Strategy Implementation Process Research Articles

Influence of Strategy Implementation on Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya: Case Study of Bungoma County

Strategy management is crucial for organisational success, but the relationship between strategy management and performance remains unclear. In the context of public secondary schools in Kenya, the Ministry of Education has directed schools to develop and implement strategic plans. However, some schools face challenges in their strategy management. This study aimed to examine the impact of strategy implementation on academic performance in public secondary schools in Bungoma County, Kenya. The study population included 258 principals, 1,290 heads of departments, 258 bursars and quality assurance officers from 258 public secondary schools in the county. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The results indicated a strong positive relationship between strategy implementation and academic performance in public secondary schools. It is concluded that schools that successfully implement strategies to improve education outcomes are more likely to achieve higher academic performance than schools that do not. Recommendations of the study are that streamlining strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation processes in public secondary schools, enforcing policies to enhance education quality and access, and empowering schools to develop tailored strategic plans are highly encouraged. These findings can inform the Ministry of Education and other education stakeholders in improving policies and practices related to strategy implementation and academic performance in secondary schools

Development of marketing research technologies as the basis of a socially responsible marketing strategy

The object of this study was the trends in the development of marketing research technologies as a basis for the strategy of socially responsible marketing. The study is aimed at solving the problem of increasing the effectiveness of the marketing strategy under the influence of digital marketing research technologies. It has been proven that under the conditions of increased competition and transformation of consumer needs, the strategy of socially responsible marketing acquires great relevance. It has been established that the use of digital marketing research technologies significantly increases the effectiveness of the strategy of socially responsible marketing, ensuring a high degree of transparency and openness of its directions. The main stages of the development of marketing research technologies have been detailed – market research, consumer behavior research, the beginning of digitization, and the digital revolution. Digital technologies, on the basis of which marketing research will be conducted in the future, have been identified – Big Data, blockchain, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, augmented and virtual reality. The relationship between digital technologies of marketing research and directions of socially responsible marketing strategy was substantiated. It has been established that the effectiveness of the socially responsible marketing strategy should be determined on the basis of key performance indicators (KPI) based on the elements of the 4P complex. Schemes for researching the effectiveness of areas of social responsibility for individual elements of the marketing complex based on digital technologies are proposed. On this basis, a model of the influence of digital technologies on the KPI strategy of socially responsible marketing was developed and its advantages were substantiated. The practical use of the proposed approach could provide an opportunity to choose a specific marketing research technology depending on the target orientations of social responsibility of marketing. This would provide maximum information content and support for the strategy development and implementation process.

Influence of human resource system strength on collective affective commitment: a contingent approach

This research focuses on the HR strategy implementation process, and in particular on the concept of HR system strength. In this paper we analyze the impact of HR system strength on collective affective commitment and examine this relationship from a contingent perspective, taking into account the moderating effect of leader-member exchange (LMX) and organizational size. The statistical analysis of data obtained from a sample of 142 Spanish companies and 504 key employees indicates that, when the effect of HR practices on collective affective commitment is controlled for, the strength of the HR system also has a positive and significant effect on this affective commitment. Moreover, we conclude that this relationship is not the same for all companies, but depends on the level of LMX in the organization. That is, depending on the overall relationship between leaders and subordinates in the organization, the effect of HR system strength on workforce affective commitment will vary. In particular, when the relationships between leaders and followers are good, the effect of HR system strength on affective commitment is lower.

Analysis of Marketing Strategies For Health Services in The National Health Insurance Era in Hospital Muhammadiyah Bandung

The National Health Insurance (JKN) has brought significant changes to the healthcare industry. The programme provides financial protection to Indonesians to meet their basic health needs. In the JKN era, hospitals are also faced with challenges and intense competition, so they need to improve service quality and implement effective marketing strategies. The purpose of this study is to analyse the application of the marketing mix in the marketing strategy implementation process as well as the selected marketing strategy in the JKN era at Muhammadiyah Bandung Hospital. This study used a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach, which involved interviews with the head of the marketing unit and the hospital's marketing executive staff. The results showed that well-targeted marketing strategies can strengthen the hospital's image, increase visibility and public awareness of the hospital's healthcare offerings, thus helping to reach more potential patients, and improve patient satisfaction. The implications of this study emphasise the important role of effective marketing strategies in improving healthcare services at Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Bandung in the era of the National Health Insurance (JKN).

