Municipal Solid Waste Storage Research Articles

Overlooked risk of microplastics from municipal solid waste–storage site

Overlooked risk of microplastics from municipal solid waste–storage site

Technology for utilization and neutralization of municipal waste

Considered the issues of environmental protection with the simultaneous use for the neutralization and disposal of urban waste containing substances of organic origin, due to solar energy and atmospheric precipitation. At present, in the Russian Federation, waste makes up 90–98% of all extracted natural resources, that is, the industry works mainly for the production of waste. Already 8 billion m3 of industrial and municipal waste has accumulated. Landfills are 50–90% full on average across the country. The volume of waste from livestock enterprises and poultry farms in the form of manure, droppings and sewage is about 700 million m3 per year, and more than 2 million hectares of land are occupied for storing this waste. Therefore, it is planned until 2020–2025 to introduce a complete ban on the storage of municipal solid waste at more than 200 landfills and dumps, where they have accumulated 31 billion tons

Odour Load of Selected Elements of the Technological Line at a Municipal Waste Biogas Plant

Technological processes associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) processing are a potential source of odorant emissions, i.e., substances that cause negative olfactory impressions. When released into the atmosphere, these substances can cause odour nuisance complaints from residents. Many scientists have noted the strong relationship between odorant emission sources and odour concentrations and their significant impact on the living comfort of residents near these sources, as well as their social and economic relations. This paper attempts to estimate the odour load of selected elements of the technological sequence of a biogas plant processing municipal waste. Odour load was characterised by four constituents: odorant emissions, odour emissions, the variability of these emissions, and the emission levels per 1 Mg (1000 kg) of waste. The highest odour emissions accompany the storage of mixed MSW, which is associated with a large amount of waste. Limiting the storage time of waste should be an indispensable part of the technological regime. The dominant odorant associated with mixed MSW storage is NH3 emissions. The greatest variability of odorant and odour emissions concerns gases captured from selectively collected waste plastics and metals, due to the varied forms of selective waste collection in the service area, and their unstable efficiency. High variability of NH3 and odour emissions also accompanies digestate dewatering.

REDUCTION OF CONCENTRATE EFFLUENTS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNITS USED FOR TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING ORGANIC POLLUTION

Background Units for electrical desalination of oil, other chemical industries, as well as landfills for the storage of municipal solid waste (MSW) are sources of groundwater and surface water pollution with toxic decomposition products of organic substances. The ability to purify MSW filtrate to the level of modern requirements for purified water supplied to fishery reservoirs is a complex technical problem. The most effective technology for purifying solid waste filtrates is currently recognized as reverse osmosis technology, which allows to effectively remove from water not only contaminants in the ionic form (ammonium), but also dissolved organic compounds determined by the indicator of chemical oxygen consumption. A serious problem when using reverse osmosis technology is the formation of concentrates and their disposal. The consumption of concentrates in the treatment of leachate from MSW landfills by the reverse osmosis method is from 20 % to 30 % of all incoming water for treatment. Aims and Objectives The purpose of this work is to study the issues of processing mineralized wastewater containing oil products and other organic pollution (wastewater from electrical desalting plants, leachate from solid municipal waste storage sites) using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration methods. Results It is noted that a serious environmental problem is posed by reverse osmosis concentrates, which have a high content of salts and organic substances and are difficult to dispose of. It is proposed to use the separation of concentrates into solutions containing their components, depending on the value of the value of their retention using nanofiltration membranes. So, concentrates of reverse osmosis plants can be divided into solutions with a high content of organic substances and saline solutions (containing ammonium salts), the volumes of which are 10-20 times lower than the volumes of concentrates. Using the example of concentrates from reverse osmosis plants, it is shown how multicomponent solutions can be divided into highly concentrated solutions of organic substances and saline solutions of ammonium chloride in order to simplify their further disposal. The technology of separation of solutions is described, using dilution of the concentrate with deionized water, which makes it possible to achieve separation of solutions into components depending on their selectivity - the degree of their retention by nanofiltration membranes.

