Strategic Countermeasures Research Articles

Impact of AIS Manipulation on Shipping Safety and Strategic Countermeasures

Impact of AIS Manipulation on Shipping Safety and Strategic Countermeasures

Nationwide evaluation of changes in fluvial and pluvial flood damage and the effectiveness of adaptation measures in Japan under population decline

To implement strategic countermeasures against flood damage, assessing flood damage and its countermeasures is necessary. However, in Japan, there is a lack of scientific knowledge on how to implement strategic measures considering climate and demographic changes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of climate and demographic changes on fluvial and pluvial flood damage and the effectiveness of adaptation measures across Japan. The main novelty of our methodology is the incorporation of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6-based climate scenario data and the Japanese version of shared socioeconomic pathways into damage cost calculations based on inundation analysis to consider both climate and demographic changes. Our results showed that although fluvial and pluvial flood damage could increase in almost all prefectures due to climate change, damage could decrease in approximately 70 % or more of prefectures by the end of the 21st century after considering demographic changes. In contrast, flood countermeasures are necessary, as the per capita fluvial and pluvial flood damage costs are estimated to increase. Furthermore, our assessment of adaptation measures suggested that demographic change causes a reduction in the effectiveness of adaptation measures. Therefore, we emphasise the need to consider not only climate change but also demographic change in adaptation planning.

Exploring Attribute Associations in Pedestrian-Involved Hit-and-Run Crashes through Cluster Correspondence Analysis

Pedestrian-involved hit-and-run (PIHR) crashes represent a significant public health concern, and identifying patterns in these crashes can aid in developing effective countermeasures. Cluster correspondence analysis (CCA) is a multidimensional statistical technique that combines dimension reduction and clustering to identify patterns in categorical data. This method provides insights into underlying patterns and relationships among categories. The current study analyzed a Louisiana crash dataset of 2,201 PIHR crashes from 2015 to 2019 using CCA to identify underlying patterns. CCA identified six clusters, examined the top associative attributes, and assessed their cluster-to-dataset percentage ratio. The first two clusters, representing 66% of PIHR crashes, mainly involved crashes on city streets, occurring primarily during early night (7 to 11 p.m.) in Cluster 1 and the afternoon (12 noon to 4 p.m.) in Cluster 2. Clusters 3 and 4, accounting for 30% of PIHR crashes, predominantly exhibited crashes on U.S. and state highways. Cluster 4, which featured fatalities, primarily concentrated on state highways during the early morning hours (4 to 6 a.m.). Meanwhile, Clusters 5 and 6 focused on high-speed highways, specifically interstates involving pedestrian fatalities. A discussion on implementing strategic countermeasures tailored to the distinct characteristics of each cluster is presented. Alongside improvements in context-based countermeasures to ease pedestrian movement and enhance their visibility, strategies such as advocating for stringent hit-and-run laws, incentivizing the use of dashcams, and broadly publicizing resources for crash reporting are projected to be highly effective in curbing PIHR crashes.

Study of the Impact of the Big Data Era on Accounting and Auditing

In the wake of rapid advancements in science and technology, big data has emerged as a pivotal facet of contemporary society, revolutionizing the way we collect, analyze, and utilize information. Its integration into accounting and auditing practices has witnessed a steady and expansive trajectory, fundamentally reshaping traditional approaches to financial analysis, risk assessment, and compliance monitoring. This paper aims to delve into the profound influence of the big data era on the realms of accounting and auditing, meticulously dissecting the challenges and opportunities that accompany this evolution. As organizations grapple with unprecedented volumes of data generated from diverse sources such as social media, IoT devices, and transactional records, the traditional methods of financial reporting and auditing are being challenged. The sheer volume, velocity, and variety of data require innovative approaches to extract meaningful insights while ensuring data integrity and reliability. Moreover, the emergence of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms offers promising avenues for automating routine tasks, enhancing analytical capabilities, and detecting anomalies with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the proliferation of big data also presents formidable challenges, ranging from data privacy and security concerns to the complexities of data integration and interoperability. Accounting and auditing professionals must navigate this complex landscape while upholding ethical standards, regulatory compliance, and professional skepticism. Moreover, the rapid pace of technological change necessitates continuous learning and adaptation to stay abreast of emerging trends and best practices. In light of these challenges and opportunities, this paper endeavors to proffer strategic countermeasures tailored to navigate this transformative landscape effectively. From leveraging advanced analytics tools and cloud computing platforms to investing in cybersecurity measures and talent development initiatives, organizations can enhance their capacity to harness the potential of big data while mitigating associated risks. Moreover, collaboration between stakeholders, including regulators, industry associations, and academia, is essential to foster innovation, knowledge sharing, and industry-wide standards. By embracing the opportunities afforded by the big data era while addressing its inherent challenges, accounting and auditing professionals can position themselves as trusted advisors, equipped to provide actionable insights and strategic guidance in an increasingly data-driven world. Through continuous collaboration, innovation, and adaptation, the profession can seize the transformative potential of big data to drive sustainable growth, enhance transparency, and uphold the integrity of financial markets.

