Storage Of Industrial Waste Research Articles

Anthropogenic impacts on the terrestrial subsurface biosphere.

The terrestrial subsurface is estimated to be the largest reservoir of microbial life on Earth. However, the subsurface also harbours economic, industrial and environmental resources, on which humans heavily rely, including diverse energy sources and formations for the storage of industrial waste and carbon dioxide for climate change mitigation. As a result of this anthropogenic activity, the subsurface landscape is transformed, including the subsurface biosphere. Through the creation of new environments and the introduction of substrates that fuel microbial life, the structure and function of subsurface microbiomes shift markedly. These microbial changes often have unintended effects on overall ecosystem function and are frequently challenging to manage from the surface of the Earth. In this Review, we highlight emerging research that investigates the impacts of anthropogenic activity on the terrestrial subsurface biosphere. We explore how humans alter the constraints on microbial life in the subsurface through drilling, mining, contamination and resource extraction, along with the resulting impacts of microorganisms on resource recovery and subsurface infrastructure.

An annealing-free method for processing high-moisture iron-containing sludge of metallurgical production

The purpose of this study was to study the possibility of producing high-strength briquettes from high-moisture iron-containing slimes by hydration with quicklime (chemical dehydration) in combination with dolomite dust from a degusting system and carbon-containing pulverized materials and developing a drainless technology for the production of complex self-healing briquettes. The physicochemical conditions of the hydration process, temperature and time parameters of the process were studied, and the choice of active dehydrating materials significantly increased the degree of hydration of the composite system and their optimal ratios, and the period of the beginning and end of self-hardening were determined. The conditions of combining the processes of dehydration, and self-hardening with the processes of melding, when applying external pressure to a hardening mixture in a meld to obtain a coated material in the form of a briquette in one technological cycle are considered, which is one of the main provisions of the scientific novelty of the proposed method. Optimal conditions for the production of high-strength briquettes suitable for metallurgical production technologies, excluding the stages of thermal drying and firing, have been established, and a set of strength properties occurs in the air. The method allows obtaining a self-healing dipped material by introducing a carbon-containing reducing agent into a slurry-lime self-hardening mixture. Cheap waste pulverized limestone and dolomite roasting wastes are used as a dehydrating material, and pulverized carbonaceous materials (coke and coal screenings) are used as a reducing agent. Unlike well-known technical solutions, the proposed technology and the method incorporated in it eliminates the storage of iron-containing sludge in a sludge storage facility and allows you to organize a drainless scheme of non-annealing and the production of complex self-healing iron-containing material for the production of steel and rolled products. The technology will make it possible to organize production for the processing of high-moisture iron-containing sludge, pulverized calcium- and magnesium-containing and carbon-containing pulverized waste and also solves the problems of environmental pollution and land allocation for the storage of industrial waste.

Accidents at Waste Storage Facilities: Methods of Struggle with the Consequences of Accidents

The article deals with such issues as storage of industrial waste, causes, examples and prevention of accidents, NGO operation and reclamation, and methods of dealing with the consequences of accidents. When storing industrial waste in large volumes, various complications arise, including accidents in waste storage facilities. The article provides examples of accidents for specific objects and analyzes their causes and consequences. The methods of dealing with the consequences of accidents and their prevention are considered. The materials of the article can help specialists improve the design and operation of waste storage facilities.

METHOD OF IDENTIFYING HAZARDS AND PREDICTING THE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS IN CASE OF SOIL CONTAMINATION BY HEAVY METAL COMPOUNDS

Purpose. The goal of the article is to develop a method for identifying hazards and predicting the possibility of a technogenic emergency caused by the spread of compounds with heavy metals in the soil during long-term storage of galvanic sludge in open areas.
 Methodology. The method is developed on the basis of a mathematical model that allows estimating changes in the depth of distribution and level of soil salinity over time using initial information about soil structure and its characteristics (molecular diffusion coefficient, volume humidity), annual volumes and conditions of sludge storage in the enterprise. Restrictions are set: the presence of harmful substances on the soil surface with a concentration that exceeds the permissible level; inadmissibility of harmful substances to aquifers.
 Results. The practical use of the method made it possible to identify the main dangers and predict the possibility of an emergency situation with negative environmental consequences during long-term storage of galvanic waste in open areas. The dynamics of soil salinity levels and the depth of penetration of heavy metals increase over twenty years of conservation has been determined, as well as the possibility of hazardous compounds entering groundwater has been assessed.
 Originality. The non-linear, non-stationary mathematical model is based on the theory of physico-chemical hydrodynamics of cellular media. The process of motion of metal salts has been described by the differential equation of motion and conservation of mass of matter for vertical mass transfer of matter.
 Practical value. Formalization of information about the hazards arising during the storage of industrial waste with chemically active elements allows to consider the subject area as a complex dynamic system consisting of objects of different nature, the totality of which determines the level of danger of emergencies with environmental consequences. The developed method makes it possible to transfer the obtained results to decision-making support systems, predicting possible consequences and material costs associated with post-emergency measures, motivating the management to take measures in advance.

