Energy Storage Capacity Research Articles

Metal-Hydroxide Organic Frameworks for Aqueous Nickel-Zinc Batteries.

Hydroxides exhibit a high theoretical capacity for energy storage by ion release and are often intercalated with anions to enhance the ion migration kinetics. In this study, a series of metal-hydroxide organic frameworks (MHOFs) are synthesized by intercalating aromatic organic linkers into hydroxides using I-M/Ni(OH)2 (where M = Co2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Fe2+). The coordination environment and layer spacing (1.09 nm) of I-M/Ni(OH)2 are explored by X-ray absorption fine structure and cryo-electron microscopy. The intercalation nanostructure improves the conductivity of the hydroxides and facilitates Zn2+ migration by increasing the interlayer spacing, while enhancing the rate capability and cycling stability. Consequently, the I-Co/Ni(OH)2 material exhibites a satisfactory specific capacity of 0.35 mAh cm-2 at 3 mA cm-2 and a high peak power density of 6.78 mW cm-2. This study offers a novel perspective on the design of intercalated hydroxide and provides new insights into high-performance nickel-zinc batteres.

Investigation of Bi2MoO6/MXene nanostructured composites for photodegradation and advanced energy storage applications

This study presents nanostructured composite Bi2MoO6/MXene heterostructure by using hydrothermal method for photodegradation of the congo-red dye and also for energy storage devices. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were performed to examine the structural properties along with surface area and porosity of the material. Due to addition of MXene the larger surface area and improved pore size help to quickly break down additional organic pollutants by adsorbing them. The band gap of Bi2MoO6/MXene nanostructured composite reduced to 2.4 eV suggesting transfer of electrons from VB to CB. Bi2MoO6/MXene exhibits a high (92.3%) photocatalytic degradation rate for a duration of 16 min which was verified using UV-visible spectroscopy, also scavenger test was conducted to ascertain the reactive agent along with the degradation pathway was confirmed by LCMS. Elemental content was also established by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For estimating energy storage capacity cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed. It was observed Bi2MoO6/MXene nanostructured composite electrodes had specific capacitance of 642.91Fg− 1, power density of 1.24 kWkg− 1, and energy density of 22.32 Whkg− 1 at a current density of 5Ag− 1 also it exhibited 64.42% capacity retention having current density 20 Ag− 1 throughout 10,000 Galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) cycles. High electrical conductivity of Bi2MoO6/MXene electrode was again examined by Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These findings demonstrate the potential of Bi2MoO6/MXene nanostructured composites in both photodegradation and energy storage applications.

Porous Single-Crystal Nitrides for Enhanced Pseudocapacitance and Stability in Energy Storage Applications.

Supercapacitors have emerged as a prominent area of research in energy storage technology, primarily because of their high power density and notable stability compared to batteries. However, their practical implementation is hindered by their low energy densities and insufficient long-term stability. In this study, bulk porous Nb4N5 and Ta3N5 single crystals with excellent pseudocapacitance and electrical conductivity are successfully prepared by solid-phase transformation method. These monolithic porous single crystals (PSC) exhibit a long-range ordered crystalline architecture and substantial specific surface area, which facilitate rapid charge transport and ion diffusion within the electrolyte-permeated crystal lattice. Notably, the areal capacitance of the porous Nb4N5 single crystals is 12.9 F cm-2 at a current density of 6mA cm-2 and 35.08 F cm-2 at a scan rate of 1mV s-1. Furthermore, the energy density reached 1.79 mWh cm-2 at a power density of 20mW cm-2, demonstrating their high energy storage capability. Moreover, these porous Nb4N5 single crystals exhibited robust capacitance retention and exceptional cycling stability, making them promising candidates for use as electrodes in energy storage applications. These results underscore the significant potential of porous metal nitride single crystals in advancing the field of capacitive energy storage.