Roti Azan: post-pandemic competitive strategy

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, students are expected to demonstrate understanding of the process of strategy formulation (which include conducting situational analysis) and strategy implementation. Case overview/synopsis Perusahaan Azan, which trades under the brand name Roti Azan for its fresh bread and Azan for its dry bread or rusks, was established as a family business in 1968 by Haji Abu Bakar bin Ali in his hometown in Kuala Pilah, in the state of Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia. In the mid-1980s, the management of the business was passed on by Haji Abu Bakar to one of his sons, Haji Mohd Ghazali bin Haji Abu Bakar. Haji Ghazali was named managing director in 1985 and officially inherited his father’s company in 1987. By 2004, Perusahaan Azan breads had started to penetrate major grocery stores nationwide, and later the business began to expand internationally in 2010, with Oman and Iraq among the first countries it ventured into. The company sold both its fresh and dry bread in local stores; however, in the international market, only dry bread types were sold, specifically wholemeal rusks and long rusks, which had longer shelf lives. Post-pandemic, by 2022, the company had exited the retail fresh bread market and had focused only on its contractual fresh bread and retail dry bread markets. He thought about the main strategic choices he had of going forward, either to revive its retail fresh bread segment or venture into a coffee shop business. The former was the bread and butter of the company in the last 50 years. However, he knew that re-entering this market was getting more difficult, as it requires competing head-to-head with the giant breadmakers. There were also issues of rising costs and high wastage. For the latter coffee shop project, the company did not have experience in directly “serving” the customers, with its businesses so far had been mainly in production. He pondered on the best decision to undertake to sustain the company’s profitability into the next generation. Few family businesses can pass this crucial stage. He knew he had to act fast to ensure that the company’s plans for the future could be successfully implemented. The case study is suitable for use in teaching courses in strategic management, organisational management and integrated case study for advanced undergraduates and postgraduates in the programmes of business administration, Muamalat administration and accounting. Complexity academic level The case study is suitable for use in advanced undergraduate students in management, business administration, Muamalat administration and postgraduate students in MBA, Master in Muamalat Administration or other related master’s programmes with a course in strategic management, organisational management and integrated case study. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

STRATEGIC PLANNING AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL OF ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE

It is possible to understand strategic planning as a process consisting of defining a vision of the future, systematically analysing opportunities and threats in the external environment, as well as strengths and weaknesses of the organisation to develop strategies and actions that contribute to achieving this vision. Strategic management relies on strategic administration and planning, with some administrative aspects added during its implementation, such as organisational change, human resources management, control, performance, and organisational effectiveness. A factor of great importance for the success of strategic management is the strategy implementation process. However, the models of organisational change developed in recent years are designed to manage general changes in organisations and do not have a specific approach to managing and implementing strategic planning and the changes caused by it, i.e., they are not models with a direct emphasis on strategic management. The article aims to define the concepts of strategic planning and management, analyse strategic planning models, and determine strategic problems of developing a model of organisational change. In the course of the research, we defined the concepts of strategic planning and strategic management by analysing the theoretical approaches of various authors. As a result of the analysis, we concluded that strategic management, in which the structuring basis is strategic planning and strategic administration, in its implementation added some administrative aspects, such as system thinking, integrated control, change management, organisational learning, performance, and organisational effectiveness. The article proposes a model of organisational change for efficient implementation of an organisation’s strategic planning. Thus, the strategic planning process requires a model of organisational change that will ensure its successful implementation. The proposed strategic planning process and the associated model of organisational change should be subject to constant refinement and improvement, both in theory and their application, to a particular organisation. Keywords: strategic planning, plan, management, organisational change, strategic management.

The roles of policy documents, governance and strategy within the non-for-profit sector: A case of churches

In recent times, nonprofit organisations (NPOs) have been compelled to run their affairs professionally. Consistent with management theory a manager ought to plan, organise, lead and exercise control. The process of professionalisation, governance and strategy implementation could be enhanced using policy documents (such as constitutions, church orders, canos and manuals). Policies serve as key instruments in enabling a strategy agenda for such organisations. Policies articulate governance principles and align with the strategic imperatives. This paper explored the role of policies as instruments of strategic agenda enablement in church settings as NPOs. Qualitative research methods, in the form of semi-structured interviews and document analysis, were employed in conducting research among churches in the Gauteng province, South Africa. A total of 26 church managers were interviewed, and 12 policy documents from participating churches were analysed using ATLAS.ti software. As findings, policies ought to be better aligned to the governance architecture, vision, and strategic agenda of the organisation. This will make policies become proper instruments of governance and strategy implementation. Policy documents analysed entailed inferences of all four principles of management theory. A contribution is made in the areas of the aforementioned theory in a nonprofit context.

