Strategy Of Ukraine Research Articles

Ukraine's Strategy to Counter Russian Cyber Threats in the Russo–Ukrainian War

This study investigates the cyber threats that Russia poses to Ukraine and examines the strategies that Ukraine employs in response. The Russian cyber operations are believed to have started covertly before the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine War in 2022. These operations peaked when Russia targeted the Kyiv Post news agency and the KA-SAT satellite, resulting in significant communication disruptions and power outages within Ukraine, which affected both the government and society. The research utilizes theories of security strategy, cyber threats, and cybersecurity strategy to analyze the cyber tactics used during the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Employing qualitative methods and case study models, the study describes Russia's cyber operations that threaten Ukraine’s security, as well as Ukraine's responses to these threats. The operations included information manipulation and attacks on critical infrastructure. Findings reveal that the Ukrainian government implemented several effective strategies, such as establishing legal frameworks, creating cybersecurity agencies, and collaborating with the United States. These measures have proven successful in countering Russian cyber-attacks. Through its partnership with the U.S., Ukraine’s rapid response team (CERT) was able to recover systems that had been targeted, thereby enhancing Ukraine’s cyber resilience against Russian threats.

Financial component of the hydrogen economy development strategy of Ukraine

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to detail the financial justification of the development of the hydrogen economy in Ukraine, taking into account the need to ensure energy independence and diversification of energy resources. With a sufficient number of publications on the innovativeness of hydrogen technologies, global trends in their use and the importance of decarbonization of public production, the issue of financial support for the development of the hydrogen economy remains insufficiently covered. The purpose of the article is to highlight and characterize the financial component of the strategy for building the hydrogen economy of Ukraine. To achieve the goal, general and special methods of scientific research were used: abstraction, decomposition, comparison, analysis, extrapolation. According to the results of the study, a derived relationship between the number of scientific studies on the development of hydrogen technologies and the state of the energy market was revealed, which made it possible to put forward a hypothesis about the intensity of research on the prospects for the development of the hydrogen economy in the context of the adequacy of its financing. The existing hydrogen technologies can be applied only in connection with the development of renewable energy, they require increased innovations in production, infrastructure, and consumption of hydrogen, therefore, they require increased financing. The financial component of the Hydrogen Strategy of Ukraine (until 2050), developed by the Ministry of Energy, is highlighted at each stage of its implementation. The foreign experience of strategies for the development of the hydrogen economy is presented and the insufficiency of financial resources to ensure the achievement of the target indicators of the Ukrainian strategy, especially in the conditions of war, is stated. The relationship between the Hydrogen Strategy of Ukraine and the Recovery Plan of Ukraine until 2032 is characterized. The general need for financing the development of the hydrogen economy at the second stage of the implementation of the Hydrogen Strategy was determined in connection with the content of the pilot projects. Accordingly, there is a need to detail the focus and sources of funding for the hydrogen economy development strategy in Ukraine, potential sources of cash receipts, changes in institutional and regulatory support for the hydrogen strategy.

Strategic ambiguity and chemical warfare in Ukraine

Abstract This article revisits the concept of strategic ambiguity to identify and critically assess the overlooked role of international norms. Addressing a significant gap within the existing analysis of strategic ambiguity which fails to fully explain the role of norms, the article demonstrates how international norms construct and function within deliberately ambiguous foreign policy as the normative exploitation of epistemic ambiguity. Yet the article further reveals that strategic ambiguity is then systemically dependent on a precarious overreliance on epistemic ambiguity; this comprises a highly fragile policy framework which is excessively vulnerable to change. The article applies this innovative retheorization to an empirical case-study: United States foreign policy concerning the alleged Russian chemical warfare strategy in Ukraine. This analysis is based on an original and comparative discursive analysis of US administration and institutional public statements drawn primarily from government archives. The new analysis a) identifies US policy as strategic ambiguity and explains the strategy's motivations and perceived benefits; b) shows how an international norm (the chemical weapons taboo) was employed to enact an ambiguous foreign policy; but also, c) demonstrates the intrinsic fragility and potential collapse of this strategic ambiguity as a consequence of normative dynamics.