Dust suppression on industrial waste storage (on example of the waste storage of the Ulytau region)

The article discusses the issues of dust suppression on industrial waste storage. The dust-suppressing properties of two chemical polymer reagents in the conditions of an industrial waste storage facility in the Ulytau region are considered. Full-scale studies of the dust-suppressing properties of the claimed reagents have been carried out. Throughout the entire period of the study, atmospheric air was monitored at the border of the sanitary protection zone (SPZ) and at the experimental sites. Fine dust, as a main air pollutan has been identified. The advantages of using these reagents as fixatives for dusty waste storages are described.

Specificity of hydrogeological monitoring of industrial waste storage facilities

Currently, a large number of waste storage facilities (primarily ash dumps), designed and built more than 20-30 years ago, are located within residential areas of major cities. Considering the large area of the facilities, their remoteness from the industrial sites of power plants and the low hazard class of the stored waste, only the installation of barriers at the main entrances is used as protective measures, which is not a significant obstacle for the population or domestic animals. Thus, the active inclusion of ash dumps in the sphere of industrial and recreational interests of residents of nearby areas becomes an objective reality. At the same time, since dumps are potentially dangerous objects, a system for monitoring the safety of their operation is of particular importance. This paper is devoted to the problem of the quality of monitoring the technical condition and environmental safety of industrial waste storage facilities, taking into account their active anthropogenic use. Based on the analysis of the data of field observations at the operating ash dumps, the main problems characteristic for the hydrogeological maintenance of dumps in contemporary conditions, and their influence on the quality of the work performed, are highlighted. The results of the study can be used in assessing the technical condition of test equipment networks and the reliability of the measured indicators, as well as in the development of measures to improve the quality of hydrogeological monitoring of the geological environment on the territory of industrial sites, operating and inactive storage tanks.

The problem of storage of solid waste in permafrost

The specifics of solid waste storage in permafrost were analyzed. The main types of impact of the waste on the natural environment and frozen soils were determined as mechanical, physicochemical, load, and thermal. The research allowed us to define eight main types of waste storage in the permafrost zone, which were different both in terms of waste accumulation and in terms of their impact on the environment in general and the permafrost in particular. These were: industrial waste storage facilities (slag, sludge and tailing dumps, ash dumps); dumps of rock in sites of mining; household waste accumulators; dumps of wood processing waste in the centers of the timber industry; abandoned territories resulting from a decrease in the population of Northern settlements; storage areas for tanks with residues of fuels and lubricants; tank farms for storing petroleum products in settlements and cities of the North; storage areas for contaminated snow exported from built-up areas. Pollution of waste territories and destruction of many ecosystems as a result of waste storage were caused by use of imperfect technologies for the extraction and processing of raw materials, the ‘legacy’ of past years with disregard to the environmental conditions, the lack of special standards for the storage of garbage and by-product industrial materials, undeveloped methods of waste disposal in harsh climatic conditions.

On the Formation of Technogenic Changes in the Geological Environment in the Deposits of the Almalyk Mining Region

The article deals with the issues of the emergence of a new stressed state of rocks during the development of deposits and the formation of several deformations of the sides of the quarries. It is noted that among which gravitational slope deformations in the form of landslides, talus and mudslides are of decisive importance. All these types of deformation are observed in the Sary-Cheku, Kalmakyr, Kurgashinkan and others deposits. As a result of the analysis of the deformation of the quarry walls, the main conclusions were made, which can serve as a basis for the study and forecasting of landslide and other types of deformations. The issues of the technogenic (anthropogenic) impact of industrial enterprises and quarries of the Almalyk region on the environment are also considered. As a result of the infiltration of polluted waters of quarries, dumps, slag ponds and tailing dumps of factories, there is a penetration of polluting components into underground groundwater. Under the influence of the infiltration flow, the chemical composition of soils changes, and several polluting chemical compounds accumulate on their solid particles. Surface wastewater associated with the washing out of sludge and slag from industrial waste storage facilities is also susceptible to pollution.

Industrial processing of phosphogypsum into organomineral fertilizer.

