Straight Eye Research Articles

Outcomes of Squint Surgery in Terms of Motor Alignment within 10 Prism Diopters in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Clinical Audit

Purpose: To determine the outcome of squint surgery in terms of motor ocular alignment within 10 prism diopters, in a tertiary care hospital.
 Study Design: A clinical audit at a tertiary care hospital.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Ophthalmology department, of Aga khan university hospital, Karachi between December 2016 and June 2017.
 Methods: Medical records of all patients who underwent squint surgery were retrieved and included in the study. Patients with amblyopia, corneal or retinal pathologies and those who lost to follow-up or with incomplete records were excluded. All the available demographic and clinical data including pre-operative visual acuity, squint measurements, procedure performed and post-operative ocular alignment up to maximum of 6 months of follow-up was compiled.
 Results: One hundred and nineteen patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were 54.6% males and 45.4% were females. Squint was unilateral in 75.4% of patients and bilateral in 24.5%. Exotropia was present in 74 (62%) and Esotropia in 45 (38%) patients. The frequency of post-operative outcomes among the study participants were analyzed and it was reported that at six months follow-up central straight eye position or squint less than 10 prism diopters was seen among 75.5% of patients. The association of age and gender with primary outcome was obtained by applying independent sample T test. All the categories of age and gender showed statistically significant results i.e. p-value ≤ 0.05, except one week follow-up among different categories of gender showing insignificant results with p value = 0.740.
 Conclusion: In present study 75.5% patients achieved the required result of ocular alignment within 10 prism diopters of orthotropia at the final follow-up visit.
 Key Words: Squint, Esotropia, Exotropia, 10 prism Diopters.

Straight eye for the queer ad: attitudes, skepticism, inferences of manipulative intent and willingness to buy

PurposeThis study aims to provide a conceptual framework to investigate the effects of consumer attitudes toward brands and attitudes toward a series of fashion oriented print advertisements with and without homosexual themes, on consumer willingness to buy from brands. The influence of consumer skepticism and inferences of manipulative intent (IMI) as moderators between these variables is also investigated. This study also closes various research gaps identified within the literature.Design/methodology/approachA self-administered survey instrument was designed using established scales to collect data through an online questionnaire. Fashion advertisements namely one advertisement representing homosexual content and one heterosexual advertisement were used in the study within subjects (e.g. male and female) design. Statistical techniques, specifically factor analysis, regressions and multiple regressions are used to analyze the data.FindingsThe findings indicate significant and positive relationships between attitude toward the brand and advertisement as well as willingness to buy for both males and females. The moderation analyses noted that consumer skepticism enhanced the relationship between attitude toward the brand and attitude toward the advertisement, but weakened the relationship between attitude toward the advertisement and willingness to buy, only for the female cohort. Similarly, a weakening effect of IMI was noted on the relationship between attitude toward the advertisement and willingness to buy.Research limitations/implicationsThe current study contributes to the literature on homosexual imagery in advertising. In applying the persuasion knowledge model, the current study demonstrates the applicability of the model to homosexual themes in fashion advertising while accounting for the effects of consumer skepticism and IMI.Practical implicationsThe current research highlights the importance of accounting for gender differences when introducing homosexual themes in fashion advertisements. Heterosexual males and females differ in their attitudes toward homosexual themes in fashion advertising, as well as how skeptical they are with regards to the motives of the advertiser. While a great deal of acceptance is already present in today's society, these differences still need to be accounted for in future fashion advertising campaigns.Originality/valueThe present study represents an examination of consumer responses to a series of fashion advertisements in Australia and provides useful implications to marketers of fashion products. The study further contributes to the literature on consumer skepticism and IMI with regards to cause-related advertising.