Simultaneous annihilation of microorganisms and volatile organic compounds from municipal solid waste storage rooms with slightly acidic electrolyzed water

Great deal pathogenic bacteria and malodorous gases are hidden in municipal solid waste (MSW), which poses excellent environmental sanitation risks for sanitation workers and residents, and preventive measures should be implemented. In this study, the simultaneous annihilation of microorganisms and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) was investigated in an MSW storage room of a residential community in Shanghai, China. The microbial population of airborne, surfaces and handles of waste bins, hands of sanitation workers and the main components of VOCs were measured. The results indicated that the bacterial reduction efficiencies of SAEW with an available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 50–100 mg/L on surfaces and handles of waste bins and sanitation workers’ hands were 22.7%–84.1%. Also, SAEW effectively reduced the average population of airborne bacteria and fungi by 358 and 378 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3 and decreased the detection rates of coliforms by 14.2%–51.9%. The concentrations of most VOCs were reduced by 21.4%–88.3% after spraying SAEW. And the accumulated values of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks also tended to decrease with spraying SAEW. These findings imply that SAEW has significant application potential to control environmental sanitation risks in MSW storage rooms.

Оценка влияния локальных производственных объектов на почвы пос. Соловецкий (Соловецкий архипелаг, Архангельская область)

The work presents the results of soil and environmental studies on the Bolshoy Solovetsky Island. The main environmental problems in this territory include the presence and operation of production facilities, discharge of untreated water into the White Sea bays, and non-compliance with the established requirements for the storage of municipal solid waste. In order to assess the anthropogenic impact on soils, 44 samples were taken in the summer of 2016-2017. The study included the determination of both physico-chemical and biological indicators. During the study, the differentiation of the soil profile by granulometric composition was revealed: the upper part is heavier and the lower part is lighter, which affected the change in all indicators. A slightly acidic environment has been established for the soils of the studied areas. The average pH of water for all studied samples was 5.7, varying down the profile from the surface from 4.4 to 5.9. The average organic matter content for all samples was 10 %. Its content in the coarse-humus horizon varied from 20 to 36 %, in the eluvial horizon it decreased to 2-3 %, and in the lower horizons of sandy horizons with various inclusions – up to 1 % and lower. The obtained indicators of the content of heavy metals (HM) and petroleum products (РP) were correlated with the accepted pollution levels. Soils in separate trial areas of TM, primarily zinc and lead, as well as petroleum products. The data obtained showed the presence of influence on the soil of three structures - a gas station and a diesel power station, a dry dock. The average value of catalase activity for all studied soil samples from the Solovetsky village amounted to 10.6±0.3 in the surface horizon of the control soil sample was 19±1 mg H2O2 for 1 hour per 3 g of soil. Eliminating the influence of natural abiotic factors, an increase in enzyme activity to 29 units relative to the control sample in soil with a high content of HM (about 10,000 μg/kg) and a sharp (up to 3 units) decrease in activity in soil with a high level of pollution of РP (13400 μg/kg). According to the results of soil research Solovetsky village showed a very high level of contamination at some PPs and a reliable response to this effect of catalase activity. It has been suggested that it is possible to use the activity of this enzyme as a diagnostic indicator of soil contamination in the Solovetsky village with the above pollutants.

Designing of local constructions for decontamination and leachate recirculation at municipal solid waste landfills

The article discusses the results of studies on the design of a system for managing the leachate at the municipal solid waste storage facility (MSW landfill) in 4 km southeast from Ketovo, Ketovsky district of the Kurgan region with the possibility of using the hydrobotanical method and recycling the leachate. The work was carried out within the framework of the research of the Perm State Agricultural Academy, Contract 15/13 and PNRPU Contract No. 2013/379, as well as the license agreement under the patent RF 2162059. The article describes the main stages of designing a system for handling the leachate at the designed MSW landfill. The dynamics of formation of leachate is shown and the forecast of changes in the amount of leachate for the period of the landfill operation is presented. Seasonal changes in the amount of leachate under different conditions in the Kurgan region are shown. The calculations were performed in the “Ecolog” program, which allows to determine the performance of local structures for clearance and recycling of the leachate of MSW.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE CHEMICAL SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF APPLICATION OF A NEW SYSTEM OF LANDFILL GAS PURIFICATION AT THE SOLID DOMESTIC GARBAGE DUMP

