Storage Compliance Research Articles

CO2 Storage Capacity Classification and Compliance

CO2 Storage Capacity Classification and Compliance

Noise control tactics to balance the demand for sustainable energy storage, community tranquility, and environmental regulatory compliance

As the construction of large-scale Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) facilities increases in California, their impact on urban sprawl is also becoming more pronounced. Projects involving BESS arrangements increasingly find themselves within or near residential land uses in California, providing greater challenges for noise control and abatement to comply with state and local operational noise thresholds. This paper presents case studies of what Dudek has found to be the most efficient noise control tactics related to lowering the noise emission of BESS facilities, particularly through the implementation of onsite noise walls, direct noise attenuation applied to BESS equipment (i.e., noise attenuation for battery thermal management systems involving the operation of ventilation fans and refrigeration system components), and modified BESS equipment arrangements. These strategies are essential for ensuring that BESS projects are not only compliant with environmental standards but also socially acceptable within residential communities. By presenting practical and efficient noise mitigation techniques, this paper aims to guide planners and developers in the sustainable development of BESS facilities, balancing the demand for energy storage with the preservation of community tranquility and compliance with regulatory noise limits.

A discursive presentation of community pharmacies: Premises, storage, staff, documentation and legal compliance

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess compliance with legal requirements, safe medication storage and staffing standards in community pharmacies in Punjab, Pakistan. MethodWe conducted a three-step cross-sectional study using observations, questionnaires and face-to-face interviews in 544 systematically-selected community pharmacies. We used descriptive statistic and one-way ANOVA to assess the data. ResultsOnly 23 (4.2 %) pharmacies had accurate area and only 3.9 % had appropriate walls. In total, 23.3 % had glass-fronted shelves and 38.2 % had a glass door. More than half (53.8 %) had separate narcotics shelves and 43.0 % a separate shelf of expired medicines. Less than half (47.5 %) of the pharmacies were able to maintain hygiene. About 36.2 % of the pharmacies segregated different types of product. Drugs were protected from direct sunlight in most (61.3 %) pharmacies, but the refrigerator was working properly in less than half (43.4 %) and only a very small number (2.4 %) had an alternative power supply for the refrigerator. Only 37 (6.8 %) were able to maintain an appropriate room temperature. The vast majority (93.0 %) displayed a valid drug sale license, but a qualified person/pharmacist was only present in 4.8 %. The average number of employees was 4.2, and more than 71.0 % of staff had 10–12 years of formal education. Only 0.2 % of employees could explain term “PRN”, although 57.3 % explained “IV” correctly. About 22.8 % replied correctly about the room temperature but the vast majority (97.6 %) did not know about cold chain temperature. The location of the pharmacy (p-value = 0.045) affected its performance. ConclusionsNoncompliance with legal requirements, unsafe drug storage and limited human resources reflect the poor enforcement of drug laws in Pakistan. The findings suggest that there is a need to strengthen inspection and management of community pharmacies.

Fabrication, Thermo-Mechanical, and Morphological Characterization of Hydroxyapatite-Reinforced Polyurethane Biocomposites as Dye Adsorbent for Effluent.

Petrochemical costs, limited fossil fuel reserves, and concerns about greenhouse gas emissions have raised interest in developing renewable approaches for synthesizing biobased polyurethanes. This study aims to solve these problems by making nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforcement from waste chicken eggshells and adding it to polyurethane synthesis through in situ polymerization. The novelty of the research lies in the utilization of HA as a reinforcement material and renewable resources for polyurethane production. The results confirm that HA was successfully added to the polyurethane backbone. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the NCO groups were changed to urethane linkages. TGA examination demonstrated that the samples exhibited thermal stability up to 457 °C with a mass loss of 61%, indicating enhanced thermal stability. DMA measurements showed improved mechanical properties of the synthesized polyurethanes, with storage modulus (E'), complex modulus (E*), and compliance complex (D*) values of 0.177, 22.522, and 0.660 MPa-1, respectively. SEM analysis confirmed the homogeneous surface and well-dispersed HA reinforcement. Swelling characteristics revealed an optimum absorption of 30% H2O, 35% CH3OH, and 45% CCl4. Polyurethane composites exhibited significant chemical resistance and hydrolytic stability in acidic and basic media. Additionally, the composites demonstrated efficient adsorption of methyl orange from wastewater, with the PUHCI series achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 85.50 mg/g under optimal conditions of 0.030 g/mL dose, 45 °C temperature, 2.5 h contact time, and pH 6.0..