Multi-objective planning of distribution network based on distributionally robust model predictive control

The uncoordinated integration of numerous distributed resources poses significant challenges to the safe and stable operation of distribution networks. To address the uncertainties associated with the intermittent output of distributed power sources, we propose a multi-objective planning strategy for distribution networks based on distributionally robust model predictive control (MPC). Initially, an error fuzzy set is established on a Wasserstein sphere using historical data to enhance out-of-sample performance. Next, a multi-objective optimization framework is constructed, balancing returns and risks, and is subsequently converted into a single-objective solution using value-at-risk conditions. This is followed by the implementation of multi-step rolling optimization within the model predictive control framework. We have linearized the proposed model using the linearized power flow method and conducted a thorough validation on an enhanced IEEE 37-node test system. Distributionally robust optimization (DRO) has been shown to reduce costs by a significant 29.16% when compared to an RO method. Moreover, the energy storage capacity required has been notably reduced by 33.33% on the 29-node system and by 20% on the 35-node system. These quantified results not only demonstrate the substantial economic efficiency gains but also the enhanced robustness of our proposed planning under the uncertainties associated with renewable energy integration.

Enhanced Frequency/Voltage Control in Multi-Source Power System Using CES and SSA-Optimized Cascade TID-FOPTID Controller

The stability and reliability of modern power systems, especially those with several renewable energy sources, strongly rely on load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulation (AVR) for frequency and voltage control under inconstant load demands. In this study, a new cascade tilt integral derivative-fractional order proportional tilt integral derivative (TID-FOPTID) controller is presented that is polished through the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) for LFC of a multi-area power system with AVR in all control areas. The system integrates capacitive energy storage (CES) and deals with governor dead-band and generation rate constraint nonlinear effects in a thermal-hydro-gas three-area multi-source power system (TAMSPS). The analysis of results, due to the SSA-based TID-FOPTID controller compared to TID-FOTID and TID-FOTID + 1 shows a positive outcome. Integrating CES brings additional improvement in the system performance, the overshoot/undershoot, and settling time are minimized. Finally, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the suggested controller will be effective and reliable for enhancing the frequency stability of the complex power system with a high RES integration level.

An Overview of the R&D of Flywheel Energy Storage Technologies in China

The literature written in Chinese mainly and in English with a small amount is reviewed to obtain the overall status of flywheel energy storage technologies in China. The theoretical exploration of flywheel energy storage (FES) started in the 1980s in China. The experimental FES system and its components, such as the flywheel, motor/generator, bearing, and power electronic devices, were researched around thirty years ago. About twenty organizations devote themselves to the R&D of FES technology, which is developing from theoretical and laboratory research to the stage of engineering demonstration and commercial application. After the research and accumulation in the past 30 years, the initial FES products were developed by some companies around 10 years ago. Today, the overall technical level of China’s flywheel energy storage is no longer lagging behind that of Western advanced countries that started FES R&D in the 1970s. The reported maximum tip speed of the new 2D woven fabric composite flywheel arrived at 900 m/s in the spin test. A steel alloy flywheel with an energy storage capacity of 125 kWh and a composite flywheel with an energy storage capacity of 10 kWh have been successfully developed. Permanent magnet (PM) motors with power of 250–1000 kW were designed, manufactured, and tested in many FES assemblies. The lower loss is carried out through innovative stator and rotor configuration, optimizing magnetic flux and winding arrangement for harmonic magnetic field suppression. Permanent magnetic bearings with high load ability up to 50–100 kN were developed both for a 1000 kW/16.7 kWh flywheel used for the drilling practice application in hybrid power of an oil well drilling rig and for 630 kW/125 kWh flywheels used in the 22 MW flywheel array applied to the flywheel and thermal power joint frequency modulation demonstration project. It is expected that the FES demonstration application power stations with a total cumulative capacity of 300 MW will be built in the next five years.

Energy Management System for Polygeneration Microgrids, Including Battery Degradation and Curtailment Costs

Recent advancements in sensor technologies have significantly improved the monitoring and control of various energy parameters, enabling more precise and adaptive management strategies for smart microgrids. This work presents a novel model of an energy management system (EMS) for grid-connected polygeneration microgrids that allows optimizing the management of electrical storage systems, electric vehicles, and other deferrable loads such as heat pumps. The main novelty of this model is that it incorporates both climate comfort variables and the consideration of the degradation of the energy storage capacity in the control strategy, as well as a penalty for the dumping of surpluses. The model has been applied to a smart, sustainable building as a case study. The results show that the proposed model is highly adaptable to diverse weather conditions, minimizing renewable energy losses while satisfying the energy demand and providing comfort to the building’s users. The study shows (i) that EVs’ dynamic charging schedules play a crucial role, (ii) that it is possible to minimize a battery’s degradation by optimizing its cycling, averaging one cycle per day, and (iii) the critical impact of seasonal weather patterns on microgrid energy management and the strategic role of EVs and storage systems in maintaining energy balance and efficiency.