The purpose of this study is to solve the problem of industrial waste storage. Waste from the production of mineral fertilizers is considered in this study (as an example-phosphogypsum LLC «Industrial group «Phosphorit»). Waste storages on a landfill have a significant negative impact on the environment. This fact has been confirmed by studies of wastewater from the dump (drainage water). Phosphogypsum utilization as a mineral component of an organic-mineral mixture without preliminary purification is the most promising approach. In this case, the joint utilization of lignin sludge as an organic component is required. The absence of excess content of toxic elements and the presence of plant nutrients in the required quantities was established as a result of laboratory studies of soil additive. In addition, the authors noted an increased content of stable strontium in phosphogypsum. Localization of strontium in the soil mixture is ensured by fractional application. Strontium is replaced by covalent calcium when the components are absorbed by the plants. The developed soil mixture should be considered as a single-use organomineral additive with prolonged action. Forestry activities, reclamation of disturbed lands, slopes of highways and landfills of solid municipal waste are promising areas of implementation.

Management of Integrated Utilization of Industrial Waste Storage Facilities

Absract. At the current stage of development, access to mineral resources is becoming a critical factor in economic growth, which requires an increase in the use of both natural and technogenic raw materials. The article is dedicated to the management of industrial waste. An algorithm has been developed for the recycling system for technogenic deposits, which can serve as a methodological basis for strategic management of the process of involving them in the economy. An organizational and management model of a private eco-industrial park of the Greenfield type is proposed as an integrated system aimed at the use of technogenic resources, as well as environmental rehabilitation of waste localization sites. The possibility of its application for the processing of stale tailings of the former Tyrnyauz tungsten-molybdenum plant is estimated. It is concluded that, as a result of the integrated use of the unique resource potential of the waste accumulators of this mining and processing plant, the formation of prerequisites for its restoration is possible.

Composition for rock grouting based on insoluble calcium salts for groundwater protection

Importance to reduce permeability of rocks arises safety of mining operations and protecting the soil and underground water in the area of industrial waste storage with high contents of water-soluble salts. Disadvantage of the existing methods of grouting rocks by soluble salts is either their dissolution with changing of the composition or diluting of the contacting solution. The paper considers the composition of the grouting mixture for the deposition of insoluble calcium salts and its effectiveness in laboratory conditions. The eutonic solution of a four-component KCl–NaCl–CaCl2–H2O system was used as the initial solution, while saturated solutions of sodium sulfate and carbonate, and sulfuric acid were applied as the precipitators. Efficiency of rock grouting was estimated according to the water or solution filtration rate through the rock (sand, sylvinite, and halite) before and after calcium salt crystallization. Laboratory experiments showed that the precipitation of calcium sulfate responds to the challenge of plugging rocks. The paper proposes some recommendations of protective screens at the bed of the salt tailing piles and slurry storage facilities.

Mining Landscapes of the Kryvyi Rih Landscape-Technical System

Purpose. Identify the main landscape structures of mining landscapes of Kryvyi Rih landscape technical system. Methods. Historical analysis, cartographical method of spatial analysis, forecasting method. Results. In this regard, the analysis of scientific works has been carried out and the landscape factors that cause the emergence of mining landscapes in Kryvyi Rih landscape and technical system have been considered. Mining landscapes were formed as a result of the interaction of technology and nature. Landscape processes and phenomena play a leading role in the formation and development of mining landscapes. Kryvyi Rih landscape technical system underwent significant changes during the 1880s – 2019s. The biggest changes occurred as a result of iron ore mining and storage of industrial waste. In particular, the northern steppe landscapes, the Saksagan and Ingulets riverbeds were completely destroyed along the iron ore deposits of Kryvyi Rih structure. The structure of mining landscapes has been analyzed, their classification has been developed and the detailed characteristic of each of types of mining landscapes has been given. A map has been developed that reflects the territorial organization of the main landscape complexes of the mining landscapes of Kryvyi Rih landscape technical system. Conclusions. The mining landscapes were formed and are developing, which today are leading in the landscape structure of Kryvbas. Emphasis has been placed on the mining and dumping type of mining landscapes. Recommendations for optimization of landscape structures of mining landscapes of Kryvyi Rih landscape technical system have been substantiated.