Assessment of Strategy Implementation on Organizational Performance: A Case of Kenya Power and Lighting Company

This study assessed the barriers to strategy implementation on the performance of Kenya Power and Lighting Company Limited (KPLC) in Nairobi County, Kenya. It had four objectives: to establish the influence of strategic leadership, staff competencies, strategic planning, and organizational structure on performance of KPLC. The study used a descriptive research design. The study was conducted at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. The managerial employees of Kenya power and Lighting Company Limited constituted the study's population. At Kenya Power and Lighting Company Limited, there were 180 management staff members who made up the sample frame for the research. Formulae developed by Yamane (1967) were used to determine how representative the survey's sample was of the whole population. Sample size was 124 respondents. A questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents who are randomly selected from different departments or units of KPLC. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and presented using descriptive statistics. Descriptive and inferential statistics were obtained. The study found that all the four objectives revealed a positive influence on performance of KPLC. In conclusion, strategic leadership, staff competencies, strategic planning, and organizational structure play crucial roles in shaping KPLC's performance by providing direction, motivation, innovation, alignment, coordination, adaptation, evaluation, communication, decision-making, and leadership. Finally, the study recommended that KPLC should continue to foster a culture of strategy implementation that can enhance its performance in a dynamic environment. Moreover, KPLC should also address any potential barriers or challenges in the strategy implementation process or outcomes that may affect its performance or competitiveness

The Impact of Pak and China Cultural influences on CPEC Energy Project Moderating effect in South Asia: A Case Study from Pakistan

Pakistan is a growing nation working to integrate with foreign business for efficient economic activity. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor is pushing Pakistan's corporate and industrial sectors to accelerate their strategy and developmental implementation processes in order to stay competitive or outperform it. For this reason, China is setting the pace in the business while Pakistan is gradually embracing CSR. This essay aims to investigate the indirect and direct effects of innovation on corporate social responsibility and business performance in Pakistan's manufacturing sector. Three years' worth of panel data were gathered for this. The institutional theory and resource-based theory form the foundation of the theoretical framework. Using the multiple regression technique, the direct and moderating effects were examined. CPEC (China Pakistan economic corridor) is a huge bilateral initiative and developmental project that was started by Pakistan and China, in which the major focus is on the enhancement and modernization of the infrastructure of Pakistan in terms of improving trade with China. Because of CPEC uncountable potential and possible benefits to economic growth and economic development of common people's lives, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has become a huge success not just for authorities but also for ordinary Chinese and Pakistani individuals. It is the biggest and major foreign investment in Pakistan ever conducted by a single country. By being such a source of transporting and moving millions of tons of Chinese products to the Middle East, Africa, and Europe through Gwadar port, CPEC has the potential to significantly connect Pakistan and China. Using an event research method and technique, this study adds to the literature by assessing the influence of CPEC on stock returns. We estimate the continuously compounded returns across sectors to see if this impact varies across sectors. Furthermore, this article aims to determine whether or not the effect of CPEC has been penetrated to a fundamental stage. The median equality test is used to analyze the impact of CPEC on non-financial businesses and enterprises listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange's quality of financial reporting. The impact of CPEC on the stock market is found to be favorable and encouraging but not considerable, indicating that the stock market's exceptional performance cannot be ascribed to CPEC. At the national and regional level, the significance and impact of CPEC is also mixed.

Effect of Product Innovations on Strategy Implementation Process of Commercial Banks Listed on Nairobi Securities Exchange

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of product innovations on the strategy implementation process of commercial banks listed on Nairobi Securities Exchange.
 Methodology: The study applied descriptive research design. The study targeted 159 participants including senior managers, credit officers, accountants, human resource managers, operations managers and relationship officers from each of the 11 NSE listed Kenyan commercial banks. The size of sample size was 69 selected using stratified random sampling method. The independent vriable (product innovations) was assessed by looking at new products adopted by banks such as credit cards, insurance products, new deposit accounts and mortgages while dependent variable (strategy implementation process) was assessed through operationalization and institutionalization of strategy. The study utilized research questionnaires for collecting primary data. The distribution of the questionnaires was done by dropping them to the respondents and collecting a week later. Descriptive and” inferential statistics were utilised for data analysis.
 Findings: The study established the product innovations adopted by the bank were mortgages represented by 97%, credit cards (95%), new deposit accounts (90%) and insurance products (49%). It was established that few banks had embraced insurance products probably because of many insurance agencies in the market. The study found that a unit increase in product innovations results to 0.706 increase in strategy implementation process in commercial banks listed in NSE in Kenya.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study concluded that product innovations have a substantial effect on strategy implementation process in commercial banks listed in NSE in Kenya The study recommended that managers at banks should consistently make an effort to invest in innovative product designs and modify the current products in order to enhance strategy implementation process. The research also recommends future studies should explore the factors affecting the execution of strategies in financial institutions in Kenya, beyond just commercial banks. This would encompass SACCOS, microfinance institutions, and mortgage companies.