Mo‐Doped Perovskite Cathode Enables High‐Performance Cycling‐Stable Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractManganese compounds have emerged as promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). But their broader applications are impeded by such cathodes' poor structure stability and sluggish ion transportation. Herein, these limitations are addressed by proposing high‐valence Mo doping regnant LaMnO3 perovskite oxide cathodes to develop high‐performance rate stable AZIBs. The optimized doped cathode contributes a highest specific capacity of 445 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1, which maintains 206 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 and accompanies with a remarkable capacity retention of 114% beyond 1000 cycles for continuous charge/discharge process. The doping of multivalent Mo is revealed to boost the energy storage capacity and stabilize the electrode structure via various ex situ characterization and theoretical calculations. Importantly, the incorporation of Mo facilitates the acceleration of reaction kinetics and sufficient charge transfer with H+ and Zn2+ as dual charge carriers, where H+ plays a dominant role. This work provides a new perspective on developing innovative perovskite oxide cathodes with high‐valence metal doping for AZIBs.

Morphological impact on the supercapacitive performance of nanostructured ZnO electrodes

This study investigated the influence of the ZnO morphology on the energy storage capacity of symmetric supercapacitor devices, focusing on the defect centers present in the materials due to morpho-structural differences. Thus, ZnOs with five different morphologies were synthesized with varying methods in which the nanoparticles have the form of flowers, bullets, pyramids, hexagons, and rods. All materials were thoroughly characterized by scanning/transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and spectroscopic techniques like photoluminescence, UV–Vis, Raman, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subsequently, the ZnO-based materials were assembled in symmetric supercapacitor devices to test their energy storage capabilities. The ZnO with nanorod and hexagonal morphologies showed the best specific capacity (180 and 142 F/g), energy density (25 and 19 Wh/kg), and power density (211 and 252 kW/kg) values. The importance of the defect centers in the materials was highlighted, where the ratio between the Zn and O vacancies, evidenced by EPR spectroscopy, plays a crucial role in the ZnO materials’ energy storage capacity. The Raman results support the proposed model, which underlines the importance of oxygen vacancies. In contrast, BET measurements show that the specific surface area of the morphologically distinct ZnO materials does not change drastically, validating the importance of the defect centers in the materials. A so-called “bottle-neck” effect is proposed to describe the relation between the paramagnetic vacancies and the electric properties of the materials.

Dual-Functional SnO2-CNT-PANI||PP||SnO2 Separator for Enhanced Lithium-Sulfur Battery Stability and Capacity

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) provide high capacity and energy density for advanced energy storage but encounter performance and safety issues due to lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) dissolution and dendrite formation. This study introduces a dual-functional SnO2-CNT-PANI||PP||SnO2 separator (DF-SNCPS) aimed at improving the stability and safety of LSBs. The separator includes a SnO2-CNT-PANI layer on the sulfur cathode side for enhanced electrical conductivity and polysulfide adsorption and a SnO2 nanoparticle (nano-SnO2) layer on the lithium anode side to regulate lithium-ion concentration and inhibit dendrite growth. Density functional theory (DFT) and the phase field method have verified the relevant material's catalytic performance and dendrite suppression ability. These methods have provided a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms, providing auxiliary explanations for their role in catalyzing polysulfide conversion and suppressing lithium dendrite growth. This innovative design mitigates the shuttle effect and enhances cyclic stability and sulfur utilization, achieving a notable cyclic performance with a capacity retention of 0.05% per cycle over 800 cycles at 1C. The synergistic effects of the modified separator present a viable pathway for LSB commercialization.