Utilization of Mineral Waste: A Method for Expanding the Mineral Resource Base of a Mining and Smelting Company

As the population grows, the need for mineral resources increases, resulting in an intensification of their extraction. This increases the amount of industrial waste and, thus, the human impact on the environment. Further accumulation and storage of industrial waste lead to irreversible changes in the ecosystem. The only correct vector of environmental protection is the utilization of industrial waste. Mining waste can be disposed by creating waste-free technologies that take into account the integrated development of deposits. The creation of an additional material resource base of a mining company by processing mineral waste will allow implementing the tasks of integrated development of deposits. The impact of mining and metallurgical works on the ecosystem of the region is assessed. Significant conceptual issues of application of industrial waste in the closed cycle of mining and metallurgical works are considered. It is confirmed that waste-free production is possible with a system approach to the integrated development of mineral resources. The impact of mining and metallurgical works on the environment is classified, with the physical and chemical principles of impact as the main classification feature. The ecological and economic efficiency of the use of industrial waste is assessed. A concept scheme of waste-free production is proposed, where the task of improving the efficiency of developing a mineral deposit is accomplished by rational, integrated use of mineral resources of the Earth.

POTENTIAL MOBILITY AND TOXICITY RISK OF METAL POLLUTANTS IN SOILS FROM A TROPICAL AREA AFFECTED BY INDUSTRIAL WASTES

The potential mobility of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soils severely impacted by inadequate storage of industrial wastes in Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil) was evaluated by applying the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). This procedure allowed the estimation of toxicity risks for Cd, Cr and Pb. In a contamination hotspot within the study area, the following order of metal concentrations was observed: Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd > Cr, with significantly higher values than observed for a control site. Decades of soil exposure to wastes implied TCLP results for Pb above 300 mg/L in this hotspot, which exceed the TCLP regulatory threshold in two orders of magnitude, while Cd (up to 0.8 mg/L) and Cr (up to 0.3 mg/L) results were below the respective TCLP thresholds. Surface soil profile analysis (0-30 cm depth) indicates that Pb vertical migration occurs in the hotspot. TCLP concentrations of Pb were up to four orders of magnitude higher than the groundwater quality threshold preconized by Brazilian regulations for this metal (0.01 mg/L), suggesting that downward dispersion of large loadings of anthropogenic Pb is a major concern.

Lead in hair coat of farm animals in the area tailing dump of Khapcharanginsky ore-dressing and processing enterprise

Currently, in the development of the biosphere there is an active evolution of the chemical element composition of matter, due to the anthropogenic load on the natural environment and an increase in the migration of technogenic elements. Scientists have been noted that the leading cause of degradation of the geochemical environment in the Trans-Baikal Territory is the development and exploitation of mineral deposits. For more than three centuries of activity of the mining and industrial complex in Trans-Baikal Territory, areas of technogenic landscapes have been formed, characterized by newly formed geochemical anomalies of toxic elements that have the negative influence on the environment and public health. One of these is the Khapcharanginsky ore-dressing and processing enterprise. The residential stock of the village is located at a distance of 50–100 m from the storage of industrial waste, and some garden plots are directly adjacent to the object. The purpose of the researches is to determine the lead content in the hair coat of farm animals in the area of the tailing dump of Khapcharanginsky ore-dressing and processing enterprise. The research material has been collected in private farms in the village of Khapcheranga in the Kyrinsky area in the Trans-Baikal Territory. Hair samples from cattle (aged 12 months and 3 years) and sheep (ages 1 and 2 years) have been cut from the tip of the tail weight per 10–20 g (n=9). The brief information about lead as an environmental pollutant has been provided in the article. In the studied animals the level of lead in the hair increases. Thus, in cattle with age it increases by 2,2 and in sheep by 1,2 times. The high concentration of this element in the hair coat of animals is associated with the topography of sampling (brush tail) and of course with the habitat of animals directly near the storage of industrial waste.

Анализ процесса переработки ртутьсодержащих отходов и разработка природоохранных мероприятий

The environmental impact of the LLC «EVO» company in Voronezh was assessed and the process of processing mercury-containing waste was analyzed. The characteristics of storage devices for storage and storage of industrial waste are considered. Comprehensive environmental protection measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of mercury-containing wastes that emit mercury vapor on air and water are proposed.

АНАЛИЗ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НАКОПИТЕЛЕЙ НА ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫЕ И ПОДЗЕМНЫЕ ВОДЫ (ОБЗОР)

Purpose: analysis of the impact of industrial waste storage facilities on surface and underground water supply sources. Materials and methods: according to the data of Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, an annual significant increase in the volume of generated and stored waste was determined. One of the global problems associated with the impact of waste ponds on the environment is the contaminated filtrate formed in its body. As a rule, the absence of proper waterproofing at the basis of storage ponds of various purposes leads to contamination of ground and surface water supply sources, soil and adjacent territories. Previous measures aimed at the construction of a “clay castle” with a thickness of 0.5 to 1.0 m are insufficiently effective, and the polymer films used in the base of the storage ponds were characterized by rapid damage and low durability. Results: the analysis and review of the studies carried out by various authors showed that to reduce the pollution of surface and ground waters with harmful substances during the waste ponds operation, a set of measures to prevent the penetration of polluting components into water bodies should be taken. Conclusions: to prevent contamination of surface and groundwater sources at the base of the reservoir, it is necessary to use impervious and drainage facilities, which allow to eliminate the flow of contaminated leachate into the soil and underlying beds in advance. The impervious screen and a drainage system facility of modern geosynthetic materials (for example, three-layer drainage mats combined with impervious geomembranes and geotextiles) will not only effectively remove contaminated filtrate from the waste ponds, but also reduce the flow of pollutants into the aquifers.

