Stormwater Discharges Research Articles

Bioaccumulation of trace elements in marine mammals: New data and transplacental transfer on threatened species

Coastal areas are affected by urban, industrial and agriculture pollutants runoff, wastewater and stormwater discharges, making this environment the final repository of chemical contaminants. These contaminants have the potential to spread out to the entire food chain, impacting marine life and the quality of their habitat. In this aspect, the concept of marine mammals as bioindicators provides an approach to the degree of contamination in the environment and to the identification and management of multiple sources of contaminants. The present study analyzed several elements like As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in liver tissue from two dolphin species: Sotalia guianensis, a near-threatened species, and the vulnerable Pontoporia blainvillei. In the study, we also investigated if dolphins (population) recorded using the heaviest urban areas have higher concentrations of contaminants in their tissues. Dolphin samples (n = 40 S. guianensis; n = 97 P. blainvillei) were collected by daily monitoring carried out by Santos Basin Beach Monitoring Project (PMP-BS), from stranded individuals found in São Paulo state. The Spearman's rank correlation showed distinct correlations in the accumulation of trace elements by both species, indicating different sources of exposure to the elements studied or distinct biochemical processes between species. Interspecific and intraspecific variations were observed, possibly related to the individual distribution and feeding habits. Correlations were observed between age and concentrations of trace elements, positive for Cd, Hg and Mo. Finally, our findings indicate high levels of Cu, Zn, and concentrations of As, V and Hg in fetuses, in particular, an analysis was performed on a fetus found inside a stranded individual, indicating placental transfer as the first route of exposure for some elements.

A fecal score approximation model for analysis of real-time quantitative PCR fecal source identification measurements

Numerous qPCR-based methods are available to estimate the concentration of fecal pollution sources in surface waters. However, qPCR fecal source identification data sets often include a high proportion of non-detections (reactions failing to attain a prespecified minimal signal intensity for detection) and measurements below the assay lower limit of quantification (minimal signal intensity required to estimate target concentration), making it challenging to interpret results in a quantitative manner while accounting for error. In response, a Bayesian statistic based Fecal Score (FS) approach was developed that estimates the weighted average concentration of a fecal source identification genetic marker across a defined group of samples, mathematically incorporating qPCR measurements from all samples. Yet, implementation is technically demanding and computationally intensive requiring specialized training, the use of expert software, and access to high performance computing. To address these limitations, this study reports a novel approximation model for FS determination based on a frequentist approach. The performance of the Bayesian and Frequentist models are compared using fecal source identification qPCR data representative of different ‘censored’ data scenarios from a recently published study focusing on the impact of stormwater discharge in urban streams. In addition, data set eligibility recommendations for the responsible use of these models are presented. Findings indicate that the Frequentist model can generate similar average concentrations and uncertainty estimates for FS, compared to the original Bayesian approach. The Frequentist model should make calculations less computationally and technically intensive, allowing for the development of easier to use data analysis tools for fecal source identification applications.

Design and Modelling of Urban Stormwater Management and Treatment Infrastructure for Communities in Wuse, Abuja

Effective stormwater management can be used to regulate water quantity and quality for environmental sustainability, flood control, pollution reduction and other advantages of civil engineering infrastructures. Pollution of the environment and contamination of water sources can emanate from improper stormwater management. This study used a small-scale model of rainwater harvesting to analyze the design and model of urban stormwater management and treatment infrastructure for the neighborhoods in Abuja. The water quality of the treated stormwater retrieved has improved as a result of the usage of memory foam, alum, and chlorine to filter out contaminants and pathogens. With the fictitious stormwater treatment model created for this study, average values of the physicochemical parameters were collected from the stormwater discharge after it had been filtered and treated. The use of potash alum has had a variety of effects on the water’s quality. From 697 mg.L-1 to 635 mg.L-1, the total dissolved solids dropped. The DO dropped from 5.87 mg.L-1 to 3.92 mg.L-1 as well. Additionally, the turbidity rose from 4.42 FNU to 4.58 FNU, and the salinity rose from 0.7 PSU to 1.44 PSU, respectively. pH decreases from 19.78 to 15.17 mg.L-1, BOD decreases from 8.35 to 6.51, and COD decreases from 2.55 to 1.9. Calcium hardness has decreased from 287 mg.L-1 to 265.83 mg.L-1. The conductivity increases marginally from 3.24 ms.cm-1 to 3.82 ms.cm-1. The Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions exhibit a little decrease from 0.143 mg.L-1 to 0.055 mg.L-1 and from 0.092 mg.L-1 to 0.045 mg.L-1, respectively. Due to inadequate or nonexistent drainage systems in the many states and villages throughout the country, stormwater run-off management and treatment in Nigeria have been a colossal failure. Effective stormwater management can be sustained by using legal and environmental laws.