High energy density and efficiency of laminated polymeric blend-based composites via introducing ultra-low content micrometer sheets

Polymeric blend-based composites are promising for dielectric capacitor due to the excellent dielectric and energy storage properties. However, the electric displacement difference (Dmax-Dr) and dielectric constant (εr) of the polymeric blend-based composites are incompatible, which further limits the improvement of the available energy densities (Ue). In this study, we propose the solution-processable laminated polymeric blend-based composites to address this challenge. The concurrent enhancement in Dmax-Dr, εr, Ue and charge-discharge efficiency (η) of designed composites is attributed to the synergistic interaction between macroscopic layered interfaces and microscopic interfaces. The laminated polymeric blend-based composites were fabricated by utilizing a blend of 50 wt% poly(vinylidene difluoride)-hexafluoropropylene (P(VDF-HFP)) and linear poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the outer layer and P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA incorporated with an ultralow content alumina-modified strontium titanate plates (SrTiO3@Al2O3) the inner layer. As a result, laminated polymeric blend-based composite with the optimized content (0.5 vol%) delivers a maximum Ue of 14.36 J/cm3 due to highest Dmax-Dr of 7.96 μC/cm2, εr of 6.12 (1 kHz), Eb of 400 MV/m, and η of 76.6 %, outperforms those of representative polymer blend-based composites. Specially, laminated polymeric blend-based composite also exhibits the excellent energy storage reliability of different areas. Therefore, this contribution provides a viable approach to promote polymeric blend-based composites for capacitive energy storage.

Superb energy density in biomass-based nanocomposites with ultralow loadings of nanofillers

Biomass dielectric polymers hold promise in developing renewable and biodegradable capacitive energy storage devices. However, their typical discharged energy density remains relatively low (<20 J/cm3) compared to other existing synthetic polymers derived from petroleum sources. Here a greatly enhanced discharged energy density is reported in diluted cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) nanocomposites with inclusion of ultralow loadings (0.3%, in volume) of 30-nm-sized TiO2 nanoparticles. Owing to the interfacial polarization introduced by interface, the composite of 0.3% exhibits a large dielectric constant of 29.2 at 1 kHz, which can be described by interphase dielectric model. Meanwhile, the introduction of nanofillers facilitate the formation of deeper traps impeding electrical conduction in CEC, which results in an ultrahigh breakdown strength of 732 MV/m. As a result, a remarkable discharged energy density of 12.7 J/cm3 with a charge-discharge efficiency above 90% is achieved, exceeding current ferroelectric-based and biomass-based nanocomposites. Our work opens a novel route for scalable biomass-based dielectrics with high energy storage properties.

Fluorinated Polyimides incorporated with heterogeneous ZrO2@KNbO3 as multiple carrier transport barriers for Ultra-High energy storage

Advanced electronic devices and electrical power systems require high capacitor energy storage, fast charge–discharge speed and high temperature stability. Inorganic and organic nanocomposite film can achieve this great goal, but the major obstacle is the easy failure of breakdown in harsh environments. Here, we report a seires of inorganic–organic composite films prepared by blending a novel core–shell heterogeneous ZrO2@KNbO3 with fluorinated polyimide (FPI). The ZrO2@KNbO3 forms a distinctive sandwich-like microstructure, which delivers the p-n-p heterojunction interfaces. Multiple energy barriers, arisen at the interfaces, block the charge carrier transport. As a result, the 0.3 ZrO2@KN/FPI nanocomposite film achieves ultrahigh energy densities of 11.62 J cm−3 and 7.9 J cm−3 under electric fields of 665.6 MV m−1 and 550 MV m−1 at 25 °C and 150 °C, respectively, giving rise to a concurrent enhancement in breakdown strength and electrical displacement. Additionally, the 0.3 ZrO2@KN/FPI composite film exhibits superior charge–discharge cycling stability, enduring up to 100,000 cycles. This research provides a cutting-edge perspective to regulate the charge transport path, especially to inhibit charge transport at the interfaces, demonstrating a great potential for high-temperature dielectric capacitor applications.