Inner-Canthus Localization of Thermal Images in Face-View Invariant

Inner-canthus localization has played an essential role in measuring human body temperature. This is due to the theory that human core body temperature can be measured in the inner-canthus. Such measurement is useful for mass screening since it is non-contact, non-invasive and fast. This paper presents an algorithm that has been developed to locate the inner-canthus. The algorithm proposed a robust method in various face-view, i.e., frontal, sided and tilted. The algorithm consisted of: face segmentation, determining face-orientation, rotating face into straight view, eye localization, and inner-canthus localization. The face segmentation used human temperature threshold of 34°C — the face orientation used trend line of a middle point between each most-bottom and most-top coordinates. The face rotation was based on the gradient of the trend line. Once the face is rotated, the eye location was determined using facial proportion. The inner-canthus location was determined as the highest intensities in the eye-frame. The test on 15 thermal images of faces with various view showed localization accuracy of 80% for eye-frame determination and 100% for inner-canthus localization.

Neural Mechanisms Underlying Conscious and Unconscious Gaze-Triggered Attentional Orienting in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Impaired joint attention represents the core clinical feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Behavioral studies have suggested that gaze-triggered attentional orienting is intact in response to supraliminally presented eyes but impaired in response to subliminally presented eyes in individuals with ASD. However, the neural mechanisms underlying conscious and unconscious gaze-triggered attentional orienting remain unclear. We investigated this issue in ASD and typically developing (TD) individuals using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. The participants viewed cue stimuli of averted or straight eye gaze direction presented either supraliminally or subliminally and then localized a target. Reaction times were shorter when eye-gaze cues were directionally valid compared with when they were neutral under the supraliminal condition in both groups; the same pattern was found in the TD group but not the ASD group under the subliminal condition. The temporo–parieto–frontal regions showed stronger activation in response to averted eyes than to straight eyes in both groups under the supraliminal condition. The left amygdala was more activated while viewing averted vs. straight eyes in the TD group than in the ASD group under the subliminal condition. These findings provide an explanation for the neural mechanisms underlying the impairment in unconscious but not conscious gaze-triggered attentional orienting in individuals with ASD and suggest possible neurological and behavioral interventions to facilitate their joint attention behaviors.

Time course of superior temporal sulcus activity in response to eye gaze: a combined fMRI and MEG study

The human superior temporal sulcus (STS) has been suggested to be involved in gaze processing, but temporal data regarding this issue are lacking. We investigated this topic by combining fMRI and MEG in four normal subjects. Photographs of faces with either averted or straight eye gazes were presented and subjects passively viewed the stimuli. First, we analyzed the brain areas involved using fMRI. A group analysis revealed activation of the STS for averted compared to straight gazes, which was confirmed in all subjects. We then measured brain activity using MEG, and conducted a 3D spatial filter analysis. The STS showed higher activity in response to averted versus straight gazes during the 150-200 ms period, peaking at around 170 ms, after stimulus onset. In contrast, the fusiform gyrus, which was detected by the main effect of stimulus presentations in fMRI analysis, exhibited comparable activity across straight and averted gazes at about 170 ms. These results indicate involvement of the human STS in rapid processing of the eye gaze of another individual.

