Strategic Project Research Articles

The LTAR Integrated Common Experiment at Southern Plains.

The Southern Plains (SP) is one of 18 Long-Term Agroecosystem Research network sites that combine strategic research projects with common measurements across multiple agroecosystems. Projects at the SP site focus on the use of indicator measurements to aid in assessment of land and nutrient management's impact on soil health, water quality, carbon and water balances, and forage biomass-quality in diversified, adaptive crop-livestock systems designed to overcome shifts in natural resources and climate. The prevailing treatment is tilled winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is grazed, hayed, harvested for grain, or grazed and harvested for grain. The alternative treatment is year-round annual cover crop forage mixes for cattle (Bos taurus) production planted in fall and spring under conservation tillage management. The area is subject to variable weather and climatic shifts that reduce the potential to diversify forage crops and limit grazing in southern tall grass prairies and small grain systems. Incorporation of fertilized, rain-fed, annual cool and warm season mixtures of cover crops could fill forage gaps. The presence of year-round ground cover reduces sediment and nutrient loading to surface waters while enhancing soil health and water holding capacity. Tools to aid agricultural producers and land and water resource managers have been developed and implemented to determine how climate, topography, and varying conservation management practices alter hydrological structures, greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, and soil resources.

PhD-DNP Collaboration: An Integrative Review of Scholarly Partnerships in Nursing.

Nurses holding terminal degrees, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Doctor of Nursing Science (DNS), and Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), fulfill different roles in nursing. The continued growth of nursing science and practice is dependent on alliances between these nurses that produce state-of-the-art knowledge and support the translation of evidence to practice. This integrative review described characteristics of scholarly collaborations between nurses holding a research-focused degree, the PhD, and those holding a practice-focused degree, the DNP. Five major nursing, medicine, and education databases were searched for peer-reviewed, original articles addressing or describing the characteristics of PhD-DNP scholarly collaborations, published through March 2023. In total, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria, and an integrative synthesis was conducted using constant comparison and thematic analysis. Findings included one overarching theme, Role Clarification, as well as four subthemes that emerged across the sample, describing key characteristics of collaborative PhD-DNP scholarship: (1) Mutual understanding and appreciation of strengths; (2) Strategic project planning and team building; (3) Clear organizational/administrative directives and guidance; and (4) Shared goals for the nursing profession. Articles describing the collaboration between nurses holding doctoral degrees are limited and provide primarily lower-level research evidence and evidence-based practice outcomes. Despite efforts to foster scholarly collaborations among nurses holding terminal degrees, more research is needed to clarify individual roles, offer tangible strategies for collaboration, and measure outcomes of collaboration benefitting healthcare systems, patient outcomes, and the nursing profession. This integrative review involved only the review of the extant literature.

Editorial: Lifecycles, processes, and practices in strategic projects and programs

Editorial: Lifecycles, processes, and practices in strategic projects and programs

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF LAND ACQUISITION IN NATIONAL STRATEGIC PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY OF TOBA CASE NO. 5/PID SUS-TPK/2023/PN MDN

This study investigates the legal considerations in a corruption case surrounding land transactions in Desa Parparean, Kecamatan Porsea, Kabupaten Toba. The defendants, Daulat Napitupulu and Lumongga Marsaulina Aruan, held land leased to PT. Dok Bahari Nusantara for ship construction. The Ministry of Transportation later selected this land for a shipyard project to enhance tourism in the Lake Toba region. Allegations of corruption emerged during the land certification and compensation processes, prompting legal proceedings. This research applies a normative juridical approach, analyzing judicial decision-making in Case No. 5/Pid.Sus-TPK/2023/PN Mdn, focusing on whether the defendants misused their authority in certifying and compensating for the land. The findings reveal complex historical and cultural dynamics, particularly around the ancestral and communal (ulayat) land rights of indigenous communities in Lake Toba. The court’s evaluation extended to regulatory inconsistencies, highlighting the need to balance environmental protection with national development interests. Although no procedural or legal violations were found in this case, the decision underscores the importance of clear legal processes in protected areas. It also validates the defendants' land ownership certificate and the compensation determined through lawful and independent appraisal. This case emphasizes the critical role of transparent judicial procedures and the protection of indigenous land rights within national strategic projects.

