Straight Fibers Research Articles

Minimizing stress concentrations using steered fiberpaths and incorporating realistic manufacturing signatures

Robotic Automated Fiber Placement (RAFP) technology has revolutionized manufacturing large fiber reinforced composite structures. Among others, the notable advantage of RAFP is that the designer is no more restricted to the use of straight fiber paths, which means it is possible to have curvilinear fiber paths designed for optimizing structural performance. In this paper, robotic manufacturing parameters and associated constraints imposed by these parameters on the mathematical design space is explicitly identified, and these artifacts are introduced in an optimization framework. The solution to an example problem to minimize the Stress Concentration Factor (SCF) around a window cutout typical of a composite aircraft fuselage is presented. Realistic manufacturing induced deviations like gaps and overlaps during the RAFP process is explicitly accounted for in the mathematical framework, thereby producing realizable designs that can be manufactured by a RAFP machine. These unavoidable RAFP manufacturing induced effects have not been incorporated in a mathematical framework as has been presented here.

Major change in morphology of the talofibular ligaments during fetal development and growth.

Ankle sprain is often attributed to damage of theanterior and posterior talofibular ligaments (ATFL, PTFL). We compared the morphology of these ligaments in fetuses of different gestational ages (GAs) with the horizontal configuration in adults. Histological sections of unilateral ankles were examined in22 fetuses, 10 at GA of 9-12weeks and 12 at GA of 26-39weeks. At a GA of 9 to 10weeks,theATFL and PTFL consisted of horizontally running straight fibers. The initial ATFL appeared as a thickening of the capsule of the talocrural joint, although the initial PTFL was distant from this joint. Until a GA of 12weeks, the talus and fibula were separated by an expanding joint cavity. Thus, the initial horizontal ligaments were "pulled" in a distal direction. The distal parts of the ligaments consisted of thin collagenous fibers that had an irregular array, whereas the short proximal parts had thick fibers and a horizontal array. In near-term fetuses, the ligaments contained no horizontal fibers. The ATFL had a wavy course around the thick synovial fold, and was exposed to the joint cavity along the entire course; the distal part was thinner than the proximal part.The PTFLwas bulky and consisted of fibers with an irregular array. Therefore, the morphology in a near-term fetus was quite different from that in adults. The horizontal and straight composite ankle fibers in adults apparently result from postnatal reconstruction, depending on mechanical demand.

Investigation on the mechanical characteristics of multiscale mono/hybrid steel fibre-reinforced dry UHPC

Dry ultra-high performance concrete (DUHPC) is a promising building material with better mechanical and durability properties, developed on the basis of retaining the advantages of traditional dry concrete, such as fast hardening speed, high early age strength and rapid demoulding. In the current study, the impacts of multiscale mono and hybrid steel fibre reinforcements on the static mechanical behaviour of DUHPC were further studied based on the benchmark mix ratio and optimal curing regime obtained from the previous study. The experiments carried out included the quasi-static uniaxial compression, four-point bending and split-tensile tests. The mono fibre reinforcement (0.5–2.0 vol. %) comprised of straight steel fibres with the same diameter but different lengths (6, 10 and 13 mm), while the hybrid fibre reinforcement was composed of different combinations of foregoing fibres at a fixed content (1.5 vol. %), which could be further divided into double and ternary hybridization. Test results revealed that compared to control samples without fibre reinforcement, the single addition of any steel fibres improved the static mechanical behaviour of DUHPC, particularly for flexural and split-tensile performance. In the case of fibre hybridization, the replacement of longer fibres with more addition of short (6 mm) ones evidently reduced the flexural toughness and energy absorption capacity of DUHPC upon cracking, whereas the mixtures with hybrid medium (10 mm) and long (13 mm) fibres as well as with hybrid short, medium and long fibres showed better compressive toughness and energy absorption capability. The proposed multivariate regression linear, nonlinear and most of the mixed models could well estimate the compressive, flexural and split-tensile strength values of mono steel fibre-reinforced DUHPC at a given range of fibre length, volume content and curing age. The updated best-fit models containing compressive strength as an additional independent variable performed better in predicting both the flexural and split-tensile properties.