Landfills of municipal solid waste (MSW) have a negative impact on the environment and people: air, soil, surface water and groundwater are polluted. During the storage of MSW in the body of the landfill natural anaerobic decomposition of organic waste takes place under conditions of oxygen lack, high temperature and humidity. One product of this process is landfill gas - a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide with small amounts of impurities (nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide). Tens and hundreds of different organic compounds are also included as a compound of landfill gas. The composition and content of the individual components in landfill gas depends on the composition of landfilled waste at the solid domestic garbage dump. The landfill gas and odor run to great distances. Construction, operation and closure of landfills give rise to a number of environmental problems associated with such a classification of landfills as a secondary source of pollution of the urban environment. The solution of such environmental problems offers a variety of options for the “recovery”, “remediation” and protective measures in areas of placement of landfills. For example, in the landfill “Timokhovo” there were studied the efficacy and safety of a new chemical treatment technologies and disposal of landfill gas As a result of the installation of the system for landfill gas purification there was established the decline in the total concentration of polluting compounds, as hydrocarbons (including saturated and aromatic), alcohols, oxygen and sulfur containing compounds by from 63 to 2200 times. There was reached 100% disposal of mercaptanes, sulfides, di- and trisulfides, naphthenic and terpenic hydrocarbons and chlorinated compounds. The number of identified compounds was reduced by more than 2 times. However, at the output of the purification system there were revealed compounds not identified at the input of this system. It can be regarded due to the appearance of transformation products of flaring hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies directed to the identification with quantitative assessment of air emissions before and after the new system of utilization allow both perform monitoring emissions taking into account the real content and changes in group and component structure under the influence of the chemical impact of the new technologies and make recommendations for further improvement of gas purification systems in terms of environmental aspects.

ECOLOGIC POTENTIAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN THE AREA OF KUCHINSKY MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL (MOSCOW REGION)

The paper describes the interpretation of the terms «ecologic potential» (EP) and «environmental and hydrogeological system», proposed by the author to assess the ability of the hydrogeological system to maintain or restore the properties of its self-organization under the influence of the man-caused stress. The environmental-hydrogeological systems developed within the boundaries of Pekhorskoe deposit of groundwater in the area of landfill «Kuchino», have been considered. The high level of the groundwater pollution of the lower-middle Quaternary aquifer as a system of the type I devoid of aeration zone as a result of storage of municipal solid waste (MSW), has been suggested. The evidence data of the groundwater quality of the aquifer Kasimov as the EGGS of type II has shown the formation of the high ecologic potential, stable for more than 50 years as a result of the processes of destruction in relation to nitrogen compounds, organic substances, petroleum products, anionic surfactants, pathogenic microorganisms, phenols. It is also shown that macro-components have a lower potential, which is provided by the processes of groundwater flow expansion of the the solid waste landfill.

Dioxin Contamination after a Hypothetical Accidental Fire in Baled Municipal Solid Waste Storage

Landfill management usually entails dealing with the production of leachate and the formation of biogas, with the related environmental and public health concerns. One element that tends not to be investigated, is the risk of a fire with the consequent emission of toxic substances, especially dioxins. This study focuses on the case of an existing landfill in which the waste is placed in cylindrical wrapped bales, and where for the purposes of this study, the burning of the waste mass was hypothesized. The Austal2000 model system was used in order to estimate the average air concentrations and the deposition values of PCDD/F.The analysis showed that a landfill may be at risk in terms of fire potential with the consequent release of dioxins. Storage in bales, for various reasons, increases this risk. The analysis of the effects show that the environment and public health would be very seriously compromised. The recovery of the chosen landfill is therefore necessary, especially given the potential dioxin release. The presented analysis wants to be a warning for decision makers who could choose to implement large bale storages without an adequate attention to fire prevention.