The Over-Politicization of Russian Battlefield Strategy in Ukraine

The extant literature lavishes its focus on understanding Russia’s motivation for starting a war against Ukraine and on the broader question of the role of technology in determining the outcome of war. This article, however, undertakes a comprehensive examination of the relatively ignored yet important aspect of adapting military strategy during the war through Russian experience. It demonstrates that the Russian strategists have shown adequate appreciation for the principle of adaptation in formulating military strategy. To this effect, it identifies and explains three distinct sequential adaptations in the Russian military strategy during the ongoing Ukrainian war. The analysis, conducted with thoroughness and rigor, demonstrates that the Russian armed forces made a relatively quicker transition from the show of force to offense to defense. It also delves into the factors that drove these adaptations. This research has implications for both theory and policy. On the theoretical side, it reinforces the organic relationship between strategy and war. On the policy side, it highlights the importance of adapting military strategy to contain and limit the scope of war.

PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OF CURRENCY SECURITY IN UKRAINE: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES IN MODERN REALITIES

The article examines issues related to the effectiveness of public administration in the field of monetary security in Ukraine. The article presents general characteristics of the nature, state, and dynamics of the effectiveness of public administration in the field of currency security in Ukraine. The assessment of the current state and dynamics of the currency security indicators in Ukraine was made on the basis of the characteristics of the state monetary policy components indicators compared to similar indicators in Poland. The characteristics of exchange rate dynamics, GDP dynamics, and labour market dynamics in Ukraine and Poland are presented. The main economic factors affecting the exchange rate, namely the inflation rate and the state of the balance of trade account of the balance of payments have been considered. The main factors reducing the efficiency of Ukraine's monetary security administration are detailed. The dynamics of the indicators of the level of Ukraine's shadow economy proved to be contrary to the goals and objectives of the "Strategy of Ukraine's Economic Security until 2025". The ways to minimize the negative influencing factors and, accordingly, strengthen the implementation of monetary and credit policy and improve the efficiency of state management of monetary security of Ukraine were proposed. The development of currency circulation in Ukraine is ensured by the state's influence on monetary relations by specially authorized bodies with different legal statuses and powers. In practice, difficulties arise in the application of monetary law in the process of currency regulation. The mechanisms of interaction between state control bodies in the field of currency regulation have not yet been established, which weakens the position of the state in the currency market and hinders the process of integration into the international economic system.

Кримінально-правова характеристика кримінальних правопорушень, пов’язаних з корупцією в Україні