Towards safer streets: A framework for unveiling pedestrians’ perceived road safety using street view imagery

Road safety has become a global concern but its impact in low- and middle-income countries is widespread mainly due to lack of appropriate crash database system and under-reporting. In this context, the primary objective of this paper is to provide a scalable framework for unveiling pedestrians’ perceived road safety that can also be applied in regions where accessible crash data are limited or near-crashes are left unreported. In the first step of our methodology, a deep learning architecture-based semantic segmentation model (HRNet+OCR) is trained using labeled Google Street View (GSV) images from specific study areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh, which facilitates the identification of both man-made components (such as roads, sidewalks, buildings, and vehicles) and natural elements (including trees and sky). The developed model showed excellent performance in identifying different features in an image by achieving high precision (0.95), recall (0.97), F1-score (0.96), and intersection over union (IoU) (91.86). Secondly, a group of trained raters scored the perceived road safety on an ordinal scale from 0 to 10 (extremely unsafe to extremely safe to walk in terms of road crashes) by assessing the GSV images. Then, several regression models have been used on features extracted from GSV images, and socio-demographic factors (i.e., population density, and relative wealth index) to estimate the perceived road safety, and random forest regression model was found to perform the best. Further, Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), a model-agnostic technique has been used for examining feature importance by computing the contribution of each feature to the random forest regression model output. The results show that sidewalk, road, population density, wall, and relative wealth index have higher impact on determining the perceived road safety rating. Additionally, the results of t-tests between the average perceived road safety scores for crash-prone and non crash-prone areas revealed the existence of significant differences. This study also provides perceived road safety rating map on a neighborhood scale, which can be a useful visualization tool for policy-makers and practitioners to identify the road safety deficiencies at specific locations, and formulate appropriate and strategic countermeasures to improve pedestrians’ road safety.

Pakistan's War on Drugs: Examining the Integral Contributions of Police and Prosecution in Narcotics Trials

This research aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of police and prosecutors' roles in enforcing narcotics crime laws in Pakistan. The study focuses on examining police and prosecutors' demands and delves into the obstacles they encounter, presenting viable solutions. Obstacles encountered include the non-attendance of police witnesses, a majority of whom are occupied with their superiors, leading to prolonged prosecution processes. The modus operandi in narcotics convictions is noted for its effectiveness, underscoring the need for strategic countermeasures. To address these challenges, prosecutors engage in knowledge-sharing meetings among law enforcers and related agencies, fostering unity in perceptions regarding narcotics crime cases. Additionally, management improvements are implemented to minimize opportunities for narcotics crime occurrence. The study emphasizes the critical role of police and prosecution practices in mitigating the root causes of narcotics crime, showcasing a holistic approach to law enforcement in the context of Pakistan.

Geological environment in the South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS), situated in southern China, at the junction of the Pacific Plate, the Eurasian Plate, and the Indian Ocean Plate, is a northeast-southwest trending semi-enclosed sea. It spans an area of approximately 3.5 million square kilometers and has an average water depth of about 1 200 m, its deepest point reaching 5 559 m. In 2021, a scientific expedition (called as U1 voyage) in the South China Sea was organized by the Innovation Research Team of Guangdong Special Key Program from March to April, this marks the first comprehensive scientific research voyage to the southern U-boundary corridor. Consisting of a total of 30 papers, this special issue is to share a portion of the research findings from this scientific expedition U1 voyage, covering six aspects: 1) characteristics of the marine ecosystem in the SCS and its response to marine dynamic processes; 2) multi-scale marine dynamic processes, sea-air interactions, and forecasting techniques in the SCS; 3) geomorphology and geological structure; 4) sedimentary processes and resource potential in the SCS; 5) geostrategy, rights and interests maintenance and strategic countermeasures in the SCS; 6) marine scientific instruments. By integrating the scientific research with the study of history, jurisprudence and international strategies, this issue presents new insights into the formation history and scope evolution of the SCS, and it also seeks to establish a new scientific framework based on the marine governance and development of the SCS.