Historical development of municipal solid waste land-based storage and disposal policies, programs and practices in the US: 1933-1997

The practice of ocean dumping of municipal solid wastes was banned in 1933 in the US. Thousands of landfills have been closed due to state and federal regulations and substandard conditions. These closings have resulted in building larger regional and/or privatized landfills in the US and pressures to find new sites or expand existing ones. Federal policymakers responded with new and stricter legislation to the severity of the solid waste issues. The most significant regulation was the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) and its amendments. Both closure of landfills and public opposition to landfilling create pressures to heavily utilize alternative waste disposal methods: incineration, composting, recycling, and source reduction. This study is a historical analysis of American states’ land-based municipal solid waste storage and disposal policies, programs and practices under the influence of related federal regulations from the period of 1933 to 1997. It is questioned in an historical manner why and to what extent do states use and restrict land-based municipal solid waste disposal methods and how it changed during most of the 20th Century? DOI: 10.15551/lsgdc.v45i0.06

Impact on Ground Water Contamination by Storage of Municipal Solid Waste Under Open Sky

The conventional India is facing very big problem of Municipal Solid Waste. It is discharge daily in very heavy quantity and to store or dissolve are the major problem in our country. Governments doing the efforts but those are very small action against the quantity of Waste discharge. The Waste Management Plant is running low capacity due to daily quantity increase Furness goes slowly down by dumpage of Waste on incinerators. Dry Waste polluted air environment and wet waste polluted Ground water. Ground water contamination is the biggest problem in those areas where waste is stored in heavy quantity, under open sky without any concrete + rubber platform.

The Estimation of Global Warming Potential Due to the Temporary Storage of Municipal Solid Waste by an Artificial Neural Network—A Case Study

Temporary storage for collection of municipal solid waste is designed with various parameters, such as size of bin, collection frequency, average filling rate, number of bins, volume of material needed for bin production, bin density, and catchment area. The environmental impact of temporary storage is evaluated with emissions generated due to the production of net material used for bin production. An artificial neural network-back propagation method is proposed for modeling the temporary storage. In this proposed artificial neural network-back propagation network, the number of bins and global warming potential (GWP) based on the quantity of generated wastes are predicted. Thus, a set of different structures of artificial neural network-back propagation are investigated and then the best model is developed for temporary storage of municipal solid waste. The artificial neural network-back propagation model is trained using various parameters, such as number of neurons in the hidden layers, training tolerance, momentum, and learning rate. This model is helpful for the decision makers in choosing the environmentally sound options in the design of temporary storage for municipal solid waste management. Artificial neural network-back propagation can be successfully used to predict number of bins, GWP from waste generation rate of the city.

Energy content of municipal solid waste bales

Baling technology is a preferred method for temporary storage of municipal solid waste (MSW) prior to final disposal. If incineration is intended for final disposal of the bales, the energy content of the baled MSW gains importance. In this study, nine cylindrical bales containing a mix of different waste materials were constructed and several parameters, including total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen, moisture content, loss on ignition, gross calorific value and net calorific value (NCV) were determined before the baling and at the end of 10 months of storage. In addition, the relationships between the waste materials and the energy contents of the bales were investigated by the bivariate correlation analyses. At the end, linear regression models were developed in order to forecast the decrease of energy content during storage. While the NCVs of the waste materials before the baling ranged between 6.2 and 23.7 MJ kg(-1) dry basis, they ranged from 1.0 to 16.4 MJ kg(-1) dry basis at the end of the storage period. Moreover, food wastes exhibited the highest negative correlation with NCVs, whereas plastics have significant positive correlation with both NCVs and TCs. Similarly, TOCs and carbon/nitrogen ratios decreased with the increase in food amounts inside the bales. In addition, textile, wood and yard wastes increase the energy content of the bales slightly over the storage period.

