Model Of Storage Tank Research Articles

Dynamic responses of non-isolated and isolated liquid storage tanks under mainshock-aftershock sequences

After the mainshock earthquake, aftershocks often occur frequently, and the destructive effect of aftershocks on structures cannot be ignored. Based on the potential flow theory, the mechanical behavior of liquid is simulated. Considering liquid-solid coupling, material nonlinearity, and liquid sloshing, a three-dimensional numerical calculation model of liquid storage tank is established. No pulse-like and pulse-like mainshock-aftershock sequences are selected, and the seismic responses of non-isolated and isolated liquid storage tanks is compared and studied. The results show that the mainshock-aftershock sequence has a significant impact on the dynamic responses of the liquid storage tank, and the maximum increase rate reaches to 195.4 %. The effect of the mainshock-aftershock sequence on the dynamic responses of non-isolated liquid storage tanks is greater than on the dynamic response of isolated liquid storage tanks. Compared with the pulse-like mainshock-aftershock sequences, the no pulse-like mainshock-aftershock sequences generally have a greater impact on the dynamic responses of the liquid storage tanks. Overall, isolation significantly reduce the impact of mainshock-aftershock sequences on the dynamic responses of liquid storage tanks, and effectively enhance the seismic performance of liquid storage tanks under mainshock-aftershock sequences.

Transient modeling of stratified thermal storage tanks: Comparison of 1D models and the Advanced Flowrate Distribution method

Thermal energy storage (TES) is one of the key technologies for enabling a higher deployment of renewable energy. In this context, the present study analyzes the modeling strategies of one of the most common TES systems: stratified thermal storage tanks. These systems are essential to many solar thermal installations and heat pumps, among other clean energy technologies. Three different one-dimensional tank models are compared by their computing speed and resilience to long time steps. Two of the models analyzed are numerical, one being explicit and the other one implicit, and the other is analytical. The models are validated against data from experiments carried out considering small-scale stratified tanks, showing that their performance can be improved by using the Advanced Flowrate Distribution (AFD) method. The results show that the analytical model maintains its accuracy with longer time steps and is robust against divergence. Conversely, the numerical models show equivalent performance for short time steps, while the computation time is reduced. Although the AFD method shows promising results by achieving an improvement of 43% in terms of Dynamic Time Warping, its parameter optimization must be generalized for different tank designs, flow rates, and temperatures.

Real-time data assimilation for the thermodynamic modeling of cryogenic storage tanks

The thermal management of cryogenic storage tanks requires advanced control strategies to minimize the boil-off losses produced by heat leakages and sloshing-enhanced heat and mass transfer. This work presents a data-assimilation approach to calibrate a 0D thermodynamic model for cryogenic fuel tanks from data collected in real time from multiple tanks. The model combines energy and mass balance between three control volumes (the ullage vapor, the liquid, and the solid tank) with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for predicting the heat transfer coefficients from the current tank state.The proposed approach combines ideas from traditional data assimilation and multi-environment reinforcement learning, where an agent’s training (model assimilation) is carried out simultaneously on multiple environments (systems). The real-time assimilation uses a mini-batch version of the Limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno with bounds (L-BFGS-B) and adjoint-based gradient computation for solving the underlying optimization problem. The approach is tested on synthetic datasets simulating multiple tanks undergoing different operation phases (pressurization, hold, long-term storage, and sloshing). The results show that the assimilation is robust against measurement noise and uses it to explore the parameter space further. Moreover, the work shows that simultaneously sampling from multiple environments accelerates the assimilation.

Generalized thermodynamic modeling of hydrogen storage tanks for truck application

Hydrogen-driven heavy-duty trucks are a promising technology for reducing CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. Thus, storing hydrogen efficiently onboard is vital. The three available or currently developed physical hydrogen storage technologies (compressed gaseous, subcooled liquid, and cryo-compressed hydrogen) are promising solutions. For a profound thermodynamic comparison of these storage systems, a universally applicable model is required. Thus, this article introduces a generalized thermodynamic model and conducts thermodynamic comparisons in terms of typical drive cycle scenarios. Therefore, a model introduced by Hamacher et al. [1] for cryo-compressed hydrogen tanks is generalized by means of an explicit model formulation using the property cv2P from REFPROP [2], which is understood as a generic specific isochoric two-phase heat capacity. Due to an implemented decision logic, minor changes to the equation system are automatically made whenever the operation mode or phase of the tank changes. The resulting model can simulate all three storage tank systems in all operating scenarios and conditions in the single- and two-phase region. Additionally, the explicit model formulation provides deeper insights into the thermodynamic processes in the tank. The model is applied to the three physical hydrogen storage technologies to compare drive cycles, heat requirement, dormancy behavior, and optimal usable density. The highest driving ranges were achieved with cryo-compressed hydrogen, however, it also comes with higher heating requirements compared to subcooled liquid hydrogen.