China’s Military in the Indo-Pacific Region: Security Implications for India and its Strategic Partners

This article studies China’s Coercive Military Clandestine in the Indo-Pacific Region, which is China’s covert and overt actions in terms of its strategies and offensive- Missile and Naval capabilities against India’s mainland and maritime space. Besides, how the fortifying Island chain strategy of China from South China Sea to Western Indian Ocean region, will be a covert strategic locations to leverage its power projection against India were studied. In addition expansion of its overseas military expedition and coercive offensive capabilities in the indopacific region were analysed. Further the defensive capability of India and the United States deployments in South Korea to countermeasure China’s raising missile threats were studied. Finally this study proposes the security implications along with policy prescriptions as inputs for India and its strategic partners: To strengthen India’s strategic countermeasures for strategic autonomy on par with China’s aggressive posture, this study identifies the choke points for strategic locations of China in the Indo-Pacific region. Further military coalitions in the western Indian Ocean region to countermeasures China’s strategy, and combined missile defense program to deter China’s long range ballistic missile threats for regional stability and geostrategic countermeasures were suggested.

Strategies for Restoring and Managing Ecological Corridors of Freshwater Ecosystem

Along with accelerating urbanization and associated anthropogenic disturbance, the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems worldwide are substantially damaged. To improve ecosystem health, and thus enhance the ecosystem security of the urban ecosystem, numbers of management approaches and engineering projects have been applied to mitigate the degradation of freshwaters. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic research on the ecological corridor restoration of freshwater ecosystems; especially for Suzhou Grand Canal, one section of the world's longest and ancient Grand Canal which is inclined to severe ecosystem degradation. Through investigating the adjacent land use characteristics, habitat quality, vegetation cover, instream water quality, and habitat composition, we aimed to: (i) assess the water quality of the Suzhou Grand Canal; (ii) evaluate the ecological characteristics of the canal ecosystem; (iii) develop strategic countermeasures to restore the ecological corridors for the mitigation of ecological problems. The results demonstrated: a large built area, a smaller ecological zone, a low habitat quality and habitat connectivity, and a high degree of habitat fragmentation within the canal corridor, also a simplified instream habitat composition, and greater nutrient and COD concentrations in the surface water-especially in the upstream and midstream canal. All urbanization-induced multiple stressors, such as land use changes, altered hydrology, and the simplified riparian zone et al., contributed synergistically to the degradation of the canal ecosystem. To alleviate the ecosystem deterioration, three aspects of recommendations were proposed: water pollution control, watershed ecosystem restoration, and ecological network construction. Basically, building a comprehensive watershed ecological network-on the basis of associated ecosystem restoration, and the connection of multi-dimensional ecological corridors-would dramatically increase the maintenance of aquatic-terrestrial system biodiversity, and improve the regional ecological security pattern and watershed resilience toward stochastic future disturbances. This study contributes to the understanding of the ecological challenges and related causes of the canal ecosystem. The integrated strategy introduced in this study provides policymakers, water resource managers, and planners with comprehensive guidelines to restore and manage the ecological corridor of the canal ecosystem. This can be used as a reference in freshwater ecosystems elsewhere, to improve ecosystem stability for supporting the sustainable development of urban ecosystems.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC DAMAGE FROM THE FULL-SCALE MILITARY INVASION OF russia IN UKRAINE

. The impact of wars on the environment is always adverse, regardless of whether it is caused by direct military action or strategic countermeasures. The overall environmental damage caused by a particular war is the result of many factors and is often multidimensional, as water bodies, forests, air, soils, and all living organisms are affected.
 During the five months of the war, our country suffered enormous environmental damage. It will take decades to restore Ukrainian nature. Today, active hostilities are taking place in the south of Ukraine in nature conservation steppes with unique ecosystems, which will take at least 50 years to restore. Among the objects of the nature reserve fund of the Mykolaiv Oblast that suffered due to the war, there are sections of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, the Regional Landscape Park "Kinburnska Kosa" and the National Nature Park "Biloberezhya Svyatoslav". Even in the first days of the war, Russian troops entered the Kinburn Peninsula, after which fires broke out that threatened the existence of rare species of flora and fauna. In addition, large populations of animals and plants were so exterminated by numerous explosions throughout the territory of Ukraine that we may now lose them forever and irrevocably.
 Today, 2.5 million hectares of Europe's nature conservation network are under threat of destruction due to the actions of the russian federation. These are 160 objects of the Emerald Network - territories of existence of species and habitats protected at the pan-European level. And there are 17 Ramsar sites with an area of ​​627.3 thousand hectares - wetlands of international importance.