Energy and exergy analysis of a multipass macro-encapsulated phase change material/expanded graphite composite thermal energy storage for domestic hot water applications

This study presents the development and performance evaluation of an innovative thermal energy storage (TES) system utilizing a commercially available bioderived organic phase change material (PCM) for domestic hot water production. The primary objective of this research is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of thermal energy storage solutions by macro-encapsulating the PCM-expanded graphite (EG) compressed modules in a multi-pass tube arrangement. A comprehensive experimental setup was employed to investigate the thermal performance of the proposed TES unit, focusing on charging and discharging cycles. Key findings reveal that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer, with the system achieving a significant maximum average charging power of 1440 W and a discharging power of 1990 W. The thermal energy storage capacity reached an impressive 12.6 MJ, enabling the discharge of 90 % of stored energy within 90 min. Furthermore, the exergy analysis indicated high exergy efficiencies, with charging efficiencies reaching 98 % and overall exergy efficiency at 18 %.The implications of this research are significant, demonstrating the feasibility of using bioderived organic PCM for sustainable energy applications. It highlights the potential of the modular structure of the system to integrate with heat pump and solar energy systems, thereby enhancing efficiency and sustainability in domestic hot water applications. This work significantly contributes to the advancement of sustainable thermal energy storage technologies and establishes a solid foundation for future studies aimed at optimizing TES systems for domestic hot water production.

Zeolitic imidazolate framework@graphene oxide nanocomposites for efficient supercapacitor electrodes

Despite advancements in nanoscale electrode materials, the pursuit of dependable, effective, and environmentally sound supercapacitors continues. This study explores the potential of zeolitic imidazolate framework@graphene oxide (ZIF@GO) nanocomposites as a viable option by revealing their improved electrochemical performance, including enhanced charge storage capacity and prolonged cycling stability. The ZIF-8@GO electrode exhibited an exceptional specific capacitance of 1372.67F/g at 1 A/g, indicating remarkable energy storage capacity. Furthermore, it showed exceptional cycling stability and durability by maintaining 96.02% of its capacitance after 20,000 cycles. To further evaluate ZIF-8@GO for energy storage, an asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled using the engineered electrode and activated carbon as the cathode and anode, respectively. The ZIF-8@GO nanostructure device demonstrated outstanding energy storage capability, maintaining a high specific capacitance of 165.29F/g at 1 A/g. Additionally, the device exhibited remarkable stability and endurance after 20,000 cycles, retaining 87.47% of its initial value. The promising electrochemical performance and ability of ZIF-8@GO nanocomposite to maintain capacitance across multiple cycles suggest a potential for advanced supercapacitor electrode materials.

Self-powered wireless sensing system with cylindrical high voltage side electric field energy harvesting by discharge circuit

To warn of overcurrent heating, temperature wireless sensor node (WSN) need to be deployed on the overhead lines of the power grid. The sustainable power supply of WSN is difficult. Using the electric field energy around the transmission line to power the sensor has the advantages of stability, reliability and sustainability, but the electric field energy harvesting (EFEH) power need to be improved. This paper studies the principle of energy harvesting by displacement current and discharge method, and analyzes the influencing factors of the output power of the EFEH unit. The power improvement method of the EFEH unit is proposed by improving the coupling capacitor and the energy storage capacity discharge voltage. The relationship between the structural parameters of energy cylinder and induced potential and coupling capacitance is explored by COMSOL simulation software. A low-cost, self-driven and adjustable high voltage undervoltage lock (UVLO) circuit is proposed. A 10kV high voltage generation platform is built in the laboratory, and the wireless temperature and humidity sensor is self-powered by the EFEH with power of 2.04mW. This research has important theoretical and application value for the high voltage side EFEH powered WSN.

Experimental study on natural convection heat transfer performance of microencapsulated phase change material slurry in a square cavity

Microencapsulated phase change slurry (MicroEPCMS), consisting of microencapsulated phase change material (MicroEPCM) and base liquid, represents a novel latent heat functional fluid that can absorb a large amount of heat within its phase change temperature range. It has found widespread use as a functional liquid cooling medium for heat dissipation in batteries, electronic devices, and other devices. In this work, MicroEPCMS with different MicroEPCM concentration were prepared. The physical properties of MicroEPCMS including density, thermal conductivity, and dynamic viscosity were tested within different temperature ranges. The results showed that the MicroEPCMS exhibits a superior thermal energy storage capacity compared to water. In the phase change range of MicroEPCM, the MicroEPCMS has a higher thermal conductivity compared to water. In addition, the natural convection heat transfer characteristics of MicroEPCMS in a square cavity were investigated under varying heating power. The results indicated that MicroEPCMS can enhance natural convection heat transfer by absorbing heat with a minimal temperature rise during the phase change process compared to water. Moreover, higher heating power enables natural convection enhancement of MicroEPCMS in a square cavity. These results underscore the significant potential of MicroEPCMS as a functional liquid cooling medium for applications in thermal energy storage and thermal management.