Exploring Greenium and the Determinants of Green Bond Performance in Asia

This study examines the presence and determinants of the ‘greenium’ in Asian green bonds. The dataset includes green bonds issued by governments and corporations in Asian countries from 2016 to 2022. To analyse the determinants of the greenium, we applied a coarsened exact matching (CEM) model, an advanced form of the matching method. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was employed to assess the factors influencing the greenium. Our findings indicate that a greenium exists in green bonds issued in Asia, with significant effects observed in China, Korea, and Japan. Key drivers of the greenium include coupon rates, issuer type, oil prices, and the federal funds rate. This study contributes practical insights by highlighting that a greenium can be achieved through strategic project selection, transparent communication, and strong environmental commitment. Additionally, investors should account for coupon rates, issuer sector, and macroeconomic factors such as oil prices and the federal funds rate when investing in green bonds.

The Role of Digital Transformation in the Development of Forensic Science

Digital transformation plays a significant role in the implementation of forensic activities due to significant current expansion of the body of evidence based on study of combined computer information received in the course of legal proceedings. The key areas of forensic activity digital transformation are considered. It is shown that the sizes of special knowledge must obligatory cover a competent understanding of modern information technologies, their functionality and development dynamics as well as their effective use feasibility in forensic activities. The combination of systematic and integrated approaches representing various aspects of expert examination makes it possible to fully implement the principles of its objectivity, comprehensiveness and completeness as key principles of forensic activities. The need in setting up and implementation of strategic projects on improving forensic activities in the context of digital transformation determines the evolvement of digital transformation doctrine of forensic science as one of the theories of forensic expertology.

Unlocking public infrastructures? State aid and the common European data space

EU state aid rules are part of the EU’s competition policy, a form of soft law developed to nudge states away from public investments in many areas. Rules were used to impose that market competition holds a privileged position, and that enacting social, political, or economic benefits that might stifle competition requires a complicated legal and political negotiation process between the European Commission, Member States, and private companies. Nonetheless, many strategic projects or situations in recent years led to significant state aid. The Commission utilised a variety of means to encourage both private and public investments in EU based digital infrastructure that is critical for public media services and for unified European data space. Despite EU’s balancing act between the private and public interests, business interests are dangerously capturing the development in the media data space. To grasp the social and economic contribution of publicly financed productive activities, we approach public broadcasting systems as producers of public wealth of a peculiar kind whose activities and goals are defined by their public purpose, rather than the imperatives of capital and profitmaking. Unifying data spaces with too many design decisions conceded to capitalist production runs the risk of further neglecting social foundations of member states. We argue that the desired digital transformation would be more successful if it moved towards affirmative approaches to public services and public infrastructures, recognising the historical and contemporary contribution of the production of public wealth and public media in member states.

Importance of Eco-Entrepreneurship as a Tool for Climate Action and LowCarbon Transition in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria

Climate change poses socio-economic, legal and environmental vulnerabilities such as land degradation, biodiversity loss, loss of property and livelihood, increase poverty rate and a threat to public health. These impacts are said to only intensify with projected increase in population and global economic growth. Hence, global consensus advocate for decarbonisation and low carbon transition in all economic sectors as an effective mitigation strategy for climate change. In an attempt to lower carbon emissions, leading cooperation’s and organizations have focused on mitigation projects that regulate activities of cooperate actors and big CO2 emitters such as the oil and gas conglomerates. However, the United Nation Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) promotes a transformative bottom-up approach to address climate change via localism and citizen participation to educate and train eco-entrepreneurs or ecopreneurs who participate and engage in strategic entrepreneurship projects designed to actively decarbonize economies. These ecopreneurs generate home-grown sustainabilityfocused small and medium scale eco-enterprises (SMEEs), also called energy citizens, ecological citizens, energy communities and co-operatives that can develop sustainable business model innovations, nature-based services and solutions, sustainable business management strategies, technologies and green jobs needed to drive the low carbon transition in key CO2 -emitting economic sectors such as the energy, agriculture, transportation, waste management, food, tourism, building and architecture and fashion industries. This article examines the characteristics, nature and benefits of eco-entrepreneurship as a tool for advancing climate action and low carbon energy transition. Using Nigeria as a case study, a profile of the barriers slowing the growth of eco-entrepreneurship is identified within the PESTEL framework. Furthermore, drawing examples from the U.K. governance landscape and portfolio, recommendations on a transformative yet contextual strategy captured in the five transformative features (diversity, connectivity, polycentricity, redundancy and directionality) are made to interrogate and overcome entrepreneurial ecosystem barriers towards successfully supporting the rapid growth of eco-entrepreneurship.

