The steel tubes with geopolymer recycled concrete (GRC) infill are actively seeking environmentally friendly and low-carbon building materials as alternatives in the process of promoting sustainable development, maximizing the use of waste materials and resources, and reducing consumption of natural resources and environmental pollution. In this paper, three types of steel tube specimens with GRC infill were proposed, i.e., the geopolymer recycled concrete-filled steel tube (GRCFST), geopolymer recycled concrete-filled double skin steel tube (GRCFDST), and geopolymer recycled concrete-filled double section steel tubes (GRCFDSST). These GRC-steel tube structures were tested under axial compressive loading, and the influence of some crucial factors on bearing capacity, ductility and strain distribution of specimens was considered, such as the slag content, and the types of steel tube section and the replacement rate of recycled aggregate. The experimental results show that the steel tube can provide effective confinement for geopolymer recycled concrete and thus compensate for the adverse effect induced by recycled aggregate. The slag content has less effect on the bearing capacities of the GRCFDSST specimen compared with the GRCFST and GRCFDST specimens due to the stronger confinement effect of the former. The ductility of GRCFDSST specimens is better than the other steel tube specimens under the same parameter conditions. This study, building on existing literature, provides new insights and design recommendations for the mechanical performance of concrete-filled steel tube structures by using geopolymer recycled concrete as a filling material.