The article examines the criminal-legal characterization of criminal offenses related to corruption in Ukraine. Corruption has a high level of latency, it hinders reform efforts, causes significant harm, and negatively affects Ukraine's reputation in international relations. The main risk on the path to European integration lies in how willing the government structures and leadership of the country are to fulfill their obligations and meet the expectations that exist in society today. Therefore, the fundamental issue in this context is the problem of combating corruption, which is currently the most pressing problem in our country. The Criminal Code of Ukraine specifically defines which socially dangerous acts constitute criminal offenses related to corruption for which individuals can be held criminally liable and punished. It is noted that the concepts of corruption, corrupt offense, and offense related to corruption are not defined in the Criminal Code of Ukraine, but are elaborated in the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption”. The characteristics of criminal offenses related to corruption are considered, including social danger, unlawfulness, guilt, and commission by a special subject. It is stated that the provisions of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are arranged in separate sections based on the generic object, but the legislator does not adhere to this principle regarding criminal offenses related to corruption, and only Article 45 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine specifies which criminal offenses are classified as offenses related to corruption. It is mentioned that Ukraine has established a system of anti-corruption legislation, which defines the scope of subjects covered by this legislation and the circle of specially authorized subjects in the field of anti-corruption. In addition, the anti-corruption strategy in Ukraine is implemented through the implementation of a state program. Therefore, the legislation establishes a set of requirements and procedures aimed at preventing corruption. All these instruments form a complex of anti-corruption mechanisms that act as a barrier to the commission of criminal offenses related to corruption. However, this legislation must be clear and accessible for application by both theorists and practitioners. It is concluded that criminal offenses related to corruption are clearly defined in the Criminal Code of Ukraine as socially dangerous culpable acts (acts or omissions) that contain signs of corruption and are committed by the subject of the criminal offense related to corruption. As mentioned earlier, the peculiarity of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is that there is no one clear section among its divisions that encompasses all criminal offenses related to corruption, therefore, it is considered appropriate to include a separate section in the Criminal Code of Ukraine to unite all criminal offenses related to corruption in order to ensure proper application of criminal legislation and hold responsible individuals accountable for criminal offenses related to corruption.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND INTELLECTUAL ASSETS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Abstract. The aim of the research is to analyze the relationship between intellectual capital and intellectual assets, which are crucial for competitive development and creating a favorable environment for innovation, creativity, increased competitiveness, and attracting investments. Identifying the main conditions and factors of intellectual capital development is an important task as it determines the economic strength, prosperity, and quality of life at the organizational, regional, and national economy levels. Methodology. In the process of completing the tasks in the study, the following methods and approaches were used: the abstract-logical method was employed for clear goal and task definition; the analytical-monographic approach was applied in the analysis of literary sources, legislative acts related to the relationship between intellectual capital and intellectual assets; the method of causal analysis was used to determine cause-and-effect relationships influencing the development of intellectual capital, human capital, and intellectual assets and their interrelationships. Results. The article analyzes the results of scientific research by scholars, formed theoretical and methodological aspects regarding the relationship between intellectual capital, intellectual assets, human capital, and their impacts on the development of socio-economic systems, determining the stages of managing intellectual assets in the stages of manifestation. The scientific novelty lies in determining and substantiating the places, characteristics, and relationship between intellectual capital and intellectual assets in the development of economic systems. Practical significance. The recommendations provided in the article can be applied in developing specific elements of Ukraine's strategy in the context of intellectual and human capital development.

Diversification of export activities: essence, purpose and state in Ukraine

Introduction. Export diversification is an essential tool for accelerating economic growth in developing countries. After all, these countries' exports are concentrated on raw materials and agricultural products, which are primarily sensitive to external shocks. By diversifying their exports, countries can reduce their vulnerability to fluctuations in foreign markets, including changes in demand, prices and terms of trade. This will stabilise the country's export earnings, ensure uninterrupted financing of imports and the development of various sectors of the national economy. In addition, diversifying export activities contributes to the structural transformation of the national economy and the country's innovative development. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the essence and functional purpose of export diversification in ensuring the country's economic development. The objective will be achieved by analysing the state of diversification of Ukraine's exports of goods and studying its relationship with the country's economic development. Results. Based on the analysis of changes in Ukraine's export commodity structure, the paper shows that in 2014-2023, there was a deepening of specialisation in Ukraine's exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products. At the same time, the share of medium and highly processed goods in Ukraine's export structure has decreased significantly. These trends are confirmed by the relatively high degree of specialisation of Ukrainian exports of goods over the period considered, as calculated by the normalised Herfindahl-Hirschman index. It is noted that the deepening concentration of Ukrainian exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products has been accompanied by slow growth or decline in GDP per capita. This confirms the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the diversification of export activities and a country's economic development level. Conclusions. According to the study's results, one strategy for Ukraine's economic growth under current conditions should be to diversify export activities and develop trade in goods with a medium and high degree of processing.

IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS IN THE PROCESS OF FORMING AN EFFECTIVE REGIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN UKRAINE

Introduction. Attention is focused on the activation of the waste processing process, the technical equipment of the functional elements of the regional waste management system, the use of foreign experience in the implementation of recycling capacities, which will make it possible to specify goals in the implementation of innovative tasks in this field. The reasons that led to the low level of development of the domestic sphere of waste management are singled out: ineffective environmental policy, insufficient financing of relevant measures, neglect of environmental requirements, lack of practical steps in the development of infrastructure of a utilization nature. The purpose of the article. The purpose of the article is to identify problems that occur in the process of forming a regional waste management system in Ukraine, which prevent the achievement of real results in the context of sustainable development of regions. In order to achieve the set goal, the task of determining: a) problems that occurred before the full-scale war of 2022 was solved; b) problems that were added in the conditions of martial law. Results. It is emphasized that the formation of an effective waste management system is an important component of qualitative changes (sustainable development) in the regions of Ukraine in the context of its European integration aspirations. The region was considered in the context of obligations to eliminate existing problems in the field of waste management and practical implementation of tasks defined in regional waste management plans. A number of problems that occur in the field of waste management at the regional level are highlighted. The legislative provision of the waste management system and its influence on the achievement of expected results in this field are analyzed. The capabilities of local authorities in developing infrastructure for waste processing are substantiated. The treatment of waste in the conditions of martial law was studied. It was determined that within the limits of particularly dangerous territories there is a need to focus on the management of waste from destruction, on relatively safe ones - on household waste. The problems associated with the functioning of existing waste processing facilities due to the crisis situation in energy supply are singled out. Conclusions. It is noted that the identified problems are issues that need to be resolved, as threats arise behind them; these are tasks that should be solved in the context of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030 with the aim of forming/developing the waste management system; these are the goals that must be resolved in the context of sustainable development and the development of a cyclical economy.

The activity of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate as part of the Russian “soft power” strategy in Ukraine: from hybridity to war

The activity of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate as part of the Russian “soft power” strategy in Ukraine: from hybridity to war

Features of the national waste management strategy in Ukraine

Features of the national waste management strategy in Ukraine

COUNTERTERRORISM SECURITY OF THE STATE IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT

The article analyzes previous research and highlights the features of the counterterrorism security of the state as a component of the national security system.
 The article aims at identifying problems with ensuring counterterrorism security during the Russian Federation's war against Ukraine, analyzing Ukrainian legislation in this area, and outlining the ways of forming the counterterrorism security system of the state in the current context.
 The biggest terrorist threat to Ukraine is the large-scale armed aggression by the Russian Federation and the hybrid war, which aims not only to occupy certain territories of Ukraine but also to completely eliminate Ukrainian statehood. This war widely employs terrorist methods including the intimidation and killing of civilians, the use of powerful weapons against populated areas, and the destruction of critical civilian infrastructure.
 The problems above call for a comprehensive reconsideration of the counterterrorism security of the state, given the need to significantly enhance the protection of possible sites of terrorist attacks and to fulfill the tasks of implementing the national security priorities under the 2020 National Security Strategy of Ukraine Human Security Equals the Country’s Security.
 The perpetration of terrorist acts by the Russian Federation against the national critical infrastructure has become a striking challenge for Ukraine, the consequences of which are difficult to overestimate. During the armed aggression, the Ukrainian state has been confronted with new types of terrorist activities, in particular, psychological and nuclear terrorism. All this requires strengthening the counterterrorism capacities for protecting critical infrastructure and other targets of terrorist attacks, primarily through practical and research-based approaches to the counterterrorism security of the state.
 Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that there is a need to significantly enhance the institutional strengthening of the national counterterrorism system and to revise Ukrainian legislation in this area. The article outlines interrelations between counterterrorism security and other components within the national security system of Ukraine, including security of the state, military security and defense, public security, cybersecurity, nuclear and radiation security, etc. The authors propose to establish an effective system of counterterrorism security of the state, primarily with respect to improving its legislative basis, which calls for the development of the Counterterrorism Strategy in Ukraine that would become the foundation of state policy in countering terrorism.