Manajemen Strategi Penanggulangan Bencana Banjir Bandang Oleh BPBD Kabupaten Pasaman

This study aims to analyze and describe the management of flash floods disaster management strategies carried out by BPBD Pasaman Regency. This research is motivated by Pasaman Regency which is a disaster-prone area. flash floods is one type of disaster that has a high potential and has a large impact and loss. Thus, there is a need for a strategic management process carried out by the Pasaman Regency BPBD in the implementation of flash floods disaster management which aims to reduce the risk of flash floods disasters in Pasaman Regency. The method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques using interviews, documentation, and observation. . The selection of informants was done by purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique used in this study according to Miles and Huberman, meanwhile to test the validity of the data obtained in the field, the source triangulation technique was used. The strategic management process is carried out by describing the phenomena found in the field using the theory of J. David Hunger and Thomas L. Wheelen which states that the strategic management process consists of a process of environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and evaluation and control. The results of this study conclude that the strategic management process in flash floods disaster management by BPBD Pasaman Regency has not been achieved optimally, this is due to limited human resources owned by BPBD Pasaman Regency in terms of number and competence, lack of infrastructure facilities owned by all programs and activities optimally in achieving organizational goals, low presentation of budget realization in the implementation of programs and activities carried out, achievement of performance targets that are not yet optimal and special evaluations held by BPBD Pasaman Regency related to several activities in disaster management.

Towards the improvement of university management

In recent decades, the concept of strategic management at universities has attracted more and more attention. There is a significant increase in the awareness of the importance of well-developed development concepts, both among university employees and management staff. Numerous research studies also discuss the need for changes in that presented area. Unfortunately, the analysis of the literature on the subject shows that more attention is paid to the strategy development phase than to its implementation. There are also few studies examining the influence of factors on the strategy implementation at universities. The area of research was related to factors influencing the process of strategy implementation. This article presents the detailed results of the survey of analysis, which covered the opinions of management and employees influencing the strategy implementation at universities in Poland. The main objective of the study was to measure the operational risk of factors influencing the process of strategy at universities and to specify the factors with the highest operational risk level. The study was conducted using the PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) technique, based on the research questionnaire. The method of collecting data in an open (explicit) and standardized manner was used there. For this purpose, a standardized research questionnaire was used.

Building Resilience in Cultural Landscapes: Exploring the Role of Transdisciplinary and Participatory Planning in the Recovery of the Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System

Cultural landscapes are living landscapes shaped by human activity and imbued with cultural and historical significance. However, cultural landscapes are threatened by climate change because of the direct and indirect impacts it has on all types of cultural heritage resources. This research aims to investigate the efficacy of transdisciplinary and participatory planning approaches in augmenting the resilience of cultural landscapes in the face of climate change risks. This article presents a novel contribution by examining the recovery process of the Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System (SHHS) through the lens of international principles aimed at mitigating natural hazards and fostering resilience. The methodology adopts a comprehensive approach that combines a systematic literature review with a detailed analysis of the recovery process of the SHHS during the 2019 flooding in Khuzestan Province, Iran. The research findings highlight the significance of employing a transdisciplinary and participatory planning approach to enhance climate resilience within cultural landscapes. The active involvement of the local community throughout the process of resilience strategy development and implementation emerges as a pivotal factor. Furthermore, the success of resilience strategies in cultural landscapes relies on key elements such as accurate identification and communication, capacity building, fostering trust, and ensuring sufficient funding.