Radiological characterisation of alkali-activated construction materials containing red mud, fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag

Poor storage of industrial wastes has been a cause of land contamination issues. These wastes or by-products have the potential to be used as secondary raw materials in construction, promoting the concept of a circular economy that will avoid land contamination. Here we evaluate radiological environmental impacts when wastes that contain elevated levels of naturally occurring radionuclides (NORs) such as red mud, fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag are made into ‘green cements’ such as geopolymers or alkali-activated materials (AAMs). During the study, three AAM concrete and mortar series with various mixing ratios were prepared and investigated. The NOR content, I-Index, radon emanation and exhalation of the precursor waste materials and their cement products were measured and calculated and the strength of the cement products was compared. The emanation and the exhalation properties were calculated for the final products, weighing the data of the components as a function of their mixing ratio. The I-index alone suggested that the AAMs would be suitable products. AAMs containing ground granulated blast furnace slag exhibited the lowest radon exhalation and higher compressive strength, while the fly ash and red mud AAMs had increased final radon exhalation. In the case of fly ash, alkaline activation of fly ash dramatically increased the radon exhalation; the highest measured fly ash exhalation was 1.49 times of the theoretically calculated exhalation value. This highlights the increased risk of using fly ash as a component in AAMs and the need to carry out testing on the final products as well as individual secondary raw materials.

Applying Bioassay Methods for Ecological Assessment of the Soils from the Brownfield Sites

Biological organisms, used as test objects in pollution tests may be as good, or even more so, in detecting soil contamination, than chemical analyses. In this study, we used five bioassay methods, together chemical and physical-chemical tests, for comprehensive environmental assessment of contaminated soils located at the industrial waste storage sites in North-West Russia. Examined soils have been contaminated with various toxic pollutants at various times in the past. The level of contamination by Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn, Со, As, Cr, Cu, Mn, V, and As in studied soils varied depending on a site type. The concentrations of these elements were 20 to 43 times higher than the regional geochemical baseline at all sites. The organic pollutants (3,4-benzo(a)pyrene and polychlorinated biphenyls) were found at some sites. Ecotoxicological studies were carried out using test organisms from different taxonomic groups: ciliates Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg, green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Brebisson, seeds of common oat Avena sativa L.,wheat Triticum aestivum L., and a natural community of microorganisms. All the employed bioassays revealed some of the aspects of contamination, supported or supplemented each other’s estimates, and gave excellent performance at the sampling sites.

Remedial processing of oil shale fly ash (OSFA) and its value-added conversion into glass–ceramics

Recently, various solid wastes such as sewage sludge, coal fly ash and slag have been recycled into various products such as sintered bricks, ceramics and cement concrete. Application of these recycling approaches is much better and greener than conventional landfills since it can solve the problems of storage of industrial wastes and reduce exploration of natural resources for construction materials to protect the environment. Therefore, in this study, an attempt was made to recycle oil shale fly ash (OSFA), a by-product obtained from the extracting of shale oil in the oil shale industry, into a value-added glass–ceramic material via melting and sintering method. The influence of basicity (CaO/SiO2 ratio) by adding calcium oxide on the performance of glass–ceramics was studied in terms of phase transformation, mechanical properties, chemical resistances and heavy metals leaching tests. Crystallization kinetics results showed that the increase of basicity reduced the activation energies of crystallization but did not change the crystallization mechanism. When increasing the basicity from 0.2 to 0.5, the densification of sintering body was enhanced due to the promotion of viscous flow of glass powders, and therefore the compression strength and bending strength of glass–ceramics were increased. Heavy metals leaching results indicated that the produced OSFA-based glass–ceramics could be taken as non-hazardous materials. The maximum mechanical properties of compression strength of 186±3MPa, bending strength of 78±6MPa, good chemical resistances and low heavy metals leaching concentrations showed that it could be used as a substitute material for construction applications. The proposed approach will be one of the potential sustainable solutions in reducing the storage of oil shale fly ash as well as converting it into a value-added product.