Innovative polymer application using geotextile dewatering bags

Geotextile dewatering bags have been a construction industry standard for several decades. Erosion control supply companies often recommend them as a solution to achieve clean water for discharge compliance on project sites. The bags are effective at containing coarse sediments from pumping activities. They are not very effective at capturing fine particulate matter and often require additional measures to produce clean water that meets compliance limits for stormwater discharge activities. The inclusion of polymers in the dewatering process can effectively treat the fine particulate matter and produce very clean discharged water. Standard practices have introduced the polymer into the bag during pumping activities. The idea is that the polymer will react with the sediment laden water and be retained in the bag. Unfortunately, this often results in the bag becoming severely clogged. This restricts pumping flow rates and accelerates containment failure of the geotextile bag. Contractors must then use many more bags at a reduced flow rate to treat the needed water volume. An alternative method for polymer application is to introduce it after passing through the geotextile bag. The bag is then used as a pre-filter and a way to convert concentrated flow into sheet flow. A simple containment is built around the dewatering bag and is used to direct the water flow over polymer blocks for treatment. This treatment consists of a soil-matched polymer (optimal results), mixing area with contact time, and a particle capture area to remove polymer treated sediment.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) source identification and a maternal transfer case study in threatened killer whales (Orcinus orca) of British Columbia, Canada

The northeastern Pacific (NEP) Ocean spans the coast of British Columbia (Canada) and is impacted by anthropogenic activities including oil pipeline developments, maritime fossil fuel tanker traffic, industrial chemical effluents, agricultural and urban emissions in tandem with stormwater and wastewater discharges, and forest wildfires. Such events may expose surrounding marine environments to toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and impact critical habitats of threatened killer whales (Orcinus orca). We analyzed skeletal muscle and liver samples from stranded Bigg’s killer whales and endangered Southern Resident killer whales (SRKWs) for PAH contamination using LRMS. C3-phenanthrenes/anthracenes (mean: 632 ng/g lw), C4-dibenzothiophenes (mean: 334 ng/g lw), and C4-phenanthrenes/anthracenes (mean: 248 ng/g lw) presented the highest concentrations across all tissue samples. Diagnostic ratios indicated petrogenic-sourced contamination for SRKWs and pyrogenic-sourced burdens for Bigg’s killer whales; differences between ecotypes may be attributed to habitat range, prey selection, and metabolism. A mother-fetus skeletal muscle pair provided evidence of PAH maternal transfer; low molecular weight compounds C3-fluorenes, dibenzothiophene, and naphthalene showed efficient and preferential exposure to the fetus. This indicates in-utero exposure of PAH-contamination to the fetus. Our results show that hydrocarbon-related anthropogenic activities are negatively impacting these top predators; preliminary data found here can be used to improve oil spill and other PAH pollution management and regulation efforts, and inform policy to conserve killer whale habitats in the NEP.

Land use and rainfall influences on bacterial levels and sources in stormwater ponds.

Urban stormwater runoff is a known source of microbial contamination of stormwater ponds. However, less is known about the influences of land use and rainfall on microbial quality over time in these receiving waters. In this study, two fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), namely Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms, were monitored in three stormwater ponds in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The stormwater ponds were selected due to their potential as water sources for beneficial uses such as irrigation, which requires lower water quality than drinking water, thereby alleviating the pressure on the city's potable water demands. The selected stormwater ponds vary in size and shape, contribution catchment size, and percentages of several primary land use types. Microbial source tracking for human, dog, seagull, Canada goose, ruminant, and muskrat was also conducted to determine sources of bacterial contamination in the stormwater ponds. Sampling was conducted near the pond surface and adjacent to the shoreline, specifically near the outfalls that discharge stormwater runoff into the ponds and the inlets that convey water out of the ponds. Overall, the FIB concentrations in the vicinity of pond outfalls were significantly or relatively higher than those near pond inlets. The contamination in the McCall Lake and the Country Hills stormwater ponds showed higher amounts of human markers (40 to 60%) compared to the Inverness stormwater pond (< 20%), which coincided with their higher FIB concentration medians. The results revealed that stormwater drained from catchments with a higher percentage of commercial land use was more contaminated than those with primary residential land use, while the impacts of residential development on the FIB levels in the Inverness stormwater pond were not obvious. Furthermore, FIB concentrations in the ponds increased in response to both rain events and inter-event dry periods, with human-specific markers being predominant despite the high levels of animal markers during inter-event dry periods. Human-origin sources might be among the main microbial loading contributors in the pond catchments in general. All these findings can inform the development or improvement of measures for mitigating microbial pollution, strategies for reusing stormwater, and maintenance programs.