Effect of crack width on electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of high-performance cementitious composites containing steel and carbon fibers

In this study, the effects of carbon fibers and crack widths on the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCCs) with 2 vol.% straight steel fibers were evaluated. To this end, 0.2 vol.% carbon fibers were added and four penetrated pre-crack widths ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 mm were applied under tension. The tensile strength and electrical resistance of the composites were also investigated. The test results indicated that adding 0.2% carbon fibers effectively enhanced the tensile strength, electrical conductivity, and shielding effectiveness of the HPFRCC. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity was improved by 224%, and a 27% higher shielding effectiveness was achieved. A shielding effectiveness of 48.5 dB at 1 GHz was achieved with a specimen thickness of 25 mm. Tiny cracks with a width of 20 μm significantly reduced the EMI shielding effectiveness of the HPFRCC by approximately 40%. For the plain HPFRCC, the shielding effectiveness was not significantly affected by the crack width, as it was thoroughly cracked. The benefits of adding carbon fibers for improving the shielding effectiveness disappeared at crack widths greater than 0.1 mm. Thus, the addition of carbon fibers was effective only for HPFRCCs without cracks or with very tiny cracks of less than 40 μm.

A novel grid-stiffening concept for locally reinforcing window openings of composite fuselage panels using streamline stiffeners

Streamlines are smooth and continuous curves that naturally never intersect with each other and fit the shape of the body that exists in an ideal fluid flow. These features can be exploited to employ the streamlines as reference trajectories for stiffening panels with cutouts. Moreover, the streamline stiffeners can properly be placed to locally reinforce the cutouts leading to integrated curvilinear grid-stiffening concepts that can be implemented in composite fuselage panels with window openings. In this paper, based on this new concept, the buckling performance of grid-stiffened fuselage panels with reinforced window openings is addressed. Two common shapes of commercial aircraft fuselage windows are considered. Grid-stiffened panels with different grid patterns subjected to in-plane uniaxial and biaxial compressive loads are investigated. Analysis and design optimization studies are conducted. In the optimization study, a panel with streamline fibres and stiffeners is considered where the layup of the skin is optimized for maximum buckling load. The buckling performance of the panels with streamline fibres and stiffeners constructed based on the proposed concept is compared with that obtained for traditional panels with straight fibres and stiffeners. It is shown that the proposed grid-stiffening concept offers substantial improvements in the buckling capacity compared with the conventional grid-stiffening approach baseline.

Facile generation of crumpled polymer strips by immersion electrospinning for oil spill cleanups

The fabrication of electrospun products with desired structures and improved oil sorption capacities has attracted increasing attention in recent years; however, the overall geometry of electrospun products has rarely been investigated. Herein, we report a promising and competitive strategy for the preparation of novel electrospun polystyrene (PS) strips with advanced crumpled geometries for oil spill cleanups. The crumpled PS strips were prepared by immersion electrospinning, in which the nozzle and collector were simultaneously immersed in a coagulation bath. By controlling the processing parameters such as applied voltage and polymer concentration, the geometric morphology of the crumpled strips was precisely regulated. Benefiting from the crumpled structure, the crumpled strips demonstrated oil sorption capacities of approximately 83, 77, and 72 g/g for silicone, canola, and mineral oils, respectively. These values significantly higher than the values exhibited by the straight conventional electrospun fibers. The reported strategy offers a novel perspective on the rational design of electrospun products for oil sorption applications.

Effect of Bending of Carbon Dioxide Laser Fibers on Power Output.

ObjectiveThe power output from carbon dioxide (CO2) laser fibers has the potential to be diminished if there are any bends along its course, which may alter the effect the laser has on the target tissue. In this study, we assess how bending of CO2 laser flexible fiber assemblies affects the energy output measured at the end of the fiber.Study DesignLaboratory study.SettingLaboratory.MethodsEight separate flexible fibers were tested—4 were of a type commonly used in endoscopic airway procedures, and the other 4 were a type used in otologic surgery. Fibers were bent in various configurations, and the power output of a CO2 laser fired through the bent fiber was measured. The output through the bent fiber was normalized to the output with a straight fiber. Correlations between bend parameters and power outputs was tested using Spearman’s correlation coefficient.ResultsFor the airway fibers, there was a weak trend toward increasing energy outputs with greater radius of curvature (P = .714) and a negative correlation between the energy output and arc of rotation (P = .043). For the otologic fibers, there was a trend toward increasing energy outputs with greater radius (P = .084) and a strong negative correlation between the energy output and the arc of rotation (P = .006).ConclusionCO2 laser energy output is reduced by bending of the laser fiber assembly. When using the CO2 laser fiber, surgeons should be aware of any bends in the fiber and are encouraged to take measures to minimize bending.