Tools for the Involvement of Construction and Demolition Waste in the Repeated Production Cycle

Purpose. This paper aims to analyze and classify construction and demolition waste. It is necessary that this classification not only reflects statistical data on waste generation, but also serves as an information basis for the integrated waste management system (IWMS). The main task of this system is to maximize the involvement of waste in economic recycling and to objectively reflect the technological capabilities of its processing. This is extremely important in the context of the implementation of European waste management principles and the implementation of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030. Methodology. The article considers the problems of construction waste management within the framework of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030, which provides for the implementation of measures and principles of waste management, including construction waste. The author analyzes the management problems in the field of construction and demolition waste, which substantiates the need to classify construction waste with the simultaneous harmonization of processing methods and technologies. Construction activities are inextricably linked to the management of various types of resources, among which secondary materials play a key role in the implementation of construction processes. The ability to effectively manage the flows of these secondary resources is critical to ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of construction production. In this context, the study of the importance of managing the flows of secondary resources becomes an integral part of strategies for optimizing construction processes. Findings. Construction waste from the demolition of buildings and structures is unique due to its size and the need to prepare it for primary crushing. This is especially true in the context of implementing the concept of renovation of the outdated housing stock. Various static and dynamic methods of destruction of building materials, in particular, impact and vibration, have been investigated, with dynamic methods being characterized by lower energy consumption. Originality. The work reflects the formation of theoretical and methodological directions based on the use of recycled materials in construction, as well as a comparative characterization of various methods of destruction of building materials. Practical value. The possibilities of recycling construction waste, in particular, their maximum involvement in recycling, which meets the goals of the Strategy of Ukraine, provides 50% of waste recycling.

State environmental policy in modern conditions: status and directions of improvement

Problem setting. Given the invasion of Ukraine by the aggressor country, the implementation of the state environmental policy is of particular importance today, and its effective implementation requires the use of effective tools, improvement of current legislation and strategic planning, taking into account the need to intensify European integration and adopt EU best practices in this area. Therefore, the urgent issue now is to identify ways to increase the efficiency of state policy in the environmental sphere, to formulate and optimize the regulatory and legal support for the implementation of state environmental policy. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issues of implementation of the state environmental policy and the problems of improving the system of public administration of environmental safety have been considered by many scientists. For example, I. I. Samoilova [1] in her scientific works investigated the potential of the public administration system in Ukraine and the issue of its use to ensure environmental safety. Р. S. Kirin and S. V. Hryshchak conducted a comprehensive study of topical issues of ensuring and implementing environmental rights in the strategies of the State environmental policy and security of Ukraine during the wartime period and substantiated that the challenges of the wartime period determine the formation of an appropriate set of legal instruments with the help of which a platform should be built for direct or indirect measures to prevent, protect and restore the environmental rights of citizens violated by armed aggression, including an international mechanism for the restoration of environmental rights. Despite the sufficient number of scientific papers, the chosen research topic requires additional developments due to the need for scientific research on ways to improve the efficiency of state environmental safety and ensure environmentally balanced development of the state. Purpose of research is to study the topical issues of implementation of the State environmental policy in modern conditions and to identify possible areas for its improvement. Article’s main body. In the context of martial law, theoretical and practical issues of effective implementation of the state environmental policy, taking into account the existing processes of deepening the environmental crisis, are gaining particular relevance and new features. Modern processes of greening the world economy based on the concepts of sustainable development, rational use of natural resources and green economy require an effective environmental policy of the world community, with a long-term vision of state changes in accordance with the principles of balanced development laid down in strategic legislative and regulatory documents, but each developed strategy aimed at environmental protection and rational use of natural resources requires a clear mechanism for the implementation of the relevant legislation. That is, the development of relevant strategies requires the implementation of a well-established clear mechanism and consistency with the norms of the current legislation in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. The provisions of important strategic documents were analyzed, such as: The Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine until 2030, the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030, and the Strategy for Environmental Security and Climate Change Adaptation until 2030. Some issues of implementation of regional programs on environmental protection, rational use of natural resources and environmental safety are considered. Conclusions and prospects for the development. As a result of the study, it is reasonable to conclude that there are systemic problems in the implementation of the state environmental policy, in particular, the implementation of national and regional strategic priority areas, which require updating the relevant mechanisms for implementing environmental policy, including institutional ones. In addition to the above, it is now necessary to harmonize current legislation with strategic planning documents. That is, the current legislation in the field of environmental security should be correlated with the relevant strategic directions and state programs, which is extremely important in the context of the need to restore the national economy and all components of the country's national security on the way to EU membership.