Road through a broken place: the BRI in post-coup Myanmar

In the wake of the 2021 coup, Myanmar experienced a renewed civil war that has fragmented the country along a myriad of old and new conflict lines. Despite the high-intensity violence across many regions of the country, China is still pursuing an ambitious connectivity project under its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): The China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) is meant to connect Myanmar to the Chinese market and boost Myanmar’s industrial development. However, the challenging post-coup environment has required significant changes in China’s approach to local infrastructure development and empowered a new set of subnational actors on both sides of the border. This article analyzes how CMEC has fared since the coup, and how the fragmentation of Myanmar has gone hand in hand with that of Chinese agency in the country. Contrary to prevailing descriptions of the BRI as a coherent, strategic, and top-down project, we argue that the case of Myanmar exposes the degree to which it is shaped by local interests and circumstances, and the limits of centralized BRI implementation. Finally, it is likely that adjustments in Chinese policy triggered by the situation in Myanmar will have more long-term consequences for the future of the BRI, specifically a more direct involvement in local security efforts and greater engagement with local authorities beyond the central government.

Implementing the Circular Economy in the European Union and Spain: Links to the Low-Carbon Transition

This paper reviews and analyzes the process of the implementation of the circular economy in the European Union (EU) and Spain, and its links to the low-carbon transition. The EU implementation of the circular economy went through several stages. Since the adoption of the first action plan in 1993, the links between the circular economy and carbon transition goals have become intertwined. Recently, the EU approved the framework of new monitoring measures and indicators for the circular economy. The adopted actions have involved the adaptation of European legislation at the national level. Spain has participated in this process since 2017, when the Circular Economy Pact was signed. The subsequent approval of the Spanish Strategy for a Circular Economy in 2020 was developed, considering a close relationship between decarbonization and the circular economy. Lately, the circular economy implementation has been strengthened with the strategic project for economic recovery and transformation, linked to the recovery of COVID-19, and the roadmap for the sustainable management of mineral raw materials, with both documents including actions directly related to transforming the energy system. Data show that Spain has made significant improvements in the circular economy transition. However, Spain’s vulnerability to externalities is greater than that of the EU as a whole.

Kepastian Hukum Hak Pengelolaan Atas Tanah Badan Pengusahaan Batam terhadap Pendayagunaan Pulau Rempang

The Basic Agrarian Law is a legal reform in the agrarian sector. In the utilization of islands, especially the management of small islands, permission must be obtained. Management Rights are partially delegated to government agencies including Local Governments, State-Owned Enterprises, Regional-Owned Enterprises, PT.Persero, Authority Bodies and other legal entities to be used according to their respective duties. The existence of Land Management Rights (HPL) does not guarantee an island to be utilized by interested parties, including the utilization of Rempang Island which will be used as a National Strategic Project (PSN). The existence of regulations governing special provisions in the management of small islands must also be considered and examined so that some parties do not feel disadvantaged. This research will answer the questions of (1) How is the legal certainty of the Batam Concession Agency's Land Management Rights in the utilization of Rempang Island, (2) How is the Batam Concession Agency's problem in the management and utilization program of Remapang Island. This research uses normative juridical research by reviewing the applicable laws and regulations and using secondary data as the main data.