Gay tourism: culture and context

* Foreword (Mike Crang) * Preface * Acknowledgments * Chapter 1. Mapping the Terrain of Tourism * Introduction * Tourism in the Age of Mobility * Establishing Our Theoretical Framework * Approaching the Topic--Becoming Personal * The Structure of the Book * Chapter 2. Charting the Emergence of Tourism * Introduction * Scripting and Circulating Ideas About Homosexual Destinations in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries * The Emergence of City and Resort Destinations, 1920-1969 * Out and About: Bringing Tourism Out of the Closet, 1969 to Present * Conclusion * Chapter 3. Selling Paradise: Spatial and Social Discourse of Tourism Travelogues * Travel, Texts, and Representations of Paradise * Clarification on Method * Mapping Destinations and Scripting Sexuality * Paradise of Australia: Imagining Australia As Macho-opolis * Paradise of the Russian Federation and Central Europe: Imagining Russia and Central Europe As Twink-opolis * Paradise of Hawai'i: Imagining Hawai'i As a Place of True Romantic Homosexual Love * Paradise of Myknonos: Imagining Myknonos As Euro-Gay Cluboplois * Sexual Utopias and Cultures of Travel * Chapter 4. Touring the Heterosexual Nation * Introducing Tourism and National Closets: Nationalism, Citizenship, and Sexuality * Nations and Nationalism: Performing an Imagined Heteronormative Community * Marketing Nations As Tourism Destinations: Reestablishing or Challenging the Imagined Heterosexual Family Nation? * Arabian State Encounters with Tourism * Caribbean Encounters with Tourism * Tourism and Closeting of the Nation * Chapter 5. Touring the Sexualized City * Selling, Mapping, and Touring the City As Villages * Selling Gay-Friendly Cities Through Inventing Bounded Villages * Selling Sexualized City Spaces: Villages As Spaces of Constructed Visibility * Nongay Narratives of Resistance to Pitching, Bounding, and Mapping City Spaces As Gay * Cities Through the Body: (Re)Sexualizing the Body Through City Spaces * Queer Narrative of Resistance to Bounding City Space: Marking Out the Unwanted * Selling to Nongay Tourists: The Straight Eye for Bent Attractions * Implications of Nongay Tourists in the Village * Conclusion * Chapter 6. Special Events and Festivals * Celebration!--Come On, Let's Celebrate * Sexuality and the City--Relax, When You Want to Come: Place Making Through Event Tourism * Where's the Party?--Spin Me Right Round, Round, Round * Why Party?--Make Me Feel Mighty Real: The Significance of Special Events for Tourism and Cultures * Embodying Pride Through Marching--I Am What I Am * Playing the Field--What's the Name of the Game? * A Day Out--Just a Perfect Day * Dancing the Circuit--Get Into the Groove * Conclusion--Everybody Needs Time to Celebrate * Chapter 7. Conclusions * Tourism and the Constitution of Modern Identities * Evolutionary Narratives of Tourism * Internationalization of Identities * Intersections with Social Difference * Tourist Destinations Through the Body * Return to Oz * Bibliography * Publications * Videography * Index * Reference Notes Included

QUEER MINSTRELS FOR THE STRAIGHT EYE, Race as Surplus in Gay TV

QUEER MINSTRELS FOR THE STRAIGHT EYE, Race as Surplus in Gay TV

Strabismus surgery under subconjunctival anesthesia: technique and evaluation by patient and his surgeon

In adults, eye muscle surgery can be performed under local anesthesia without retrobulbar injection. We wanted to know how patients and surgeons perceive this procedure. 50 patients and 3 surgeons were interviewed with a questionnaire after operation on one or two straight eye muscles, including revisions in 11 cases. The patients were sedated with benzodiazepines. The conjunctiva was anesthetized with tetracaine eye drops. During the operation, mepivacaine was irrigated under the muscle insertion using a blunt needle. The patients perceived little or no pain during the operation. This corresponded to the surgeon's judgement. 96% of the patients would prefer local over general anesthesia in case of a second operation. The technique can be recommended for surgery of rectus muscles in adults, even in the case of revision.

Change in the Cycle of Circadian Strabismus

We observed a change in the typical circadian, 24-hour pattern of strabismus (esotropia) in a 2-year-old patient. Methods used include study of the history of the deviation pattern, observation, and measurement of the deviation on the day after travel and six weeks later. The patient responded to standard recession-resection surgery with a straight eye position daily, through three months of follow-up. Rapid travel over six time zones probably caused the change in the circadian pattern of strabismus.

Refraction changes in children developing convergent or divergent strabismus.