Manajemen Strategi Peningkatan Mutu Layanan Di Kantor Urusan Agama Kecamatan Ambal Kabupaten Kebumen

Strategic Management in improving the quality of service at the Office of Religious Affairs in Ambal District, Kebumen Regency. The purpose of this study was to find out the strategic management carried out by the Office of Religious Affairs in Ambal District, Kebumen Regency, especially marriage services and the quality of premarital guidance services from the implementation of this management strategy in the Office of Religious Affairs in Ambal District, Kebumen Regency. This study uses a qualitative research method with a case study research type. The data analysis used is the Miles and Huberman Interactive analysis model. The results showed that strategic management carried out by the Office of Religious Affairs in Ambal District, Kebumen Regency was also applied to personnel services based on the Provincial RPJP and RPJMD of the Ministry of Religion, Kebumen Regency, through the process of strategic planning stages, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation. And the service quality of the Office of Religious Affairs in Ambal District, Kebumen Regency, after strategic management has been carried out, is quite good, which is proven by referring to the fulfillment of the five main dimensions of service quality.

STRATEGY AS A TOOL FOR ENSURING THE EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF THE ENTERPRISE

The real sector of Ukraine’s economy is currently characterized by crisis phenomena that hold back the pace of its recovery. In this regard, focusing on short-term development programs, the absence or wrongly chosen strategy leads only to the localization of losses and to a decrease in the efficiency of enterprises in the long term. In turn, this necessitates the implementation of strategic management, which provides an opportunity for enterprises to ensure economic growth and get out of a crisis state. The article presents developments in the field of strategic management, highlights methodological problems of strategizing. Theoretical approaches to the formation of enterprise strategies are considered. It was established that the process of strategic management in Ukraine requires the use of modern technologies and tools. That is why there is a need to deepen research into the theoretical and methodological foundations of strategic management at all levels. The necessity of using the strategizing system as a tool for mobilizing internal reserves, taking into account external factors, forming and implementing strategies, promoting the development of the enterprise in the long term, is substantiated. By considering the stages of the process and strategizing tools, it is possible to conclude that the chosen strategy meets the goals, opportunities, and requirements of the enterprise’s external environment. To characterize the real (initial) strategic processes taking place at enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of different types of enterprises, their branch affiliation and competitive status. The initial strategic processes determine the individuality of the strategic choice of business processes for their further optimization, and the criteria for their selection are formed. Timely detection of problems and implementation of measures to adjust the process or content of strategy implementation, review of goals, is impossible without the use of strategic control, the key element of which is the system of indicators. This system should contain indicators that are control points for evaluating the effectiveness of strategy implementation at each stage. The presented control indicators are differentiated according to the main classification features.

Research on Network Security Situation Awareness and Dynamic Game Based on Deep Q Learning Network

<p>In today’s increasingly complex network environment, increasingly severe network attacks, and real-time dynamic changes in offensive and defensive scenarios, network security technology has also evolved from passive security to active security technology, and expanded from analyzing unilateral security elements to comprehensively analyzing overall network security. Aiming at the problem of inaccurate assessment results due to the lack of comprehensive analysis of threat information, protection information and environmental information in existing assessment methods, this paper proposes a defensive random game model. This model analyzes threat propagation and establishes a threat propagation access relationship network, and then establishes a random game model for the game process of threat action and protection strategy implementation to solve the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium. The model comprehensively analyzes the dynamic changes of the security situation elements, ignoring the short-term situation elements that will not change, such as topology structure, service information, etc., and mainly analyzes the dynamic changes of attack information, vulnerability information, and defense measures, and predicts from the host and network levels. The experimental verification shows that the prediction method in this paper can improve the prediction accuracy and is more in line with the offensive and defensive scenarios.</p> <p> </p>

Strategic management in Polish startups: strategy vs business model approach – research results

Startups` inherent qualities, as well as their crucial role in development, implementation and diffusion of improved goods and services, which reduce the use of natural resources or increase societal inclusion, enabled to identify two main goals of the paper. The first one is to get more insight into the way strategy and business model are used in startups. Second goal is to take a closer look at the relationship between them to find out, which one – if any – dominates. The way startup uses these approaches is going to have a significant impact on: implementation of management methods and tools, process of strategy identification and implementation, as well as business model innovation (BMI) management. Since BMI provides mechanisms to assist the innovation process for embedding sustainability, it can be viewed at as an alternative to product or process innovation. Hence, the way BMI is implemented is critical not only for sustainable product and service innovation, but also startup`s sustainable growth. The five-step research procedure included both qualitative and quantitative research methods, main one being survey questionnaire. The sample comprised 152 Polish startups. Research results confirmed, that both strategy and business model approaches were used by the sample companies. It means that well-known and established strategic management tools do hold significance also in startups. In the context of relationship between these two approaches, two main conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, all three scenarios included in the research were used; secondly, the most popular one being business model adapted to strategy. Moreover, research results suggest, that there is a point in startup`s life cycle, at which it starts to focus on its strategy, bringing it closer to company model typical for strategic management mainstream.