A Two-Dimensional State-Space Model for Metal Hydride Storage Tanks and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis

Modeling of metal hydride storage tanks remains a challenging issue. In most of the literature, the charge and discharge of metal hydride storage tanks are controlled by the hydrogen flow rate. However, the case of controlling the charge and discharge of metal hydride tanks by pipe pressure has rarely been reported in the literature. Aiming at this problem, this work presents a two-dimensional state-space model that takes the pipe pressure as the system input and assumes that the tank temperature can be measured. Then, the First-order Trajectory Sensitivity Analysis method is used to analyze the parameter sensitivity of several selected unknown parameters. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that six parameters: entropy change for desorption ∆Sd, enthalpy change for desorption ∆Hd, activation energy for absorption Ea, activation energy for desorption Ed, plateau flatness coefficient φ and plateau hysteresis coefficient β have higher sensitivity to the model state.

Simplified earthquake response analysis of rectangular liquid storage tanks considering fluid-structure interactions

A simplified model of a rectangular liquid storage tank is proposed to estimate the earthquake responses of the system while considering the effects of fluid-structure interactions. The complicated three-dimensional structural behavior of a rectangular tank is represented by the simple combination of the fundamental modes of a rectangular-ring-shaped frame structure and a cantilever beam. The governing equation for the system is derived from Lagrange’s equation. The earthquake responses of deflection, hydrodynamic pressure and its resultant force and moment, base shear and overturning moment due to the structural deformation are obtained from the solution of the governing equation. The effective masses of the system and their heights are presented with the effective added masses and their heights from the hydrodynamic effects. The total earthquake responses are obtained with the convective earthquake responses taken into consideration. The proposed simplified model is applied to example rectangular liquid storage tanks with various aspect ratios, and the accuracy of the model is demonstrated. The proposed simplified model can be employed for the seismic design of a rectangular liquid storage tank, and reliable estimations for earthquake responses of the considered fluid-structure interaction system are obtained without sophisticated and/or complicated dynamic analysis.

Numerical simulation and optimization analysis of low temperature adsorption hydrogen storage

In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrogen storage tank model is established based on the D-A model using software to simulate the activated carbon adsorption hydrogen storage filling process numerically. The distribution of pressure inside the tank under the boundary conditions of 0.5 atm–1 atm is obtained, and the trends and rates of pressure changes inside the tank under different boundary conditions are compared. The temperature distribution inside the tank is investigated under the initial temperature of 293.15 K, the external condition of 77 K, and the convective heat transfer coefficient inside and outside the tank is 20 W/(m2·K), and the influence of adsorption materials on the temperature distribution inside the tank is compared with that of different thermal conductivity coefficients, and the general trend is that the temperature is higher and then lower, the temperature inside the tank is relatively high near the center axis, and the temperature near the tank wall is relatively low, and the addition of ribs can The addition of ribs can reduce the temperature inside the tank. This paper also calculates the adsorption amount of hydrogen at different pressures (0–7 MPa) and temperatures (80 K–260 K), and finds that the adsorption amount is the largest at 80 K and 7 MPa, with a value of 39.3 mol/kg. The novelty of this study is the coupling of many different physical fields to bring the results closer to reality and to give directions for optimization.