Діалог культур як основа сучасного мультикультурного cоціуму в умовах культурної глобалізації

The article examines the origins of multiculturalism and changes in the understanding of its essence. The concept of multiculturalism, its main characteristics and features are analyzed. The problematic field of multiculturalism is defined: ideas about the cultural involvement of people, the inevitability of cultural diversity, pluralism and intercultural dialogue. It is proved that even in the early development stages, the meaning of "multiculturalism" was quite inconsistent. In the political sphere, the term multiculturalism has been used since the late 60s of the twentieth century in connection with the development of the movement for the human rights expansion, as well as with the intensification of migration flows, which led to an increase in the cultural diversity of host countries. The practical implementation of multiculturalism as an integration policy took place in the 1970s in Canada, Australia, and the United States, in particular through criticism of assimilation policies. The common factors that facilitate or hinder the implementation of multiculturalism are examined. The ethno-cultural context of Ukraine's development is highlighted. Since Ukraine gained independence, representatives of national minorities and ethnic communities have been able to unite in various national and cultural societies that allow representatives of national minorities to be involved in the social and cultural life of the country. It is confirmed that the life of ethnic communities largely depends on the initiative of the communities themselves, on the activity of their cultural, educational and artistic institutions, holding art events, national culture festivals, book publishing, distribution of media in their native language, etc. Multiculturalism and intercultural dialogue should become a strategy for Ukraine. This will contribute to the further democratization of society, European integration and Ukraine's entry into the world community.

Aquinas and the Geopolitical Thinking of Pope Francis

This scientific article explores the notion of a Christian geopolitics and its compatibility with realpolitik and international relations. The analysis delves into the perspectives of Pope Francis, John Mearsheimer, and Catholic social thought principles to examine the moral implications of geopolitical strategies. Mearsheimer’s bait and bleed strategy in Ukraine is critiqued for its callousness and disregard for human life, while Francis’s emphasis on personal and social reform highlights the importance of ethics and the universal destination of goods. The article questions whether Christians can engage in realpolitik strategies that perpetuate poverty and violate the principles of human dignity and mercy. It further considers the implications for Catholic leaders in government and military roles, particularly in the context of upcoming U.S. presidential contenders. The analysis ultimately challenges the notion that a Christian geopolitics is a category mistake, advocating for a higher moral road in international relations.

Legal regulation of gender equality under the conditions of martial state

Introduction. The paper examines the problems of ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men and eliminating all forms of social and gender discrimination. The rule of law ensures legal equality between the sexes, which means providing them with equal starting opportunities. The term gender refers to the different social roles, responsibilities and identities of women and men, and the balance of power between women and men in a given society. Gender roles and gender relations differ across countries and cultures and may even differ among different groups within the same society. The paper analyzes the problems of the theory and practice of gender equality in Ukraine. The current state of war in Ukraine requires dynamic changes at the legislative level and the application of best international practices. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the role and meaning of equal rights for both men and women and the legislative aspects of their provision. Results. The directions of gender policy in the Armed Forces of Ukraine have been determined separately. The Strategy of Ukraine, which proclaims the formation of gender law and society, has been submitted. The principle of equality, which has several manifestations, is substantiated, one of which is the principle of gender equality, which means an equal approach to everything regardless of gender. The problems of gender differences in personal characteristics associated with constant dynamic changes in the world are indicated, which require consideration of questions regarding the influence of certain gender stereotypes on the professional activity of an individual. The paper presents stereotypes, legal acts ensuring equality and problems of gender identification in modern Ukrainian society. The directions of gender policy in the Armed Forces of Ukraine have been determined separately. Conclusion. The conclusions of the work consist of research results and further scientific research. Specialists in the economic and legal spheres can use the research information.