Technique Selection of Corporation by considering the Environmental Restraints

Abstract: Demands of Individuals and the government for corporation environmental conservation are so stern. Corporation encounters a danger of environmental conservation. Environmental restraints contain important elements that should be regarded in corporation strategic control planning. This study explains the connection between environmental rule and corporation competitiveness and presents the elements that impact corporation environmental technique selection. It investigates the impact on the corporation. The competitiveness that corporation assumes various environmental control techniques and suggests various corporation strategic selection countermeasures by environmental restraints.

Bottleneck and development path of water resources protection and utilization in Henan Province in the new era

Objective：to promote the sustainable and efficient utilization of water resources in Henan Province, accelerate the optimization of the water resources management system, innovate the government administrative management mode, and provide new strategic countermeasures and path choices for the industrial upgrading and transformation in water resources related fields and the high-quality development of regional economy in Henan Province. Methods: by combing the current situation and existing problems of water resources utilization in Henan Province, this study focuses on analyzing the strategic opportunities faced by the field of water resources in Henan Province and expounds on the innovation and application of cutting-edge key technologies for water resources protection and utilization in Henan Province. Results: while the protection and utilization of water resources in Henan Province have achieved great results, it still faces great challenges: low water-saving results, imperfect advanced technology system, unstable water pollution control results, and imperfect water resource management mechanism. Conclusion: in the future, we must coordinate the relationship between water resources development and protection, establish the idea of harmonious development, give full play to the regional advantages of Henan Province, strengthen the research and development of cutting-edge key technologies, innovate the government management mechanism, and realize the efficient and sustainable utilization of water resources.

A Study on the Trends of Carbon Border Tax and its Compatibility with WTO Rules

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a design alternative to ensure that Carbon Border Tax conforms to WTO-related regulations, and to present Korea’s strategic countermeasures in this regard. Design/Methodology/Approach – The rationale for the implementation of the Carbon Border Tax was explained in terms of economic theory and environmental policy, and trends in international discussions in major countries were examined. Findings – The legal basis on which Carbon Border Tax can be permitted by WTO agreements results in exceptions to Article 20 of the GATT, and it must be designed in an according direction Articles 20 (b) and (g) of the GATT Article 20 exceptions. Research Implications – Carbon Border Tax is being introduced around the EU and the United States. Then the domestic industry will be hit in some way. Therefore, Korea should also prepare countermeasur against Carbon Border Tax introduction. As a countermeasure, first, various support measures should be prepared to help domestic companies participate in the “RE100.“ Second, in order to protect the export industry and prevent the decline in the international competitiveness of its products, the country should pursue more active energy conversion policies, such as reducing the proportion of coal power generation and increasing the proportion of renewable energy. Third, in the process of establishing international norms related to CBAM in terms of trade diplomacy, it is necessary to actively participate in bilateral or multilateral consultation processes. Fourth, we need to upgrade green information.

Fostering Trust and Commitment in Complex Project Networks through Dedicated Investment in Partnership Management

An absence of trust among partners can magnify the risk in a complex project by increasing behavioural uncertainty. Partnership trust can effectively substitute for control, reducing variability of outcomes and increasing value-adding strategic collaboration. It is introduced as strategic countermeasures against risks associated with project complexity that can only be achieved with commitment from all partners. This research conceptualises partnership trust on four dimensions and investigates the roles of dedicated investment and information sharing in partnership trust–commitment. The complexity of trust management is further highlighted in an exploration of the importance of the exchange relationship environment.

Natural gas industry in China: Development situation and prospect

China's natural gas industry has entered a rapid development stage, and its supply, sales, storage and transport systems are continuously undergoing profound structural change. It is a major issue concerning national energy security to objectively grasp the current development situation and trend of natural gas industry and make scientific predictions. In this regard, through the analysis of global natural gas resources status, trade pattern and development trend, we reviewed the development process, current situation, trend and problems in natural gas industry in China, then made prospect analysis and judgment in terms of demand and supply, etc., and finally put forward some reasonable and sustainable strategic countermeasures and proposals. The following results were obtained. (1) The comprehensive energy elasticity coefficient method was adopted to predict that the natural gas consumption volume in 2030 will be about 650 billion cubic meters. (2) Affected by many factors such as energy supply side reform, industrialization and urbanization, the growth rate of domestic natural gas consumption is much higher than that of production and the development of natural gas industry still faces a series of problems. (3) It is necessary to strengthen the exploration and development of natural gas to ensure the increase of domestic natural gas storage and production. (4) Diversified import channels should be continuously expanded to disperse the risk of excessive growth of natural gas dependence on foreign countries. (5) The construction of national and dynamic interconnection system and hub should be accelerated. (6) China should rationalize the price mechanism of natural gas, gradually open the control on industrial and seasonal consumption, and strengthen the overall sales guidance in the national market.