Thermal storage performance of a horizontal eccentric distance spiral shell-tube heat storage tank

Considering the delayed thermal response rate exhibited by a horizontal spiral shell-tube heat storage tank during the heat storage process, we introduce an eccentric distance spiral shell-tube heat storage tank model to address the above-mentioned limitation and enhance overall performance. The numerical simulation is used to simulate the thermal loading behavior of the three-dimensional model structure with different eccentric distances throughout the melting process. The results demonstrate that an eccentric distance can effectively expedite the melting process of the PCM. When the eccentricity of the tank is raised from 0 mm to 20 mm, the amount of heat storage remains relatively constant throughout this range. However, the melting time experiences a notable reduction of 47.19 %. Additionally, the average heat storage rate significantly increases by 83.85 %. It is worth noting that further increasing the eccentricity to 30 mm doesn’t lead to significant optimization in the melting process. Subsequently, the influence of inlet temperature and flow rate on the thermal storage performance is investigated using a tank with an eccentricity of 20 mm as a reference unit. The results show that when the inlet temperature is increased from 343 K to 358 K and the flow rate is increased from 0.034 kg/s to 0.136 kg/s, the heat storage capacity is increased by 11.02 % and 2.21 %, the melting time is shortened by 46.21 % and 25.44 %, and the average heat storage rate is increased by 106.41 % and 37.07 %, respectively. However, it is essential to note that at an inlet temperature of 363 K, the thermal storage performance of the tank experiences a notable decline. The results of this research provide useful guidelines for enhancing the thermal storage efficiency of the horizontal spiral shell-tube heat storage tank.

A novel constant power operation mode of constant volume expansion process for AA-CAES: Regulation strategy, dynamic simulation, and comparison

A novel operation mode of constant volume discharging process for advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES) is proposed, which achieves a constant output power by throttling and air supplementation. The dynamic model of the expansion process was developed based on the conservation of mass and energy of the open system. The reliability of the turbine and air storage tank models was verified. The results of the energy and exergy analysis of the expansion process show.

Parametric Study on Fin Structure and Injection Tube in Metal Hydride Tank Packed with LaNi5 Alloy for Efficient and Safe Hydrogen Storage

Efficient hydrogen storage methods are crucial for the large-scale application of hydrogen energy. This work studied the effects of fin structure and injection tube on the system performance of a hydrogen storage tank packed with LaNi5 alloy. An axisymmetric finite element model of the metal hydride hydrogen storage tank was established. The fin structure and injection tube were added to the hydrogen storage tank, and the effects of the fin location and injection tube on the efficiency and safety of the hydrogen storage tank during hydriding were analyzed. A parametric study on the wall fin structure and injection tube has been carried out to optimize the design of a hydrogen storage tank, and to improve its efficiency and safety. The hydrogen storage capacity of the optimized tank packed with LaNi5 alloy can reach 1.312 wt%, which is 99% of its maximum capacity, at around 650 s. The results show that the fin structure can improve the heat transfer performance of the storage tank, and that the injection tube can enhance the mass transfer of hydrogen in the tank.

Application of the multi-stage centrifugal compressor 1D loss model in the adiabatic compressed air energy storage

A compressor is the core equipment used to convert and store energy in an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system. However, existing compressor models cannot be used for design and detailed loss analyses, which in turn makes simulations of the energy storage process inadequate. In response to this problem, a 1D loss model was developed and applied to an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system to realize compressor design and simulate the compression process. In the design section, based on the 1D loss model and novel optimization algorithms for the stage distribution and single-stage compressor design, we achieved detailed geometric dimensioning of every single-stage compressor and analyzed the energy loss distribution in each representative single-stage compressor. In the simulation session, we generated performance maps of the single-stage and multi-stage compressors under both speed and variable inlet guide vane regulations. Furthermore, the performance maps were combined with heat exchanger and air storage tank models to simulate the entire energy-storage process. The results show that through variable inlet guide vane regulation, the adiabatic compressed air energy storage system has good flexibility to meet different demands under fluctuating renewable energy flows.

Seismic response and damage evaluation for anchored and unanchored cylindrical above ground steel tanks

This paper aims to first present a review of studies on numerical modeling and seismic response analysis of above ground steel liquid storage tanks. On that basis, a procedure for estimating dynamic parameters associated with simplified models for anchored and unanchored conditions together with calculation methods of seismic responses and damage states of tanks are presented. In which, the nonlinear behavior of the bottom plate in the case of unanchored conditions caused by sliding and uplift phenomena is properly modeled based on the nonlinear static pushover analysis on a 3D finite element model. Finally, an example of the numerical modeling and seismic response analysis of a water tank is presented. The seismic responses and damage of both anchored and unanchored conditions are compared and evaluated in detail.