An Experimental Study on Enhancing Progressive Collapse Resistance Using a Steel Fiber–Reinforced Concrete Frame

This paper aims to investigate the inclusion efficiency of straight microsteel fibers to improve the structural ductility and deformability of reinforced concrete frames to achieve progressive collapse resistance. Four RC frames’ behavior has been tested at one-third scale in the removal scenario of the middle column. To compare, two frames without steel fiber were prepared to be the control samples. Frames of 0.5% steel fiber fraction volume were also prepared. The study aims to analyze mechanical properties, crack pattern, failure mode, structural ductility, and load-displacement behavior of the frames of normal concrete (NC), together with steel fiber–reinforced concrete (SFC). Based on the findings, an enhancement was observed in the structural ductility (the increase ratio reached up to 26%), stimulated by incorporating steel fiber in the normal concrete. The frames of SFC demonstrated more deflection by 19% compared with NC frames. Steel fiber, therefore, can be utilized to enhance RC elements’ ductility as an innovative design strategy in inhibiting progressive collapse.

Approximate Lamb waves in a composite plate reinforced by two families of fibres

Here, we examine Lamb waves, propagating parallel to plate surfaces, reinforced by two families of strong straight fibres. Since fibres are much stronger than the matrix, anisotropic properties are highly emphasized. Coordinate-free constitutive relations give a possibility to consider fibres embedded in such materials as extensible or inextensible. When constraints of inextensibility are imposed on fibres, the so-called constrained fibre-reinforced material may be obtained from materials with extensible fibres in a limiting process. Often used to represent such materials is an epoxy resin carbon fibres composite whose material constants, for materials reinforced by one family of fibres, are determined with ultrasound methods. In the plate, reinforced by two families of fibres, of finite thickness, examined here, waves propagate as dispersive either as bending waves or extensional waves. The plate made of the described materials shows some interesting dynamic properties in the propagation of elastic waves. We apply the perturbation method, in particular the matched composite expansion, to examine plane wave propagation. Some interesting results of dynamic behaviour when a material has strong anisotropy will be displayed.

An integrated experimental and multiscale numerical methodology for modeling pullout of hooked-end steel fiber from cementitious matrix

This work proposes a methodology to translate the experimental pullout results of hooked-end steel fibers from cementitious matrix to a multiscale model with a discrete and explicit representation of steel fibers. The coupling scheme of non-matching meshes used to describe the fiber–matrix interaction is adapted to represent separately and explicitly the anchorage mechanism of hooked-end steel fibers. The difference of the experimental results of pullout tests of hooked-end steel fibers (DramixⓇ 80/60 BN) and straight fibers obtained by cutting the hooked-ends of the fibers is used as input parameters to describe the anchorage mechanism. Pullout tests with one and four fibers aligned to the applied loading and perpendicular to the crack plane are carried out to investigate the effect of instability on the experimental results. The methodology is also coupled with an analytical model for predicting the effect of fibers inclined to the crack surface. Initially, the effect to represent explicitly the anchorage of hooked-end steel fibers in multiscale models is assessed through the simulation of pullout tests. Then, the numerical model is applied to obtain the post-cracking parameters of steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites (SFRCC) through the simulation of flexural three-point-bending test (3-PBT) according to EN 14651, considering the same type of hooked-end steel fibers and a similar matrix strength. Thus, the bond–slip model derived from pullout tests is used together with the amount and orientation of steel fibers obtained from the inductive test carried out. The results demonstrate that the integrated experimental and multiscale methodology may be very useful to link the physical and numerical responses of SFRCC with hooked-end steel fibers, and the numerical tool obtained can contribute for better understanding the failure processes for this type of composite.