Stormwater discharge: An overlooked source of disinfection byproduct precursors

Discharge from the stormwater system is as an important pathway for contaminant transport, impacting the quantity and characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface water, and thus the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during downstream drinking water disinfection. In this study, DOM in stormwater pipes was characterized by size-exclusion chromatography, and the formation of 27 DBPs and halogen-specific total organic halogen (TOX) following chlorination was investigated. Overall, DOM in stormwater pipes was characterized by low molecular weight compounds and microbial-derived organics. Total DBP concentrations in chlorinated stormwaters were ∼1–15 times higher than in chlorinated surface waters. DBPs formed in stormwaters were dominated by trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Moreover, the DBP-associated toxicity of chlorinated stormwaters was ∼1–38 times higher than in chlorinated surface waters, and mainly due to the presence of large amount of haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles. Sampling during a rainfall event suggested that stormwater discharge significantly increased DBP precursors in the surface water. The high formation and estimated toxicity of DBPs in stormwater discharge indicates this is an overlooked source of DBP precursors, posing a threat to the aquatic environment and potentially drinking water quality.

Sediment recontamination potential and biological impacts of hydrophobic organics from stormwater in a mixed-use watershed

This study focused on understanding the influence of stormwater on sediment recontamination and biota bioaccumulation. Stormwater and sediment sampling was conducted at Paleta Creek San Diego, CA, a mixed-use urban watershed. Stormwater samples were size fractioned into clay, silt, sand, and filtered fractions to better understand the association of PAHs and PCBs with different particle sizes. Settling traps were deployed during storm seasons to capture solid particles deposited by stormwater. Bioaccumulation studies of the receiving water sediments were conducted on bent-nosed clams (Macoma nasuta) both in-situ and ex-situ. The results indicated that the majority of PAHs and PCBs were discharged during the early stages of the storm and were primarily associated with coarser particles (>20 μm). Sediment near the discharge exhibited higher levels of contaminants, consistent with the findings from the settling traps and stormwater discharges. Ex-situ bioaccumulation studies demonstrated that sediment contamination did not correlate with bioaccumulation in Macoma nasuta, whereas porewater accurately reflected bioaccumulation trends. This study highlights the importance of considering stormwater discharge patterns and particle sizes when assessing sediment recontamination but also that the resulting bulk sediment contamination may not reflect bioavailability as measured by organism bioaccumulation. These insights contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of stormwater runoff on sediment and biota in southern California coastal watersheds, aiding in the development of effective management strategies.

Bioretention System as a Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs): A Case Study in Malaysia

Bioretention systems, such as rain gardens, are landscaped depressions that treat on-site stormwater discharge from impervious surfaces such as roofs, driveways, sidewalks, parking lots and compacted lawns. They are used to collect stormwater and filter it through a mixture of soil, sand and/or gravel. In this study, a pilot-scale bioretention system has been constructed in Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang. This bioretention system will be used as a stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) to solve water quality issues in tropical climates, particularly Malaysia. This study consists of two bioretention pilot sites, a vegetated site with tropical plants, such as Red Hot Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Amaryllis (Hippeastrum), Singapore Daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata), Lobster claw (Heliconia rostrata), Alternanthera (Alternanthera cultivar) and a non-vegetated control site. The study investigated the pollutant removal efficiency between two pilot sites in treating polluted runoff. The site uptake from the polluted runoff will be observed by testing the effluent with TSS, TN and TP test for three weeks at 30 mins, 2 hours, 4 hours and 8 hours after the runoff being released. The results showed pollutant removal efficiency for TSS (76 %), TN (78 %), and TP (71 %) for the vegetated site, which is slightly better compared to control site (TSS (75 %), TN (76 %) and TP (54 %)). This study concluded that the vegetated site has slightly better performance on nutrient removal efficiency.