Thermodynamic modelling for absorption refrigeration cycles powered by solar energy and a case study for Porto Alegre, Brazil

The objective of this study is to develop explicit thermodynamic models for absorption refrigeration systems. The models include recent advances in calculating thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water system, the parabolic trough solar collector (PTC) model and the storage tank model. The configurations studied are the single-stage cycle (SAR-C) and the generator-absorber heat exchange absorption refrigeration cycle (GAX-C). However, the procedure can be extended to other cycles or to other refrigerant-absorbent pairs. The thermodynamic model was validated with published experimental results. In terms of coefficient of performance (COP), the models of both cycles showed excellent accuracy. The average relative errors were 6.91% and 1.34%, respectively. A parametric study was performed to determine the feasible evaporation temperatures. A critical mass flow ratio was also determined. It was found that higher evaporator temperatures and lower condenser temperatures increased COP. A case study was also conducted for the city of Porto Alegre in the south of Brazil. During the summer and spring, a maximum cooling load of 18.89 kW was reached in December, while the minimum cooling load of 11.31 kW was reached in March. The system is suitable for a commercial office with a peak cooling load between 12 and 16 h.

Performance Assessment of Direct Vapor Generation Solar Organic Rankine Cycle System Coupled with Heat Storage

Phase change materials employed as thermal energy storage can aid in maximizing the use of stored solar energy. The current research examined the impact of three kinds of phase change materials (PCMs) on the dynamic performance of a solar organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system based on a direct vapor production. A number of evacuated flat plate collectors, a condenser, an expander, and an organic fluid pump make up this system. The thermodynamic cycle model of the direct vapor generation (DVG) solar ORC system was combined with the finite difference model of a phase change material heat storage tank created in MATLAB. The effect of PCMs (Organic, Inorganic and Eutectic PCMs) on the collector, ORC, and system efficiency, net power output, PCM temperature, and heat stored was studied weekly, monthly, and annually. Among the selected PCMs, Mg(NO3)2.6H2O had the highest system efficiency at 9.34%; KNO3-NaNO2 had the highest net power output at 33.80 kW; and MgCl2.6H2O stored the maximum energy of 20.18 MJ annually. Under the given operational and boundary conditions, the spring and fall were preferable to the summer and winter months for storing heat from phase change materials.

Influence of obstacle morphology on safety of nuclear hydrogen production system

The safety of the nuclear hydrogen production system is a key issue that cannot be ignored in the future commercialization. The reasonable arrangement of obstacles can effectively improve the safety of the system under accident conditions. In this paper, based on the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank model of a nuclear hydrogenation plant, two mechanisms by which obstacles can effectively improve safety are analyzed. In order to determine the obstacle design scheme with outstanding effect, the response surface methodology is used to study the influence of the structural parameters and spatial position parameters of obstacles of different shapes, and the comprehensive performance of different obstacles is compared by the TNO multi-energy method. The results show that the semi-cylindrical surface can control the separation distance within 141 m at a lower processing cost, which has good engineering utilization value. This study can provide a valuable reference for the design of nuclear hydrogen production systems.

Comprehensive analysis of superconducting gravimeter data, GPS, and hydrology modelling in support of lunar laser ranging at Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico

SUMMARYThe Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) project began in 2006 using a 3.5 m telescope on a high peak in the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico. It has been one of the best performing (in terms of returned photons per viewing period and range uncertainty) of a handful of similar sites worldwide. The purpose of installing a superconducting gravimeter (SG) in 2009 was to improve the determination of local deformation, directly affecting the telescope motions, as part of an effort to reduce the error in lunar distance to the mm level. We have now accumulated 10 yr of gravity measurements, together with data from a nearby permanent GPS Plate Boundary Observatory (P027) site. This paper describes the traditional analysis of SG data to produce a local tidal model and to determine a number of necessary dynamic corrections that are specific to the site, of which local atmospheric and hydrology attraction and loading are the most important. Loading corrections are available through the Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST) website as part of the International Earth Rotation Service, and we consider 12 different EOST loading series for global atmosphere and hydrology loading and attraction. Nonetheless, local hydrology can only be addressed at the required level of detail using local models determined directly from the gravity data. We devote a major portion of the paper to the development of several water storage and conceptual tank models that succeed in reducing the large seasonal variance of the SG residuals by more than 90 per cent. Yet there remain episodes in the corrected residuals that depart by up to 4 $\mu {\rm{Gal}}\,$ from the hydrological models, and the mean error of our fit remains between 1.5–2.0 $\mu {\rm{Gal}}\,$ for our two data sets, 2009–2012 and 2013–2018 respectively. Unfortunately the vertical GPS data relies on the UNAVCO processing, and has typically poor vertical accuracy. We find the correlation between the GPS and gravity residuals to be correspondingly weak, and then discuss briefly the incorporation of the displacement and gravity data into the Planetary Ephemeris Program for solving for the lunar distance.