Quantum Spin Exchange Interactions Trigger O p Band Broadening for Enhanced Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery Performance.

The pressing demand for large-scale energy storage solutions has propelled the development of advanced battery technologies, among which zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are prominent due to their resource abundance, high capacity, and safety in aqueous environments. However, the use of manganese oxide cathodes in ZIBs is challenged by their poor electrical conductivity and structural stability, stemming from the intrinsic properties of MnO2 and the destabilizing effects of ion intercalation. To overcome these limitations, our research delves into atomic-level engineering, emphasizing quantum spin exchange interactions (QSEI). These essential for modifying electronic characteristics, can significantly influence material efficiency and functionality. We demonstrate through density functional theory (DFT) calculations that enhanced QSEI in manganese oxides broadens the O p band, narrows the band gap, and optimizes both proton adsorption and electron transport. Empirical evidence is provided through the synthesis of Ru-MnO2 nanosheets, which display a marked increase in energy storage capacity, achieving 314.4 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 and maintaining high capacity after 2000 cycles. Our findings underscore the potential of QSEI to enhance the performance of TMO cathodes in ZIBs, pointing to new avenues for advancing battery technology.

Enhancing Solar Water Heater Performance Using Phase Change Materials and Modified Encapsulation Geometry

ABSTRACTSolar energy's abundant availability in India makes it a potential solution to meet increasing energy needs without harming environment. Solar water heating (SWH) systems are effective in converting solar radiation into heat for domestic and industrial applications. However, their inability to provide hot water during nighttime or off‐sunshine hours due to the intermittent nature of solar energy presents a challenge. Thermal energy storage, particularly using phase change materials (PCMs), has emerged as a solution. In this study, spherical ball‐type encapsulated PCM, specifically RT60, was incorporated into a solar water heater tank under variable atmospheric conditions. The PCM stores excess energy during daylight and releases it when the water temperature drops below the PCM's melting point. The results reveal a significant reduction in the temperature drop of water from 4.5°C to 1.4°C when utilizing PCM compared to conventional storage water tanks without PCM. Additionally, energy storage capacity is enhanced by 5.13% with PCM incorporation. Furthermore, modifying the encapsulation geometry to a rectangular shape enhances heat transfer and reduces temperature drop even further to 0.9°C, making it a promising approach to improving SWH system performance. This study highlights the possibility of enhancing encapsulation shape and applying PCM to enhance SWH system performance. The results highlight the possibility of increasing solar thermal systems' energy efficiency and usefulness, which will support sustainable energy sources.

Phase change material performance in chamfered dual enclosures: Exploring the roles of geometry, inclination angles and heat flux

This study presents a comprehensive thermal performance analysis of phase change materials (PCMs) within a chamfered dual enclosures subjected to constant heat flux. Utilizing numerical simulations, we investigate the impact of various PCM types, inclination angles (α = 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°), and heat flux levels (Q = 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 W/m²) on melting rates, temperature distribution, and energy storage efficiency. The study examines commercially available PCMs, including RT-25, RT-27, RT-31, RT-35, RT-38, RT-42, RT-47, and RT-50. Our findings reveal that the inclination angle significantly influences thermal performance, with optimal performance observed at angles between 45° and 90° The PCM at 45° exhibited the fastest melting rate and demonstrating the highest energy storage efficiency. Among the PCMs, RT-27 showed the slowest temperature increase, while RT-50 exhibited the highest heat absorption efficiency and rapid temperature rise, making it suitable for applications requiring quick thermal management. Additionally, higher heat flux levels accelerated the phase transition process, with melting rates increases higher at 2000 W/m² compared to 500 W/m². The energy storage capacity varied, with RT-47 and RT-50 demonstrating the highest storage rates, while RT-27 was effective for sustained thermal energy release despite its slower phase change rate. This research bridges gaps in the existing literature by integrating various parameters and providing a holistic understanding of PCM behaviour in thermal energy storage systems. The insights gained from this study can inform the design and optimization of PCM-based thermal management solutions across various applications, including solar heating systems, electronic device cooling, and industrial waste heat recovery.