Stormwater Suspended Solids and Pollutant Concentrations in an Urban Stream

The chemical and ecological quality of small rivers or streams is not normally classified, but any urban stormwater discharges will result in their impairment. To assist in understanding the resulting applied environmental stress to benthic communities, the empirical relationships between in-stream suspended solids and metal pollutants, initially identified by principal component analysis, are explored using data from a small urbanised upland catchment. When data are amalgamated from individual storms, a correlation for each metal pollutant with suspended solids is obtained, starting very strongly, and decreasing in the order Fe > Al > Mn > Pb > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni. Comparison of pollutant/solids correlations for individual storms is, for some metals, excellent, but differing intercepts and/or gradients can be obtained for an individual metal between storms. The practice of assessing their correlation based on event mean concentrations or longer-term averages across several storm events may conceal strong correlations for individual storms, exemplifying the impact of variable catchment characteristics and storm conditions; Cd and Be are poorly correlated with suspended solids and are likely affected by changes in background pollution levels. The analysis of covariance also highlights a significant difference between certain storm events for specific metals, which calls into question the validity of using combined storm-event datasets. The relationships identified here enable the determination of stormwater pollutant loads from suspended solids concentrations for heavy metals and are useful for developing water quality assessments.

Challenges and countermeasures of urban water systems against climate change: a perspective from China

Urban water systems are facing various challenges against climate change, impacting cities’ security and their sustainable development. Specifically, there are three major challenges: submersion risk of coastal cities as glaciers melt and sea level rises, more and severe urban flooding caused by extreme weather like intensified storm surge and heavy precipitation, and regional water resource patterns challenged by alteration of spatial distribution of precipitation. Regarding this, two strategies including proactive adaptation and positive mitigation were proposed in this article to realize the reconstruction and optimization of urban water systems, to enhance their resilience, and eventually increase their adaptability and coping ability to climate change. The proactive adaptation strategy consists of 1) construction of sponge cities to accommodate the increased regular rainfall and to balance the alterations of spatial redistribution of precipitation; 2) reconstruction of excess stormwater discharge and detention system to increase capability for extreme precipitation events based on flood risk assessment under future climate change; 3) deployment of forward-looking, ecological, and integrated measures to improve coastal protection capability against inundation risks caused by climate change and sea level rise. The positive mitigation strategy is to employ the systematic concept in planning and design and to adopt advanced applicable energy-saving technologies, processes, and management practices, aiming at reduction in flux of urban water systems, reinforcement in energy conservation and carbon reduction in both water supply systems and wastewater treatment systems, and thus a reduction of greenhouse gas emission from urban water systems.

Analysis of the indicators of the environmental state of the Southern Buh River basin in Vinnytsia

An analysis of modern ecological problems of the Southern Buh River basin was carried out, which allows to identify the most painful ecological threats. Ways to solve these problems and to optimize management of ecological safety of water resources of Vinnytsia region are proposed. Surface water is a special natural resource of strategic importance for any state. It determines the development trends of all branches of the economy. Scientifically unfounded anthropogenic load, intensified by climate change, leads to quantitative and qualitative degradation of rivers. The problem of water quality is considered as the most important social, scientific and technical problem of our time, the solution of which largely depends on the correct management of water systems. Therefore, it is relevant to study the quality of surface water in order to predict changes in the state of the hydroecosystem and reduce the risks of unstable exploitation of water by water users. After analyzing the ecological condition of the Southern Buh River, according to the data of open sources of ecological monitoring, it was confirmed that the main pollutant within the city of Vinnytsia is the discharge of storm water. Surface pollution is formed due to the extremely unsatisfactory condition of the territories of coastal protection strips, enterprises, and the adjacent territories of individual home ownership. According to the data of the regional sanitary-epidemiological service, the specific weight of drinking water samples that do not meet the sanitary standards for microbiological contamination was 5.9%. Control of the water condition of the Southern Buh River in the territory of the city of Vinnytsia is carried out by accredited laboratories of various institutions, but the main problem is that the coastal strips remain unexamined for significant distances. Therefore, constant monitoring of the state of surface waters is an important measure to prevent uncontrolled pollution and deterioration of the quality of water resources.

Macrophyte communities as bioindicator of stormwater pollution in rivers: a quantitative analysis.