Guided wave based localization and severity assessment of in-plane and out-of-plane fiber waviness in carbon fiber reinforced composites

Waviness is a common geometrical defect in carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) plates, characterized by local misalignment of an otherwise region of straight fibers. Presence of fiber waviness is a potential source of non-linearity and affects the relative strength of the composite structure. Recently, guided wave (GW) based in situ NDE techniques have been extensively used for damage detection in composite laminates, albeit for damages other than fiber waviness. This work pertains to the numerical investigation of fiber waviness interactions with S0 mode in a bonded composite structure (BCS) panel. The fiber waviness is modeled in curvilinear physics framework in a commercially available finite element (FE) solver, COMSOL Multiphysics. The change in group velocity due to waviness predicted by the FE model developed in this work agrees well with analytical calculations based on change in elastic modulus. This feature is used for localization of fiber waviness region within a network of PZT sensors by utilizing a recently developed damage index (DI) mapping algorithm. The efficacy of DI mapping is demonstrated using noise-augmented FE generated GW data set for a composite panel with a network of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors, for in-plane and out-of-plane fiber waviness with varying severity factors.

Mechanical behavior of crimped collagen fibers under uniaxial tension

Knowledge of the highly nonlinear behavior of crimped collagen fibers has a great importance for medical diagnosis. This behavior can be associated with the gradual straightening of fibers and the amount of fibers that bears load. To model this phenomenon, we propose an explicit scalar potential, based on the Weibull distribution, in terms of the fiber bundle strength. The total strain is given in terms of the stress and is defined by sum of the strain of crimped fibers, arising from the proposed potential, and the strain of completely straightened fibers by using the Hookean model. Besides three physically meaningful parameters, further two new parameters that have intuitive interpretations were considered. The proposed model was compared with the Freed-Rajagopal model and the Holzapfel-Gasser-Ogden model for verifying its ability to fit the measured data from bovine tendon samples under uniaxial tension. Our model better described the highly nonlinear behavior of the tendon. Experimental data from literature were also used for validation of the parameters of the proposed model. The estimated parameters were consistent with those found in the literature. The effectiveness of the proposed model and Freed-Rajagopal model in describing the stress-strain curve with different initial range of strain with the zero-stress state was also investigated. Unlike the Freed-Rajagopal model, the proposed model fits well in all cases, including those with wide range of strain.

Cashmere production, skin characteristics, and mutated genes in crimped cashmere fibre goats

A subpopulation of Yanshan cashmere goats with crimped fibre has emerged in a closed population in recent years, but little is known about differences in cashmere production performance, skin characteristics, and fibre-style-related genes between goats with different cashmere fibre styles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate fibre characteristics, cashmere yield, hair follicle traits, and fibre-style-related genes in cashmere goats with the two cashmere fleece styles—non-crimped and crimped. Based on the cashmere fibre type, 80 six-month-old female Yanshan cashmere goats were used in this study: 40 goats with non-crimped fleece (NCF) and 40 with crimped fleece (CF). The growth performance and cashmere production of the goats were recorded. Skin samples were collected to determine hair follicle traits and gene sequencing. The results indicated that there were no differences in initial live weight, final live weight, average daily feed intake, and average daily gain between the two groups of goats (P > 0.05). The total yield of cashmere and the stretched length of fibre of the CF goats were higher (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) and fibre diameter was lower (P < 0.05) than that of the NCF goats. There were no between-group differences in the density and activity of primary and secondary hair follicles, secondary-to-primary fibre ratio, depth of primary follicles, or epidermal thickness. However, the depth of secondary follicles and dermal thickness were higher (P < 0.05) in NCF goats than in CF goats. There were mutations in the KRT5, KAP8, KRT8, KRT74, KRT34, KRT1, KRT71, KRT6A, KAP6, KRT81, and KRT83 genes, four of which caused amino acid changes. The allele and genotype frequencies of base mutations in the KRT5, KAP8, KRT34, KRT1, KRT6A, KRT81, and KRT83 genes were different in the NCF and CF goats (P < 0.05). The distribution and content of the secondary structure elements and tertiary structures of proteins differed between the wide-type and mutated KRT1 and KRT6A proteins. KRT1, KRT6A, KRT71, and TGFα mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in CF goats than in NCF goats (P < 0.05). It is concluded that cashmere goats that have fleece with crimped fibres produce a greater yield of fleece with finer diameter fibres than those with conventional straight cashmere fibres. These differences in fibre properties may be associated with mutations in the genes coding for KRT1 and KRT6A.