Improving the Mechanical Properties of Liquid Hydrocarbon Storage Tank Materials

Methods for effective modules evaluation of materials with nanoinclusions of different shapes have been developed. The strength and dynamic characteristics of tanks and structures of fuel tanks and cisterns were determined by solving hydroelastic interaction issues. Especially important are the researches of the structures strength under the impulse, shock and seismic loads conditions. The crucial issue of ensuring the reliability and trouble-free operation of liquid hydrocarbon storage systems today has been remain actual. The aim of the paper is to improve the mechanical properties of liquid hydrocarbon storage tank materials.The refined mathematical model has been proposed to clarify the frequencies and shapes of free tank oscillations of the partially filled by liquid due to the internal partitions presence taking into account the surface tension of the aggregate on the dynamic characteristics of liquid hydrocarbon storage tank at low gravity. The method for studying free and forced oscillations of the elastic rotation shell with the arbitrary meridian partially filled with the ideal incompressible fluid has been developed. To research the free and forced oscillations of shell structures with compartments containing liquid, the method of given shapes has been developed.Nanocomposites with aluminum matrix with steel spherical inclusions and with steel and carbon inclusions-fibers have been considered. The effective modules of these composites have been estimated. The calculations results demonstrate the obtained composite materials strengthening in the while density reducing. The method to specify the static and dynamic characteristics of shell structures made of different composite materials and partially filled with liquid has been developed. Numerical analysis of static and dynamic characteristics for the liquid hydrocarbon storage tank model has been performed.

Seismic Response of a Large LNG Storage Tank Based on a Shaking Table Test

In order to study the dynamic response of the LNG storage tank under the action of seismic load and the seismic isolation effect of the lead-core rubber bearing, this paper establishes the experimental storage tank model with reference to the structural form of the large-scale LNG storage tank, and the seismic response of the test tank is obtained using a shaking table test. Simplified mechanical models of non-isolated and isolated storage tanks are proposed and the seismic responses of the corresponding storage tanks are calculated using the Newmark-beta method. Under the action of seismic waves with different acceleration peaks, the results show that (a) more excitation directions of the seismic wave can lead to the greater acceleration and displacement response of the tank and (b) the isolation bearing has a damping effect on the acceleration response of the storage tank, but it has an amplifying effect on the displacement of the storage tank. Comparing the results of the simplified model and the shaking table test, it is found that the change trend of the acceleration response of the experimental results and simplified mechanical models is the same. The spectral characteristic curve of them is not large, which verifies the effectiveness of the simplified model.

Modeling and Simulation of Layered Water Tank Based on MATLAB/SIMULINK

In order to improve the accuracy of the stratified hot water storage tank model and simplify the modeling process of the stratified water tank, a modelling method of the stratified water tank based on MATLAB/SIMULINK is proposed. By comparing with TRNSYS platform simulation, the correctness and accuracy of this method are verified. At the same time, this method is used to establish a six-node stratified hot water storage tank. Through the simulation of 8 different working conditions, the influence of different inlet and outlet water flow rates and temperature of the inlet and outlet water on the stratification effect of the hot water storage tank is analyzed.

Finite Element Analysis and Dynamic Characteristics of Anchored Rectangular Liquid-Storage Tank

In order to obtain the natural frequencies and vibration modes of the rectangular storage tanks under liquid-filled state, open anchorage rectangular storage tank models of 1000 m3 are established and the dynamic characteristics analysis is carried out. Considering the influence of wall thickness(t), liquid storage level(h) and other factors on the natural frequencies and vibration modes of the models under static state, the finite element analysis models of rectangular tanks with different parameters are established, and different natural vibration frequencies are compared and analyzed. The results show that the natural vibration frequencies of the structure increase with the increasing of the thickness of the tank wall and the bottom plate. The liquid storage level is negatively correlated with the tank-liquid coupling vibration frequency. The natural vibration frequencies of the tank decrease with the increasing of the liquid storage level.