The conceptual basis of financial management in the sphere of ensuring the economic security of the enterprise

The study considers the relevance of the problem of ensuring the economic security of the enterprise by means of financial management. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of financial management tools in the field of ensuring the economic security of the enterprise. It has been proven that new developments in the field of financial management, which relate to ensuring the economic security of enterprises, are also relevant from the standpoint of quality management of business security. It was established that the interrelationships, influences, as well as management tools for ensuring the economic security of enterprises by means of financial management are still not fully developed. The dominant areas (directions) and the sequence of formation of the general financial strategy for ensuring the economic security of the enterprise are determined. The main stages of the process of strategy development and implementation for ensuring the economic security of the enterprise have been developed. It is shown that strategic planning is the process of realizing goals for a certain period and directions of the enterprise's activities, and the development of enterprise strategies is a complex and long-term process, considering the constant reassessment and periodic verification of the selected goals, while analyzing the state of the enterprise's activity environment. The scientific novelty of the research results is that it is proven that the economic security of the enterprise is achieved by conducting a balanced financial and economic policy in accordance with the doctrines, concepts, strategies, and programs adopted in the established order in political, economic, social, information – which are, in fact, financial spheres. Its content is designed to coordinate actions in the field of ensuring the security of the business entity. Without a well-founded concept of financial management in the field of economic security management, it is impossible to hope for effective and safe development of the enterprise. The applied value of the research results is that the correct combination of the influence of individual factors of the external and internal financial and economic environment makes it possible to differentiate possible strategic directions for the development of the enterprise's economic security system, considering its strategic position. Therefore, considering the possibilities of the strategic position, the formulation of strategic goals and the justification of relevant strategic decisions regarding financial management in the field of managing the economic security of the enterprise are carried out. Keywords: financial management, enterprise management, economic security, enterprise finance, conceptual foundations

EFFECT OF CROSS BORDER REMITTANCES TECHNOLOGY ON STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION OF VISION 2030 IN KENYA

Organizations meet many challenges in the strategy implementation process, including use of remittances technologies. This study sought to assess the effect of cross border remittances technology on the strategic implementation of vision 2030 I n Kenya. The study was guided by the open systems theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population comprised of the management staff working at the Department of Immigration Services, staff in the remittances department of the CBK and banks with diaspora banking departments and the vision 2030 senior staff, and senior officers in the ministry of planning who are charged with diaspora remittances in line with the vision 2030 blue print, from which a sample size of 119 was used. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, frequency counts and percentages were used to analyse quantitative data, which was presented using tables. Correlation and regression analysis was conducted to test for relationships between the dependent variable and independent variable. The correlation results showed that cross border remittances technology had a significant and positive relationship on the strategic implementation of vision 2030 in Kenya, as all the p value was lower than 0.05 (r =0.802, p = .000). Regression analysis results also indicated that cross border remittances technology had a significant and positive relationship with the strategic implementation of vision 2030 in Kenya (R2 = .643, p = .000). The study recommends that other comprehensive innovative money transfer systems should be put in place so as to increase the remittance transactions. KEYWORDS: Cross border remittances technology, Strategic implementation, Vision 2030, Kenya.

Strategy implementation in the transnational MNC: A critical realist investigation of European and Indian unit collaboration

Inter-unit collaboration in transnational multinational corporations (MNCs) is central to unlocking MNCs' competitive advantage. We find that managing multilevel interaction of macro-level (social structures within and outside the MNC) and micro-level (individual interpretations and behaviors) factors ensures the implementation of strategic goals regarding inter-unit collaboration. In a case study of Finnish, Russian, and Indian unit collaboration in one European-origin transnational MNC, we observe that individual ascriptions of social identity to Indian colleagues (micro-level factor) affect the MNC's strategy implementation (SI) process and outcomes (macro-level factors). Building on the latter observations, critical realist theory of identity, and the idiosyncratic Indian context, we develop the currently inadequate multilevel theorization on the SI process in the MNC and expand perspectives on social identity in International Business literature. For MNC managers from Western countries, the paper offers insights into factors that should be considered to succeed in strategic and operational inter-unit collaboration with India.