From Tiny Cues to Business Transformation: Serendipity and Strategic Project Initiations in a Small Family Business

Insights on strategic project processes are needed in a contemporary society characterized by many disruptions and major transformations. In this paper, we supplement existing theoretical framings on the process of strategic project initiation by exploring the relationship between serendipity, i.e., surprising and valuable discoveries, and strategic project initiations. With a qualitative longitudinal embedded multi-case study approach, we study a family business entrepreneur who successfully transforms her small family business via strategic projects initiated by serendipity triggers. Our research provides four contributions related to the nature of the relationship between serendipity and strategic project initiation: (1) the causality between the two phenomena can go in both directions; (2) strategic project initiation can relate to Archimedean, Columbian, or Galilean serendipity; (3) a time lag between the serendipity trigger and the strategic project initiation may exist; and (4) business stakeholders and family stakeholders may be involved in serendipity triggers and strategic project initiations through different logics.

24-hour movement behaviours and cardiometabolic markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a compositional data analysis.

Are 24-h movement composition and time reallocations between the movement behaviours (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep) differentially associated with cardiometabolic markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) relative to women without PCOS? There was no difference in 24-h movement composition between the groups, although among women without PCOS, reducing SB time while increasing either MVPA or LPA time was associated with beneficial differences in cardiometabolic markers, whereas in women with PCOS beneficial differences were observed only when SB time was replaced with MVPA. Women with PCOS display lower levels of physical activity, higher sedentary time, and less total sleep than women without the syndrome. Exercise interventions among women with PCOS have shown improvements in body composition and insulin sensitivity, while the findings regarding blood pressure, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles are contradictory. This study was part of a prospective, general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) (n = 5889 women). At the 31-year and 46-year follow-up, data collection was performed through postal and clinical examinations, including fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements. Accelerometer data collection of 14 days (n = 2602 women) and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (n = 2780 women) were performed at the 46-year follow-up. Participants were identified as women with or without PCOS at age 31 (n = 1883), and the final study population included those who provided valid accelerometer data at age 46 (n = 857). Women with PCOS (n = 192) were identified based on the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline, while those who exhibited no PCOS features were considered women without PCOS (controls; n = 665). Accelerometer-measured MVPA, LPA, and SB were combined with self-reported sleep to obtain 24-h compositions. Multivariable regression analysis based on compositional data analysis and isotemporal reallocations were performed to investigate the associations between 24-h movement composition and cardiometabolic markers. Isotemporal reallocations were expressed as differences (%Δ) from the sample's mean. There was no difference in overall 24-h movement composition between women with PCOS and controls in midlife. The 24-h movement composition was associated with waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting serum insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in both controls and women with PCOS. Reallocating 15 min from SB to MVPA was associated with favourable differences in cardiometabolic markers in both controls (%Δ range from -1.7 to -4.9) and women with PCOS (%Δ range from -1.9 to -8.6). Reallocating 15 min from SB to LPA was also associated with favourable differences in cardiometabolic markers among controls (%Δ range from -0.5 to -1.6) but not among women with PCOS. The substitution technique used in this study is theoretical, which can be considered as a limitation. Other limitations of this study are the use of self-reported sleeping time and the difference in the group sample sizes. These findings suggest that women with PCOS should be targeted with interventions involving physical activity of at least moderate intensity to improve their cardiometabolic health and underline the importance of developing tailored activity guidelines for women with PCOS. This study was funded by the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Novo Nordisk (NNF21OC0070372), Research Council of Finland (315921/2018, 321763/2019, 6GESS 336449), Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (OKM/54/626/2019, OKM/85/626/2019, OKM/1096/626/2020, OKM/20/626/2022, OKM/76/626/2022, and OKM/68/626/2023), and Roche Diagnostics International Ltd. L.J.M. is supported by a Veski Fellowship. M.Nu. has received funding from Fibrobesity-project, a strategic profiling project at the University of Oulu, which is supported by Research Council of Finland (Profi6 336449). NFBC1966 follow-ups received financial support from University of Oulu (Grant no. 65354, 24000692), Oulu University Hospital (Grant no. 2/97, 8/97, 24301140), Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (Grant no. 23/251/97, 160/97, 190/97), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki (Grant no. 54121), Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland (Grant no. 50621, 54231), and ERDF European Regional Development Fund (Grant no. 539/2010 A31592). T.T.P. declares consulting fees from Gedeon Richter, Organon, Astellas, Roche; speaker's fees from Gedeon Richter, Exeltis, Roche, Stragen, Merck, Organon; and travel support from Gedeon Richter. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest. N/A.