Strategy for the management of used nuclear fuel and radioactive waste of small water-water modular reactors

Based on the strategy of Ukraine in the energy industry for the period until 2035, advanced reactor technologies should be chosen for construction of new nuclear power units to replace the nuclear power plants that will be decommissioned. Currently, high-capacity water-water reactors AP1000 and small modular reactors NuScale -iPWR and/or SMR-160, which are highly secure and cost-effective, are considered promising. Among a number of criteria for the selection of nuclear power plant reactor technologies, the management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, which directly affect radiation and environmental safety and all stages of the existing nuclear fuel cycle in Ukraine, is of great importance. Based on published data, the author analysed and summarized prospects of development of water-water SMR technologies (NuScale -iPWR and SMR-160), their advantages and disadvantages, the evaluation criteria of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and radioactive waste generated during operation and decommissioning of reactors, and problems of waste disposal.

Transformation of the national model of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine according to the European green concept

Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the scientific research was the work of domestic and foreign scientists on the issues of Ukraine's adaptation to European standards regarding the country's sustainable development and environmental policy. In order to achieve the goal, the article uses general scientific and special methods: methods of theoretical generalization – to study the process of transformation of the national model of post-war recovery of Ukraine in accordance with the European green concept; the method of general and specific – in the analysis of ambitious and pragmatic models of green recovery of Ukraine; statistical method – when determining the growth of the share of renewable energy sources in the total consumption of energy resources. The results. The article highlights issues related to the compliance of the national policy and strategy of Ukraine with European standards and provides recommendations in the field of ecology, energy and sustainable development of the country, and their financing. It was noted that an important aspect of a sustainable economy is the development of ecologically oriented infrastructure, which includes the following aspects: energy efficiency and renewable energy; ecological transport infrastructure; green construction; water sector. There is considered the possibility of Ukraine to make an energy transition to renewable energy by 2050 under three scenarios of the future of Ukrainian energy: conservative, liberal and revolutionary scenarios. Novelty. A detailed analysis of the green recovery of Ukraine was conducted, which showed that when choosing between ambitious and pragmatic models of the country's post-war recovery, it is important to take into account their main difference. The ambitious model of green country recovery focuses on green development goals, while the pragmatic model only identifies ways to achieve results. Both ambitious and pragmatic models can be comprehensive and sufficient to achieve the respective goal. The article also analysed Ukraine's ability to transition to renewable energy by 2050. Practical value. The results of the conducted research can be useful for business entities and investors who will have a desire to join the green concept of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.

The Role of Environmental Insurance in “Green” Post-War Rebuilding of Ukrainian Regions

"Environmental insurance is top priority in a given scope of issues because it represents effective mechanism of risk regulation, formulating legal guarantees and providing significant instrument for implementing environmental-economic processes. Existing rudimentary mechanisms of environmental insurance in Ukraine are limited in nature and unable to fulfil the tasks set, notably under burdens of determinism and increased risks of war and post-war periods. The authors have set a study goal to evaluate preconditions of environmental insurance in post-war Ukraine and to define main priorities, primary tasking algorithms and specifics of environmental risk insurance in circular economy. The researchers applied empirical methods for study of scientific materials and regulatory documents and conducted their description and comparison. The authors analysed major approaches to implementation of mandatory environmental insurance strategy in Ukraine and gave broad definition of its structural elements and priority principles. They conducted analysis of regulatory and legal base, explored opportunities of engaging “green” insurance providers to national environmental insurance system. There has been a suggestion of variability in environmental insurance approaches with possibility to differentiate by risks, fields of economy and by regional distribution. The researchers have undertaken a forecast of effective implementation for economy, environmental protection and social area. They concluded about the need of preventive changes in economic and legal field and maximum implementation of international experience in national environmental insurance system with account of specific influence of certain factors, notable for post-war period in Ukraine."