayaruznaya rightly notes that her findings--even as they focus on the monstrous--point towards broader aesthetic strategies in ars nova composition and, consequently, that her methodology might productively be applied to other repertoires. Chapter 1, Songs Alive, sets out to show that songs were not infrequently imagined as having bodies. Medieval theorists' zoomorphization and anthropomorphization ranged from the passing reference, such as the Summa musice's description of the cauda as a kind of tail, to full-blown metaphorical identification (e.g. Dante). Sometimes, Zayaruznaya shows, songs are treated as creatures that can both talk and travel. Such a conceit is common in the envois and tornadas of the grand chant. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Je voi/Fauvel in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France, MS. fr. 146 version of the Roman de Fauvel. Zayaruznaya convincingly reads this piece as a kind of monstrous birth of an embodied song. The final section of the chapter preemptively responds to the objection that medieval composers would not have conceived of their works as works, let alone works with shapes (instead, the argument goes, they would have conceived of them as sounding events). In response, Zayaruznaya proposes a creature concept of composition (p. 66). While not exclusively about ars nova motets, the chapter's analyses set up what is to follow in that they show the creative interrelations of songs and sundry creatures. The main strength of this chapter lies in its demonstration of the commonality--corporeality--underlying many theorists' discussion of song, envois, and pieces such as Machaut's famous Ma fin est mon commencement and Tout par compas, whose shapes are explicitly thematized. The second chapter, How (not) to Write a Motet: The Exemplary In virtute/Decens, turns to Phillipe de Vitry's motet and its depiction of the monster evoked in Horace's Ars poetica via tale a and hocket. …

Clues from Current High CO2 Environments on the Effects of Ocean Acidification on CaCO3 Preservation

Acidification of surface seawater owing to anthropogenic activities has raised serious concerns on its consequences for marine calcifying organisms and ecosystems. To acquire knowledge concerning the future consequences of ocean acidification (OA), researchers have relied on incubation experiments with organisms exposed to future seawater conditions, numerical models, evidence from the geological record, and recently, observations from aquatic environments exposed to naturally high CO2 and low pH, e.g., owing to volcanic CO2 vents, upwelling, and groundwater input. In the present study, we briefly evaluate the distribution of dissolved CO2–carbonic acid parameters at (1) two locations in the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean as a function of depth, (2) a mangrove environment in Bermuda, (3) a seasonally stratified body of water in a semi-enclosed sound in Bermuda, and (4) in temporarily isolated tide pools in Southern California. We demonstrate that current in situ conditions of seawater pCO2, pH, and CaCO3 saturation state (Ω) in these environments are similar or even exceed the anticipated changes to these parameters in the open ocean over the next century as a result of OA. The observed differences between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans with respect to seawater CO2–carbonic acid chemistry, preservation of CaCO3 minerals, and the occurrence and distribution of deep-sea marine calcifiers, support the hypothesized negative effects of OA on the production and preservation of CaCO3 in surface seawater. Clues provided from shallow near-shore environments in Bermuda and Southern California support these predictions, but also highlight that many marine calcifiers already experience relatively high seawater pCO2 and low pH conditions.

첨성대 수치와 역할에 대한 연구

Chumsungdae is an ancient astronomical observatory whose main role was doing `chunmoon`. It was administrate by a royal advisory agency on state affairs. The observers observed the heaven on the observatory platform, recorded peculiar events, and watched and interpreted the signs displayed in the heaven. Chumsungdae is an stonemasonry which represents almanac principles with its peculiar shapes and the numbers of strata and stones. The numbers were thoroughly invented to match exactly the almanac constants. Chumsungdae is comprised largely of three main parts, namely the square base, the stratified cylindrical body, and the top #-shaped stonework, and the total number of stones is 404. The number of the strata (27) and the height of the cylindrical body (27 尺) stand for the days in a sidereal month (27.3 days), which implies that the motion of the Moon with respect to the stars was given more priority than to the Sun at that time of geocentricism. And the cylindrical body was thoroughly designed to consist of 365 stones, which is of course the number of days in a solar year. In addition, there are 12 strata each under and above the south entrance and this in sum makes the 24 divisions of the year. Also there is 182 stones below the 13th stratum and this represents the number of days in the winter ~ summer solstice period, and the rest 183 stones the vice versa. The #-shaped top stonework was aligned in such a way that one of the diagonals points the direction of sunrise on the winter solstice. The square base also layed with the same manner. The south entrance was built 16 degrees SE, and the upright direction of the right pillar stone coincides with the meridian circle. This was a kind of built-in standard meridian circle facilitating the observations. In a symbolic sense, Chumsungdae was thought as the tunnel reaching the heaven, where the observers wished to be enlightened with the signs and inspirations in need. With the craftsmanship and skill, the builder reinforced the stratified cylindrical body with two sets of #-shaped beam stones, piercing at a right angle at 19th ~ 20th and 25th ~ 26th strata. Likewise, by placing the double #-shaped stonework with 8 beam stones on the platform of the observatory, both the stability of the stonemasonry and a guard rail for the nightly observers were securely provided.