Struggling with strategizing in public client organisations: Managing strategic projects in inter-organisational contexts

The efficiency of using strategic projects to accelerate long-term change is questioned, especially in inter-organisational contexts. Strategic projects operationalised in inter-organisational contexts are decoupled from the parent – permanent – organisation, creating a need for project actors to manage in-between. The aim of this paper is to increase the understanding of practices for managing strategic projects in inter-organisational contexts, initiated by public client organisations. Applying a practice perspective, this paper presents a case study exploring a strategic project to test collaborative contracting in road maintenance contracts for a public infrastructure client in Sweden. The findings revealed a lack of structure regarding both participation and responsibilities, as well as uncertainties and ambiguities with respect to the goal of the strategic change. The study shows how strategic practices move from central units at the permanent organisational level to the contract level where the strategic project is operationalised and tested, isolating the project and making project actors act as middle managers in-between the project and parent organisation. Thus, the study contributes with a discussion on the efficiency of strategizing through projects in public organisations, especially those operating in a network of suppliers through outsourcing.

Experiences and Initiatives on Pharmacokinetics Modeling and Simulation Data analyses: Perspectives from the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA).

The landscape of drug product development and regulatory sciences is evolving, driven by the increasing application of systems thinking and modeling and simulation (M&S) techniques, especially from a biopharmaceutics perspective. Patient-centric quality standards can be achieved within this context through the application of quality by design (QbD) principles and M&S, specifically by defining clinically relevant dissolution specifications (CRDS). To this end, it is essential to bridge in vitro results to drug product in vivo performance, emphasizing the need to explore the translational capacity of biopharmaceutics tools. Physiologically based M&S analyses offer a unique avenue for integrating the drug, drug product, and biological properties of a target organism to study their interactions on the pharmacokinetic response. Accordingly, Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) has seen increasing use to support drug development and regulatory applications globally. In Brazil, a Model-Informed Drug Development (MIDD) policy and strategic project are not yet established, limiting applicability of M&S techniques. Drawing from the experience of the ANVISA-Academia PBBM Working Group (WG), this article assesses the opportunities and challenges for pharmacometrics (PMx) in Brazil and proposes strategies to advance the adoption of M&S analyses into regulatory decision-making.

A de-risking toolkit for legal practitioners: the core critical and strategic minerals compendium

Over the course of the past decade, critical and strategic minerals lists have soared in popularity globally. Though nomenclature may range from critical minerals to critical raw materials, the core understanding is generally one informed by critical functionality – often linked to the energy or digital transition or to military purposes – and economic scarcity, which renders it vulnerable to supply chain disruptions. This paper develops a compendium of core critical and strategic minerals with global importance by comparing the critical and strategic minerals lists of ten jurisdictions (Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and collating a single list on the basis of clear majority representation. Because most mining law practitioners are not trained geologists, the paper then unpacks information that will be valuable to practitioners who encounter a given critical mineral in their practice: Where is it listed as a critical and strategic mineral? Geopolitically speaking, what does the world's security of supply look like? What are its main uses and why is it critical? How is it mined and refined, and are there any particular associated risks? What are the social and environmental impacts that are specifically associated with this mineral (as opposed to impacts broadly associated with all mining)? How easily substitutable is this commodity (given that that constitutes an economic risk to the mine)? Finally, what is the position regarding recyclability? Critical and strategic minerals vary in important ways from one another. The careful practitioner will want to derisk critical and strategic mineral projects in a targeted manner, mindful of the characteristics of the commodity at hand. Thus a rare earths project raises different considerations than a lithium one. Bespoke contracts require insight into the characteristics of critical and strategic minerals, as outlined in the Core Critical and Strategic Minerals Compendium.