Strategic Path and Countermeasures for Developing Internet Plus Modern Agriculture

Strategic Path and Countermeasures for Developing Internet Plus Modern Agriculture

Development Trends and Strategic Countermeasures of China’s Emerging Energy Technology Industry Toward 2035

Technology innovation is becoming a source of power to lead the transition and development of global energy industry. The development of emerging industries in the energy field is rooted in the reality of China’s energy conditions, the major strategic needs of the country, and the demands for innovation-driven energy development. “Emerging energy technologies” herein refer to not only the renewable energy and nuclear energy technologies, but also the ground-breaking or disruptive energy development and utilization technologies, in the areas such as the exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources, the clean and efficient conversion and utilization of fossil fuels, the energy transmission, and the end use of energies. After defining the scope and orientation of the emerging energy technology industry, this paper analyzes the current status and development trends of the emerging energy technology industry in China and abroad. Key areas and technology direction of the emerging energy technology industry toward 2035 are proposed. The guideline, objectives, and key tasks for developing China’s emerging energy technology industry during the 14th Five-Year Plan period are explored in detail. The study proposes to focus on the development of 41 new energy technologies in ten areas, covering advanced coal-fired power generation, unconventional natural gas development, energy Internet and integrated energy services, nuclear energy, wind power, solar photovoltaic power generation, solar thermal power generation, biomass energy, geothermal energy, and hydrogen energy and fuel cells. Meanwhile, nine key scientific and technological projects, one major engineering project of multienergy complementary distributed energy system, and two demonstration zones for emerging energy technology integration and innovation, distributed in Hebei Xiong’an New Area and South China coastal areas, are suggested to be established. Corresponding policy implications are addressed, such as strengthening the top-level design for the development of emerging energy technologies and emerging energy industries, integrating the energy-saving industry into the emerging energy technology industry, and adjusting the “new energy industry” to “emerging energy technology industry” in the national plan of emerging industries.

Development Trend and Strategic Countermeasures of Clean Coal Technology in China Toward 2035

China’s energy structure has long been dominated by coal. To achieve clean, high-efficiency utilization of coal in the country, it’s urgent to develop clean coal technologies (CCTs). After defining the concept of CCT, this paper identifies the advanced characteristics of CCT and predicts key cutting-edge technologies for 2035. By reviewing the development of major cutting-edge technologies in China and abroad, we give the strategic goal and path of China’s CCT development and corresponding policy suggestion. China has achieved a global leading position in technology research and development, equipment manufacturing, and demonstration project of advanced power generation technologies such as 700 ℃ ultra-supercritical technology, integrated gasification combined cycle/integrated gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGCC/IGFC), and other technologies in coal deep processing industry. It has international competitiveness and advantages of research and development. However, there are still many problems in terms of independent innovation capability, scientific research mechanism and talent cultivation, and balanced development between regions and enterprises. It is necessary to plan for the long-term development of coal energy, deploy the development of modern coal chemical industry scientifically, actively deploy disruptive technology research and development and its engineering demonstration, and comprehensively improve CCT research and development and its industrial environment.

Pattern of National Financial Industry along the Belt and Road with China Strategy

“Silk Road Economic Zone” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” strategic conception is China’s response to today’s complex international geopolitical and economic situation, to combat the international economic crisis, to build a sustainable development of the new international political and economic order Major strategic conception. The implementation of the strategy of “one way” provides an important strategic opportunity for the construction of a new international financial industry in China and a new pattern. Through the analysis of the development pattern of the financial industry along the area and way, the possible future development trend and potential, proposed: to promote the financial opening up, and build our leading overseas financial organizations; implementation of cross-border financial support program, focusing on “Field and people’s livelihood projects to carry out cross-border financial assistance; take the initiative to participate in the reform of the international monetary system to speed up the international development of the RMB; conducive to cross-border financing integration of specialized and systematic financial system and other strategic countermeasures and suggestions. It is of great practical significance and decision-making reference value to play a better role in supporting the “one way” strategy and promoting the implementation of the strategy of “one way”.

Strategic analysis on the construction of new energy corridor China–Pakistan–Iran–Turkey

This paper explores the current situation of cross-border energy pipelines in China, Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the current energy corridor and the strategic energy objectives of these four countries. Then it proposes building a new energy corridor between them, which can connect with the world’s major energy-producing regions through the border pipeline. Finally, through analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats influencing the construction of this new China–Pakistan–Iran–Turkey energy corridor, the paper puts forward strategic countermeasures to deal with the difficulties and challenges of construction.