Spatial patterns of tidal heating

In a body periodically strained by tides, heating produced by viscous friction is far from homogeneous. The spatial distribution of tidal heating depends in a complicated way on the tidal potential and on the internal structure of the body. I show here that the distribution of the dissipated power within a spherically stratified body is a linear combination of three angular functions. These angular functions depend only on the tidal potential whereas the radial weights are specified by the internal structure of the body. The 3D problem of predicting spatial patterns of dissipation at all radii is thus reduced to the 1D problem of computing weight functions. I compute spatial patterns in various toy models without assuming a specific rheology: a viscoelastic thin shell stratified in conductive and convective layers, an incompressible homogeneous body and a two-layer model of uniform density with a liquid or rigid core. For a body in synchronous rotation undergoing eccentricity tides, dissipation in a mantle surrounding a liquid core is highest at the poles. Within a soft layer (or asthenosphere) in contact with a more rigid layer, the same tides generate maximum heating in the equatorial region with a significant degree-four structure if the soft layer is thin. The asthenosphere can be a layer of partial melting in the upper mantle or, very differently, an icy layer in contact with a silicate mantle or solid core. Tidal heating patterns are thus of three main types: mantle dissipation (with the icy shell above an ocean as a particular case), dissipation in a thin soft layer and dissipation in a thick soft layer. Finally, I show that the toy models predict well patterns of dissipation in Europa, Titan and Io. The formalism described in this paper applies to dissipation within solid layers of planets and satellites for which internal spherical symmetry and viscoelastic linear rheology are good approximations.

Three-Dimensional Modeling of Stratified Geologic Body and Application

Visual technology and three-dimension modeling of Geologic bodies have important meaning in the fields of geological research and resource explore. Based on TIN surface, this paper realizes the model reconstructing of stratified geological entity three-dimension, with the aid of three-dimensional graphic library OpenGL, the visualization and any section view of geological three-dimension model can be achieved, which offers powerful support for excavating the information of 3D geological model

Sign, Sensation and the Body in Wordsworth's “Residence in London”

This article argues that although a layer of readable or decodable experience is crucial to Wordsworth's London, and has been a fundamental focus for critics, it co-exists inextricably with a layer of tonal or extra-semantic experience (rhythm, pitch, intensity, lustre). While the former implies a mental separation between spectator and object, the latter implicates embodiment (the body's movements, sensations, responses and contacts) in the midst of city life. The poetic distance that is characteristically sought by Wordsworth to make sense of the city's chaotic and problematic signifying regime is hence undermined by the entangling of the poet's own body in the rhythms and tonalities of the urban space. In particular, two fundamental recuperations of the city's semantic monstrosity (the blind beggar and St. Bartholomew's fair) depend on steady and stable observing stances that are subverted when the body is read back into the poem. However, as I argue when considering the issue of a produced or culturally stratified body in the wider context of organism and natural communities, this is no accident. Eighteenth-century empiricism demands that habitual and stable structures of perception are constructed from a chaotic firmament of atomic sensations, vibrations and impressions. The shock and novelty of London in Wordsworth's poem exposes this, showing how fragile and reversible the terms of organic unity actually are.

Circulação da Água Hipolimnética no Reservatório Divisa do Sistema Salto (RS)

The Divisa, Blang and Salto chain of reservoirs form the Salto System of hydroelectric plants, located in Sao Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In the summer of 1999, a toxic algae bloom originated at Blang reservoir, contaminating the water supply reservoirs of six municipalities downstream and required special water treatment methods. This event led to the investigation of the possible sources of nutrients, particularly phosphorus, identified as the limiting nutrient. These reservoirs are located in a headwaters region with a humid subtropical climate, rural land use pattern and low demographic density. In the period between 2001 and 2003, monitoring demonstrated good water quality, with oligotrophic and mesotrophic characteristics. The investigation of the possible causes of water fertilization considered external sources (mainly non-point sources) and the internal source represented by the organic, nutrient-rich bottom sediment. The present work seeks to characterize the physical-chemical stratification of the water column and investigate the possibility of hypolimnetic water circulation under stratified conditions. In order to carry out the study, vertical profiles of parameters that indicate the physical-chemical stratification were obtained, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and redox potential, in addition to total dissolved phosphorus and turbidity from the surface to the hypolimnion and chlorophyll-a in the photic zone. The circulation of hypolimnetic water was examined through bathymetry and dimensionless numbers that reflect the stability of the stratified body of water. Results indicate that hypolimnetic water circulation is not likely to occur under stratification, because only extreme climate events could generate winds strong enough to invert the liquid mass. The circulation of metalimnetic waters is a more likely possibility, as moderate winds could ascend the thermocline. However, the transfer of dissolved phosphorus from t

An artificial neural network model for the prediction of critical submergence for intake in a stratified fluid medium

Density differences may occur because of temperature differentials, suspended sediments, dissolved salts or other chemicals. Most of the large surface reservoirs are stably stratified throughout most, or all, of the year. One of the means of assisting the management is to allow a selective withdrawal from the reservoir. And while an intake is used for withdrawal (from the lower layer), a maximum discharge is required not allowing the uptake of the upper layer fluids. The value of the intake's vertical distance from the upper layer elevation (submergence) when the upper layer fluids begin to be drawn into the intake is known as ‘critical submergence’. In this study, the critical submergence for a circular intake pipe in a stratified body (which has different layer thickness) is investigated. Experiments were conducted on a vertically flowing downward intake pipe in a still-water reservoir. Artificial neural network (ANN) models and formulas, which are found by the theoretical analysis of critical spherical sink surface (CSSS), are used for the analysis of experimental results. The CSSS has the same centre and discharge as the intake. The ANN model and CSSS results are compared with the experimental results.