Study of the VOC emissions from a municipal solid waste storage pilot-scale cell: Comparison with biogases from municipal waste landfill site

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from municipal solid waste stored in a pilot-scale cell containing 6.4 tonnes of waste (storage facility which is left open during the first period (40 days) and then closed with recirculation of leachates during a second period (100 days)) was followed by dynamic sampling on activated carbon and analysed by GC–MS after solvent extraction. This was done in order to know the VOC emissions before the installation of a methanogenesis process for the entire waste mass. The results, expressed in reference to toluene, were exploited during the whole study on all the analyzable VOCs: alcohols, ketones and esters, alkanes, benzenic and cyclic compounds, chlorinated compounds, terpene, and organic sulphides. The results of this study on the pilot-scale cell are then compared with those concerning three biogases from a municipal waste landfill: biogas (1) coming from waste cells being filled or recently closed, biogas (2) from all the waste storage cells on site, and biogas (3) which is a residual gas from old storage cells without aspiration of the gas. The analysis of the results obtained revealed: (i) a high emission of VOCs, principally alcohols, ketones and esters during the acidogenesis; (ii) a decrease in the alkane content and an increase in the terpene content were observed in the VOCs emitted during the production of methane; (iii) the production of heavier alkanes and an increase in the average number of carbon atoms per molecule of alkane with the progression of the stabilisation/maturation process were also observed. Previous studies have concentrated almost on the analysis of biogases from landfills. Our research aimed at gaining a more complete understanding of the decomposition/degradation of municipal solid waste by measuring the VOCs emitted from the very start of the landfill process i.e. during the acidogenesis and acetogenesis phases.

Design of Temporary Storage of Municipal Solid Waste and Its Impact on Global Warming –A Case Study

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management continues to remain as one of the most challenging task in urban development. Despite the fact that the core environmental impact is linked to the emissions of landfill gases of MSW, the production of collection bins for Temporary Storage (TS) of MSW, also makes a substantial contribution to environmental impact. This paper presents a methodology to estimate the amount of emissions produced during the production of High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) collection bins. The MSW collection bins required is evaluated based on bin size, population, percapita solid waste generation and collection frequency. In this paper, the number and size of MSW collection bins, bin density and catchment area for various collection frequency for Coimbatore city is designed with the environmental impact indicator-Global Warming Potential (GWP) based on the predicted waste generation for a decade (2008-2017). This long term predictions could be useful to waste management organizers to select sound environmental management strategies.

The temporary storage of municipal solid waste – Recommendations for a safe operation of interim storage facilities

Since 1st of June, 2005 it was stipulated that municipal solid waste (MSW) in Germany must be sufficiently pre-treated before final disposal. Thermal and high-performance mechanical-biological processes may be employed for this pre-treatment. Due to the current lack of sufficient operating capacity in the corresponding facilities, part of the waste stream must be held in interim storage until treated or until further utilisation becomes possible. In Germany, the following types of waste with different demands on storage conditions are of concern: These storage solutions have in common that considerable environmental problems can occur as a result of inadequate construction and process engineering. In addition, the temporary storage of waste is also of relevance for the situation of other European countries, which are under pressure to reduce the portion of biodegradable waste going to landfills in order to fulfil the provisions made by European legislation. This article deals with the different approaches for the interim storage of waste, related problems as well as with the demands and possibilities to minimize the environmental risks associated with these solutions.

Emissions from baled municipal solid waste: I. Methodological approach for investigation of gaseous emissions

This paper presents a methodological approach for the study of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air, emitted during storage of municipal solid waste in bales. Determination of VOCs was based on sampling with adsorbent tubes followed by automated analysis using on-line work-up with a thermal desorption unit directly connected to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Using calculation algorithms and multidimensional statistical analysis of large amounts of data collected, the information was compressed and visualized. The approach was applied to initial measurements of emissions of VOCs from 24 bales composed of municipal solid waste, each bale stored in a wooden box. These bales were produced using the two types of baling equipment available, resulting in cylindrical or rectangular bales, with different densities. Hundreds of different VOCs emitted from these bales sorted out into groups with different chemical structure. Differences in VOC concentrations in air were found between wastes stored in cylindrical or rectangular bales. For instance, it was found that the concentration of VOCs (relative to the concentration of toluene), in the first experiment after storing, for cylindrical bales with six layers of LDPE was 115 +/- 10 microg m(-3), while for rectangular bales it was only 64 +/- 8 microg m(-3). The procedure used for data interpretation suggested different degradation mechanisms in different types of bales. The use of multiple data interfaces, multidimensional statistics and automated chemical analysis methods are likely to be more and more common for waste companies and waste research in the near future. This is due to the interdisciplinary nature of the subject that relies heavily on various areas of science and information technology.