Strabismus and amblyopia were studied in a cohort of children born in 1979 or 1980 in the area of Västerås, Sweden. Forty percent of the children had participated in a voluntary eye examination at 1 year of age. All children diagnosed as strabismic and/or amblyopic between 1979 and 1988 at any of the three eye clinics in the area were included in this study. Strabismic cases were mostly detected by the parents while microstrabismus and straight eye amblyopia were found at the general 4 years of age screening at children's health centres. In 57 cases with (n = 31) and without amblyopia (n = 41) it was possible to obtain several refraction values between 1 and 6 years of age. In this study we concentrated on manifest esotropia and exotropia. The aim of the study was to describe changes of refraction before and after onset of strabismus and to establish risk indicators that identified populations at risk of developing strabismus. We found that patients with esotropia show a more pronounced hypermetropia than exotropic cases at the time of detection of strabismus. This difference becomes more definite over time, since hypermetropia increased in the deviating eye in the esotropic cases while refractive errors remained stationary in most of the exotropic eyes. It was also apparent that anisometropia frequently developed after onset of strabismus in esotropic cases in contrast to exotropic cases. An increasing refractive error in the deviating esotropic eye could be combined with an emmetropisation of the fixating eye.

McCollough aftereffects in strabismus and amblyopia

In strabismic people, the functioning of the deviating eye is impaired. This impairment is binocular in origin since it depends on stimulation of the straight eye; sensitivity and acuity of the deviating eye are usually better when the straight eye is patched than when both eyes are viewing. We investigated interactions between the eyes in strabismic people by using the McCollough color aftereffect as an exploratory procedure. Both normal and strabismic people adapted to black and colored bars and then examined black and white test bars. They reported colors in the achromatic test bars that were complementary to the adapting colors; this is the McCollough aftereffect. Both a monocular McCollough effect and a binocular McCollough effect were induced in people having normal vision. Strabismic people did not show a binocular McCollough effect. Aftereffect strengths were the same in each eye of normal people but were stronger in the impaired eye of strabismic people. A speculation is offered as to why the “non-seeing” eye of strabismic people “sees” the aftereffect better.

With a straight eye: An interview with Charles Causley

Charles Causley is one of the most distinguished contemporary British poets. He was born in Launceston, Cornwall (in South-Western England), where he still lives. During 1940–46 he served on the lower deck in the Royal Navy, an experience which still influences his poetry. In 1967 he was awarded the Queen's Medal for Poetry. In 1977, he received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Exeter and, in addition to awards for different collections of poetry, he was further honoured (in 1986) by the Queen for his services to poetry. He is an experienced and very popular performer at poetry readings. Much of the following interview, recorded in December, 1987, grows out of his long experience as a teacher of young children in his home town.

A Combination Turtle-Frog Board

The turtle is placed carapace downward on the board. Four fish hooks (size 6/0), with their barbs previously cut off, are placed, two in front and two in back of the animal, as illustrated, so that the hooks grasp the bridge between the carapace and plastron. The far end of each hook has previously heen connected to a two-foot length of copper aerial wire (size 7/24, i.e., seven strands, twenty-four twists per foot). Almost any wire is satisfactory if it is sufficiently malleable and durable. The connection between the wire and the hook, as well as the far end of the wire, may be taped to prevent injury to the experimenter's hands. The far end of each wire is then wrapped around a vertical post. Each post is a straight eye bolt which can be placed at will in any one of the holes, its position -being selected in accordance with the size of the turtle. The eye bolts are one-fourth inch in diameter, and their stems are three inches in length with twenty threads per inch. The stems are sawed off one and five-eighth inches below the base of the eye, and they are held fixed byT rotary insertion into square nuts which are located within the recessed spaces at the bottom of the board.

Excision of the eyeball with cartilage transplantation. Ad. Faber (Bruns' Beitr. zur klin. Chir., 1927, Bd. 141)

The author has performed this operation, since 1919, 62 times on patients from 6 to 38 years old. The technique is as follows: after removal of the apple, a strong lining is formed in the depth of the eye socket by sewing together the oblique eye muscles and the remains of the pouch, then a cartilage plate taken from the VI or VII rib is placed on it, and the straight eye muscles, subconjunctival tissue and the connective sheath are sewn crosswise over everything.