Mesoscale modeling of ultra-thin woven fabric composite subjected to in-plane loading

Ultra-light composites are produced through the spread tow technology. The success of spread tow fabrics lies in their unique woven structure. By interlacing widespread thin flat tapes, instead of regular (and thicker) yarns, more straight fibers and thinner plies are obtained which leads to improvements in the mechanical performance in terms of both stiffness and strength. The available numerical studies on spread tow fabric composites are based on the approximation to equivalent thin ply laminates, where the key observations are dedicated to a delayed or suppressed microcracking. This paper helps to investigate the limitations of considering thin-ply spread tow composites as equivalent laminates, as well as to bring more understanding on how the tow thickness affect the sequence of failure mechanisms. As an aid to these investigations, a parameterized mesoscale model has been developed that preserves the complex geometry of the woven structure and can analyze the tow thickness effect down to 35 µm. By applying shifted periodic boundary conditions through the thickness, the effect of periodic layer shifting is also analyzed without having to discretize and model more than one layer of the composite.

Effect of Dune Sand as Sand Replacement on the Mechanical Properties of the Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Abstract This paper presents an experimental work to study the effect of dune sand as an alternative to sand on the mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. 24 concrete mixes were prepared, 6 of them without fibers and containing different proportions of dune sand, and 18 concrete mixes with the same proportions of dune sand but containing long and short single and hybrid steel fibers. For the purpose of studying the properties of hybrid concrete, including measuring the workability of fresh concrete, examining the compressive strength, dry density, split tensile strength, Flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, water absorption of hardened concrete. The main parameters were the proportions of dune sand (20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 %) in addition to the ratio 0 % without dune sand. Two types of steel fibers were used: straight steel fibers (short) with a length of 13 mm and hook end steel fibers (long) with a length of 50 mm, It is added to concrete (single or hybrid) with a total volume ratio of 1 % of the concrete volume. The tests that were conducted showed that sand dunes affect the compressive strength, especially when the percentage increased by more than 40 %, where the compressive strength of concrete decreases by 39 % when the replacement ratio reaches 100 %, but it improves with the addition of single or hybrid fibers. Also, the workability from high to medium level decreases by 30 % with increasing dune sand content, the addition of steel fibers along with dune sand significantly reduced the workability. The tensile and flexural strength decreases with the increase in the sand dune rate, but at a lower rate than the compressive strength, which was 29.3 %, 21.1 % for splitting and flexural tensile strength, respectively. The addition of steel fibers improved the mechanical properties of the hybrid concrete, which can compensate for most of the lost strength due to the increase in sand dunes ratios. The study also showed that the use of long fibers (hook end) gives better results than straight fibers. But in the case of using hybrid fibers, we can get an improvement in the mechanical properties more than using one type of fiber.

Properties of Concrete Produced using Surface Modified Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibres

Conventional techniques of improving the bond properties of virgin Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibres reduce the mechanical strength of the fibres, are labour intensive, and present environmental hazards in the case of chemical treatment. This study introduces a new way of improving the bond properties of fibres obtained from waste Polyethylene Terephthalate bottles by coating the surface of the fibres with a thin layer of sand to counteract the above-mentioned shortcomings. Their performance was compared to that of embossed, serrated, and straight fibres and a control mix without fibres. Workability, compressive strength, tensile and flexural strength were used to assess this performance. Constant fibre length, width, and content were maintained for this exercise. Compared to the other fibres, sand-coated fibres gave the highest increment in tensile and flexural strength of 9.49% and 11.61% compared to the control mix, even though concrete’s workability and compressive strength were decreased. Furthermore, the optimization of the fibre length and content for the sand-coated fibres was carried out. The 75 mm long fibres showed the highest improvement in tensile strength of 13.76% and flexural strength of 12.49% compared to other fibre lengths. The optimum percentage of fibres was 1.25% with a 15.49% and 17.26% increment in tensile and flexural strengths, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-06-03 Full Text: PDF

Bond Behavior of Straight and Bent Glass Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Bars at Elevated Temperatures: Pull-Out Tests and Numerical Simulations

Bond Behavior of Straight and Bent Glass Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Bars at Elevated Temperatures: Pull-Out Tests and Numerical Simulations