CHINESE STRATEGY "ONE BELT, ONE ROAD": THE ROLE OF PORTS IN ESTABLISHING GLOBAL LEADERSHIP

The “One Belt, One Road” initiative, which is considered the largest world project of the 21st century, is designed by its author to review the current system of international relations of China, make changes to its rules and conditions, and reorganize the world. is called upon to shape relations between major countries in a new way, to create a strategic project “Community with the destiny of humanity.” In the Chinese context, it is the “greatest common good and broadest platform of cooperation” that China offers to the global community. Therefore, the Chinese side is interested in maximizing the number of participants in the project aimed at “cooperation and joint victory”, and in ensuring that specific projects in it receive maximum support from the international community, especially from the international community. Coastal countries of the Belt and Road. For this reason, they spend time on various measures aimed at facilitating the implementation of the strategy. Willingness to address any of the potential mechanisms. The article shows, using specific examples, that the PRC, as one of the mobile instruments of these mechanisms, is mastering the construction of harbors and ports in the world, participates in their management, buys up their shares and directly buys them.

“Discovery Towards Strategy”—Co-Creating an Institutional Innovation Strategy for Digital and Medical Education

Through the pivot to emergency remote teaching during the pandemic, most universities have managed to become ‘digital’, at least in the delivery of educational programmes and business operations. And yet, the purposeful design and use of technology for education is far from the reality of such a pivot and remains difficult to achieve. While most universities outline some level of digital transformation as part of their innovation narrative and strategies, there is only a limited number of universities that adopt the culture of co-creation. This paper illustrates a bottom-up approach to the co-creation of a new digital and medical education strategy in a London-based Russell Group university to bring on change that is fit for purpose. The findings include the key insights, specifically, the five key values of what the community believed to be crucial—(i) broadening access to education, (ii) flexibility, efficiency and convenience, (iii) authentic learning, (iv) business proposition, and (v) pastoral care; and the eight areas of opportunities and challenges—(i) human relationships, (ii) co-creation, (iii) digital engagement, (iv) digital pedagogy, (v) digital literacy, (vi) edtech and IT infrastructure, (vii) support, and (viii) digital assessment and feedback. This paper also outlines the strategic project plans that were generated and since implemented as a result of the co-creation process. The limitations and future directions of this study are also noted.

The Impact of Project Activities on the International Business Development

The impact of project activities on the international business development is an urgent issue in view of the increasing global expansion and intensifying competition between companies. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of project activities on the international business development. The research methodology is based on the analysis of modern trends in the development of international business using econometric modelling, statistical analysis, and extrapolation. The impact of project activities on business expansion was determined and the use of Agile and PMBOK methodologies was assessed. The obtained results show the experience of international companies in the use of project methodologies, which increased by 20% in 2023 compared to 2022. The study found that project activities have a significant impact on the international business development thanks to the support of bank lending. The results show that the effective use of project methodology optimize production processes and reduce costs in international business. The available results emphasize the importance of strategic project management for the successful development of enterprises on the international market using the example of Azerbaijan. The research findings indicate the effective practice of applying innovative technologies in project activities with the help of Agile for international business development. A comparative analysis of management approaches objectively determines the advantages, which include the promptness of decision-making, ensuring organizational efficiency. Further research into project management methods in international business will contribute to the improvement of management practices and the development of strategies that meet the modern globalization challenges.

Assessing Government Responsibility in Land Acquisition for National Strategic Projects

This study analyses the Government's responsibilities in implementing land acquisition in National Strategic Projects. This is qualitative research using a statutory approach, case and conceptual approaches. The primary legal materials resulted from relevant laws and legislation. The legal material collected is analysed prescriptively. The results showed that national strategic projects' land acquisition planning arrangements must be accommodated adequately and comprehensively. There are no land acquisition planning arrangements that accommodate justice, which has encouraged the creation of land acquisition conflicts. Research findings show that the Government's responsibility in acquiring land for National Strategic Projects is weak, and regulatory arrangements are unclear. Government responsibility still needs to be stronger and have strict legal regulations. Legal certainty for economic interests in National Strategic Projects is more dominant. At the same time, the Government has ignored the interests of law and justice for the affected communities.