Macrophytes are one of the important indicators used in assessing the anthropic impact on aquatic ecosystems. The structure of macrophyte communities of two rivers were compared by species composition, dominant species and projective cover using statistical methods. It is shown that the influence of storm runoff on these rivers is manifested in the form of a change in the dominant species composition. Based on the statistical analysis carried out, it can be argued that, despite the peculiarities of the flora composition of each of the rivers, the influence of storm runoffs largely neutralizes this specificity, determining the situation in local areas immediately below the runoff. In the area of the effluent discharge the dominance of individual species and an increase in the area overgrown with macrophytes was observed. In the area of stormwater discharge on the Psel River, species were usually present: Nuphar lutea, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum spicatum and on the Bystrica River-Glyceria maxima, Sagitaria sagittiformis, Stuckenia pectinata and Potamogeton crispus. The use of the NMDS method has been found to provide good insight into the structural rearrangements in macrophyte communities affected by runoff from stormwater systems.

Two-dimensional (2D) flood analysis and calibration of stormwater drainage systems using geographic information systems.

In recent years, there has been severe flooding in urban areas as well as coastal and river flooding. Urban flooding is exacerbated by climate change, urbanization, growing population, and the increase of impervious surfaces in urban areas. Stormwater drainage systems that discharge stormwater to a safe location in urban areas are becoming increasingly important. The objective of this study is to analyze and calibrate the flood performance of stormwater drainage systems currently used in the central region of Malatya in a potential flood situation using geographic information systems and the InfoWorks ICM. The model was created using the land use type, buildings, and digital elevation model (DEM), and the analysis was performed by exposing stormwater drainage systems to rainfall events of 5, 10, and 15 min of duration for return periods of 2, 5, and 10 years. The model was then validated using field-observed rainfall and flood data and its performance was evaluated using R2, NSE, RMSE, and MAE metrics. The results showed that the eight stormwater drainage systems currently in operation cannot fully convey stormwater and may pose a risk of loss of life and property in residential areas. In addition, the severity of the flooding was found to increase with an increasing return period.

Improving detention ponds for effective stormwater management and water quality enhancement under future climate change: a simulation study using the PCSWMM model

Urban surfaces are often covered by impermeable materials such as concrete and asphalt which intensify urban runoff and pollutant concentration during storm events, and lead to the deterioration of the quality of surrounding water bodies. Detention ponds are used in urban stormwater management, providing two-fold benefits: flood risk reduction and pollution load minimization. This paper investigates the performance of nine proposed detention ponds (across the city of Renton, Washington, USA) under different climate change scenarios. First, a statistical model was developed to estimate the pollutant load for the current and future periods and to understand the effects of increased rainfall on stormwater runoff and pollutant loads. The Personal Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM) platform is employed to calibrate an urban drainage model for quantifying stormwater runoff and corresponding pollutant loads. The calibrated model was used to investigate the performance of the proposed nine (9) detention ponds under future climate scenarios of 100-year design storms, leading to identifying if they are likely to reduce stormwater discharge and pollutant loads. Results indicated significant increases in stormwater pollutants due to increases in rainfall from 2023 to 2050 compared to the historical period 2000–2014. We found that the performance of the proposed detention ponds in reducing stormwater pollutants varied depending on the size and location of the detention ponds. Simulations for the future indicated that the selected detention ponds are likely to reduce the concentrations (loads) of different water quality constituents such as ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrate (NO3), total phosphate (TP), and suspended solids (SS) ranging from 18 to 86%, 35–70%, 36–65%, 26–91%, and 34–81%, respectively. The study concluded that detention ponds can be used as a reliable solution for reducing stormwater flows and pollutant loads under a warmer future climate and an effective adaptation option to combat climate change related challenges in urban stormwater management.

Influences of Urban Discharges and Urban Heat Effects on Stream Temperature

Urban areas with dark and impermeable surfaces are known to have a heating effect on air and still water compared to surrounding areas, called the urban heat island effect (UHI). UHI and stormwater discharges’ collective impact on stream temperature, especially regarding seasonal changes, is a less-studied field. In this study, the temperature effect of the urban village Aarslev on Stream Vindinge in Southern Denmark was examined. Loggers (ID A–L) were placed in Stream Vindinge in 2020–2021, measuring temperature (°C) and pressure (kPa). Outlets were analyzed with respect to origin: Direct stormwater outlets (rain ÷ basin), stormwater delayed by ponds (rain + basin), common overflow, and common sewage from WWTP. Data showed the stream temperature rise through Aarslev village in all months (except March) with 0.3–1.9 °C, most notably in the summer months. A one-way ANOVA confirmed that the upstream station A and downstream station K were significantly different (p-values &lt; 0.001). No significant difference in temperatures between the different outlet types was found. An increase in stream temperature was observed in response to rain events, followed by a temperature decrease. This was assumed to be a “first heat flush”. This was speculated to mean less optimal conditions for trout and sensitive macroinvertebrates not because of heat shock, but rather to lower O2 concentrations and higher mineralization. River and lake temperatures are projected to increase, and this effect might become more pronounced. A decrease in stream temperature was observed after the village (station L). Therefore, it was concluded that the rise in temperature through the village was due to UHI.