Effects of fibers on the mechanical properties of UHPC: A review

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) developed rapidly in research and commercial use during the recent decade. Significant progress has been achieved in its material science and technology, including why and how to add discontinuous fiber reinforcement in it. This paper reviews the researches on understanding the effects of various fibers on the mechanical properties of UHPC, focus on the straight steel fibers but involving also deformed steel fibers, non-steel fibers as well as hybrid fibers. It also discusses the research methodology, prediction of mechanical properties by fiber factors, and the classification of UHPC mechanical properties related to this topic. It shows that (1) the experimental research is the main methodology for investigating the effect of the fibers on the mechanical properties of UHPC; the tensile performance of UHPC should be studied by uniaxial tensile tests and its representative indicators should include tensile strength, initial cracking strength, and peak tensile strain; (2) fiber plays an essential role in the reinforcement of the tensile strength, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and other material properties of UHPC, but in weakening the flowability of fresh UHPC. The positive and negative effects of fibers on the mechanical properties of UHPC should be considered, and the technology should be developed to maintain the flowability when high volume fraction of fibers is added in the UHPC; (3) the parameters of steel fibers affecting the mechanical properties of UHPC include volume fraction, size, shape, orientation and distribution, average bonding strength and minimum tensile strength, etc., which are mainly studied independently in the existing research. The studies on the combined effect of these parameters are limited but worthy of further investigation; (4) hybrid fibers could efficiently produce reinforcement effects for UHPC. It has great practical and research significance to conduct in-depth studies though the theoretical analysis and quantitative prediction are complex.

Effect of steel fiber type and content on the dynamic tensile properties of ultra-high performance cementitious composites (UHPCC)

As one of the most promising construction and building materials in the past 30 years, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has attracted a great deal of attention and the studies on its improvement and dynamic tensile behaviors become more important for its wider use in the related fields. In this contribution, a novel ultra-high performance cementitious composites (UHPCC) was developed with lower cement content, 20% of cement is replaced with fly ash and blast furnace slag, to reduce the raw material cost and carbon emission in production. Uniaxial compression, quasi-static and dynamic splitting tests were carried out to investigate the influences of steel fiber type (straight fiber and waved fiber) and content (volume fraction (0%, 1%, 2%)) on the uniaxial compressive strength, static tensile strength and dynamic tensile behaviors for current UHPCC material. The dynamic splitting tests were conducted on 100 disc specimens (75 mm in diameter and 37.5 mm in thickness) under five different impact pressure at a strain-rate range of 20–110 s−1 to study the strain rate effect by using a Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system and the samples’ failure processes were captured by a high-speed camera. Based on the test results, the variations of energy absorption with the fiber type and content under static and dynamic tensile conditions are also analyzed, and combined with the experimental data from previous studies, an improved empirical tensile strength rate sensitivity (DIFft) model is proposed, which agrees well with the experiment results and can be used in the numerical simulation. At last, the failure process and pattern of different types of UHPCCs in the dynamic splitting test are also studied.

Hollow fiber membranes with knitted braid-like structures for process intensification via generation of Dean vortices

ABSTRACT A novel module of hollow fiber membranes with knitted braid-like structures has been successfully developed for process intensification via generation of Dean vortices. In the curved channels of hollow fiber membranes with three-fiber knitted braid-like structures, Dean vortices are effectively generated if the feed flowrates are higher than the critical flowrate. With proper structural parameters and feed flowrates, Dean vortices generated in hollow fiber membranes with three-fiber knitted braid-like structures effectively suppress the membrane fouling caused by fine particles in feed solutions no matter how the shape, size and concentration of particles vary; as a result, the transmembrane water fluxes of hollow fiber membranes with three-fiber knitted braid-like structures are evidently higher than those of straight hollow fiber membranes under the same operation conditions. The increase ratio of transmembrane water flux of hollow fiber membranes with three-fiber knitted braid-like structures increases with increasing the feed flowrate or increasing the particle concentration. The hollow fiber membranes with three-fiber knitted braid-like structures exhibit good long-term anti-fouling performances. The proposed strategy and findings in this study provide valuable guidance for developing efficient modules for hollow fiber membranes to achieve process intensification with low energy consumption, which are highly promising for industrial applications.