Predicted aquatic exposure effects from a national urban stormwater study

Episodic stormwater discharges expose aquatic ecosystems to extensive contaminant mixtures. Cumulative acute risks to multiple aquatic trophic levels are estimated based on contaminant mixtures documented in a US stormwater reconnaissance.

Exploration of occurrence and sources of microplastics (>10 μm) in Danish marine waters

Microplastics (MPs) were quantified in Danish marine waters of the Kattegat and the southernmost part of Skagerrak bordering to it. Kattegat is a waterbody between Denmark and Sweden that receives inflow from the Baltic Sea and direct urban runoff from the metropolitan area of Copenhagen and Malmö. MPs were measured in 14 continuous transects while steaming between monitoring stations. MP levels tended to be highest close to the Copenhagen-Malmö area, albeit this was more obvious from the abundance of particles rather than mass. The outcome of the measurements allowed a rough MP budget in the Danish Straits region, suggesting that urban waste- and stormwater discharges could not be neglected as potential MP source in these waters. The marine samples were collected by pumping and filtering water over 10 μm steel filters, hereby sampling a total of 19.3 m3. They were prepared and analyzed by FPA-μFTIR imaging, and the scans interpreted to yield MP size, shape, polymer type, and estimated mass. The average concentration was 103 ± 86 items m−3, corresponding to 23.3 ± 28.3 μg m−3 (17–286 items m−3; 0.6–84.1 μg m−3). Most MPs were smaller than 100 μm and fragments dominated the samples. The carbonyl index was assessed for polyolefins, showing that oxidation increased with decreasing MP size, but did not correlate with distance to urban areas. A rough budget of MP in the Danish Straits region suggested that MPs discharged from urban waste- and stormwaters were an import source of MPs.

Determination of Pollution and Environmental Risk Assessment of Stormwater and the Receiving River, Case Study of the Sudół River Catchment, Poland

Changes in the land use of urban catchments and the discharge of stormwater to rivers are causing surface water pollution. Measurements were taken of the quality of discharged stormwater from two areas with different types of development: a residential area and a residential-commercial area, as well as the quality of the Sudół River water below the sewer outlets. The following indicators were studied: TSS, COD, N-NO3, N-NO2, TKN, TN, TP, Zn, Cu, Hg, HOI, and PAHs. The influence of land use on the magnitudes of flows in the river was modeled using the SCS-CN method and the Snyder Unit Hydrograph Model. The results showed an increase in sealing and a resulting increase in surface runoff. Concentrations of pollutants in stormwater and analysis of the potential amounts of loadings contributed by the analyzed stormwater outlets indicate that they may be responsible for the failure to meet environmental targets in the Sudół River. Environmental risk assessment shows that the aquatic ecosystem is at risk. A risk factor indicating a high risk of adverse environmental effects was determined for N-NO3, Zn, and Cu, among others.

Customized Design of a Proposed Alignment at MAU Yola Campus in Civil 3D Using Nigerian Federal Ministry of Works Highway (FMWH) Manual

This study testedthe capability of Civil3D to design acarriageway using FMWH Manual. Forthis purpose, the guidelines outlined in the manual were accommodated. The route under consideration is a proposed dual carriageway alignment at Modibbo Adama University (MAU) Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Methodology focused on field work, data acquisition, and roadway alignment design. Data for this project was obtained directly from the field using conventional ground survey method, Google Earth, GARMIN GPSMAP64 Hand Held GPS, and Kern-Swiss K1-M 292272 Theodolite. Reduce level was computed using Microsoft excel and the output was imported into the design software (Autodesk Civil 3D V.2023) as a dot csv (.csv) data file known as PENZD.csv.A simple horizontal circular curve with a radius of 200m was designed at chainage 0+268.55 to 0+290.41 between two tangents. Two Sag curves at chainages 0+160.95 and 0+655.33 were designed for the vertical alignment. A trapezoidal channel was provided to discharge storm water and also, a single cell box culvert to be sited at chainage 0+524 to 0+532.5. Equally, a pipe culvert was proposed at 0+722 to 0+723. QR Code for data used is also presented. The results indicate that the designed alignment was adequate and economical based on FMWH Manual.