Study on the fatigue properties and constitutive model of siltstone under the coupled action of dry‒wet cycles and cyclic loads

To study the fatigue properties of siltstone under the coupled action of dry‒wet cycles and cyclic loads, uniaxial fatigue tests were conducted on rock samples. The results show that the fatigue stress‒strain curve of siltstone exhibits a "sparse-dense-sparse" characteristic. The trend of the variation in peak strain can be divided into three stages: the initial stage, the isokinetic stage, and the acceleration stage. With an increasing number of dry‒wet cycles, upper stress limit, or stress amplitude or with a decreasing loading frequency, a rock sample will have a more significant plastic deformation during the failure process, and its failure life will be shortened. Additionally, to construct a constitutive equation under the coupled action of dry‒wet cycles and cyclic loads, a fractional-order viscoelastoplastic fatigue model was established by introducing a Scott-Blair fractional-order element to replace the Newton damper in the Nishihara model. The cyclic loads were decomposed into static loads and cyclic loads with an average stress of zero. Based on the theory of viscoelastic mechanics, energy storage compliance and energy consumption compliance were introduced, and a compliance correction coefficient α was proposed. A constitutive equation under cyclic loads with zero average stress was established. To consider the impact of dry‒wet cycles, a dry‒wet correction coefficient Dn was also proposed. Finally, the constitutive equation of siltstone under the coupled action of dry‒wet cycles and cyclic loads was derived. The model can effectively describe the nonlinear characteristics of rock fatigue deformation and entire failure process. The experimental data verify the rationality of the model.

Determining with High Accuracy the Relaxation Modulus and Creep Compliance of Asphaltic Materials in the Form of Sums of Exponential Functions from Mathematical Master Curves of Dynamic Modulus

According to the physical causality principle, the two components of complex modulus are not independent yet interrelated to each other via Kramers-Kronig relationships. Using two mathematical functions to predict simultaneously the dynamic modulus (DM) and phase angle (PA) generally leads to the violation of the causality principle. Therefore, the calculation of one component based on the other one is a vital task for using mathematical models to predict the linear viscoelastic (LVE) behavior of asphaltic materials. In addition, the relaxation modulus (RM) or the creep compliance (CC) in the form of sums of exponential functions (SEFs) is necessary for the efficient resolution of the stress–strain relationship in the time domain. This paper presented a novel method for calculating with high accuracy the RM and CC in the form of SEFs based on the input DM master curve. First, the midpoint integration scheme was used to calculate the PA based on the exact relationship between the PA and DM. After that, the storage modulus and compliance were computed and decomposed with high accuracy into SEFs using a special technique. Then, the closed-form formula of the RM and CC were derived thanks to the special form function of the storage modulus and compliance. Finally, the special technique was used once again to decompose with high accuracy the RM and CC into SEFs for possible uses in finite-element method (FEM) analysis in the time domain. The results showed that the relative errors of all LVE properties computed were lower than 0.1 percent at all calculating points.

Continuous spectrum approach to evaluate the effect of binder modification and aging

ABSTRACT The present work proposes a novel mathematical approach to directly obtain the continuous spectrum of asphalt binder from frequency domain data. Using the asymmetric sigmoidal function to obtain continuous spectrum offers advantages of flexibility and improvement in describing the spectrum well. Initially, complex modulus, storage modulus, and storage compliance master curves were constructed using experimental data. In the next stage, the continuous relaxation and retardation spectrum were constructed directly from the storage modulus and storage compliance master curves, respectively. Statistical indicators like mean, variance, and skewness were used to describe the shape of these finalised continuous spectra. To check the efficacy of the proposed approach, asphalt binders altered with modifiers (at different dosages) were aged under laboratory conditions. Critical evaluation of the results indicated that the underlying changes could be captured using the continuous spectra (which were not obvious with respective master curves or black space diagrams). Continuous spectra of binders constructed (with different dosages of modifier and under different aging conditions) were compared using the statistical indicators. Thus, the spectral shape parameters could capture the effect of aging and modifier dosage. These changes can be attributed to molecular changes, chemical reactions occurring with the addition of modifiers and aging.

A randomized placebo-controlled study: Phellodendron Bawei tablets combined with standard management can improve storage symptoms, sleep quality, and medication compliance in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia compared to placebo with standard management.

BackgroundBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common micturition disorder in middle-aged and elderly males, and it is one of the most common urology-related diseases worldwide. However, standard therapeutic drugs (α1-receptor blockers + 5α reductase inhibitors) do not provide anti-inflammatory or anti-infective effects. The Phellodendron Bawei tablet is a proprietary Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects. Here, we analyzed whether the combination of standard therapeutic drugs and Phellodendron Bawei tablets has more advantages than placebo with standard management in improving the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs), sleep quality, sexual function, and medication compliance in patients with BPH.MethodsThis study was a prospective, double-blind, single-center, 6-month clinical trial in patients with BPH. Male patients, 45–75 years old, a history of moderate-to-severe BPH/LUTs for more than 6 months, moderate-to-severe LUTs [International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥8], maximum urine flow rate (Qmax) of <15 mL/s, and prostate volume (PV) of >30 mL. All patients were randomly divided into two cohorts at baseline. The standard management (SM) group was treated with tamsulosin + finasteride + placebo, while the experimental group was treated with tamsulosin + finasteride + Phellodendron Bawei tablets. The clinical indicators were as follows: Age, body mass index (BMI), blood prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PV, Qmax, IPSS; IPSS voiding subscore (IPSS-V), IPSS storage subscore (IPSS-S), and IPSS quality of life (IPSS-QOL)], five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IEFF-5) score, Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) score, and the Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ). And adverse drug reactions were observed. Student’s t-test was used to analyze results.ResultsWe randomly divided 120 patients into two groups, with 60 patients in each group, and a total of 105 patients completed the study. IPSS-S (P=0.027) and AIS scores (P<0.001) improved more significantly in the Phellodendron Bawei tablets + SM group, and the MAQ score in this group was lower (P=0.003).ConclusionsPhellodendron Bawei tablets combined with α1-receptor blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors can improve lower urinary tract symptoms associated with urine storage, sleep quality, and medication compliance in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia compared to placebo with standard management.Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100046463.

Influence of Graphene Oxide Contents on Mechanical Behavior of Polyurethane Composites Fabricated with Different Diisocyanates.

The exceptional behavior of graphene has not yet been entirely implicit in the polymer matrix. To explore this fact in the present work, two series of Polyurethan (PU) composites were synthesized. The structural modification was observed by the use of two different diisocyanate of methylene diisocyanate (MDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) in hydroxylterminated polybutadiene (HTPB) by using I,4 Butane diol (BD) as the chain extender. The variation in hard segment up to 25 (wt.%) in both series led to significant changes in the mechanical behavior of graphene oxide (GO) induced composites. Both series were prepared by an in situ polymerization process. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed a peak in the region of 1700 cm−1, which confirmed the conversion of the NCO group into urethane linkages. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed a thermal stability up to 450 °C @ 90% weight loss. The swelling behavior showed the optimum uptake of 30% of water and 40% of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with aliphatic diisocyanate. The values of storage modulus (E′), complex modulus (E*), and compliance complex (D*) were observed up to 7 MPa, 8 Mpa, and 0.7 MPa−1, respectively. The degree of entanglement (N) values were calculated from DMA and were found in the range of 1.7 × 10−4 (mol/m3). Phase segregation of PU was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elucidating the morphology of composites.

COVID-19 vaccination: an attempt to control the pandemic

Background: Since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 was discovered in December 2019, there have been tireless efforts by the medical and scientific community to understand its pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention.&#x0D; Discussion: In the last several months, several therapeutic treatments, including a corticosteroid, antiviral drugs, convalescent plasma, and several others, have been tried in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with varying results. Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines recently received approval for Emergency Use Authorization. Although COVID-19 vaccine is the first hurdle in an attempt to control the pandemic, the following challenges still remain: adequate vaccine doses, issues with mass distribution, global access, proper storage, and sufficient vaccine compliance.&#x0D; Summary: Vaccination, in addition to social distancing and wearing facemasks, will likely provide the best way to control the COVID pandemic. Healthcare professionals and government officials will need to address any concern or hesitancy the community has with the COVID vaccine to promote compliance.&#x0D; Keywords: coronavirus therapeutics, herd immunity, coronavirus vaccine, vaccine targets, clinical trials

Synchronous and Asynchronous Response in Dynamically Perturbed Proteins.

We present a dynamic perturbation-response model of proteins based on the Gaussian Network Model, where a residue is perturbed periodically, and the dynamic response of other residues is determined. The model shows that periodic perturbation causes a synchronous response in phase with the perturbation and an asynchronous response that is out of phase. The asynchronous component results from the viscous effects of the solvent and other dispersive factors in the system. The model is based on the solution of the Langevin equation in the presence of solvent, noise, and perturbation. We introduce several novel ideas: The concept of storage and loss compliance of the protein and their dependence on structure and frequency; the amount of work lost and the residues that contribute significantly to the lost work; new dynamic correlations that result from perturbation; causality, that is, the response of j when i is perturbed is not equal to the response of i when j is perturbed. As examples, we study two systems, namely, bovine rhodopsin and the class of nanobodies. The general results obtained are (i) synchronous and asynchronous correlations depend strongly on the frequency of perturbation, their magnitude decreases with increasing frequency, (ii) time-delayed mean-squared fluctuations of residues have only synchronous components. Asynchronicity is present only in cross correlations, that is, correlations between different residues, (iii) perturbation of loop residues leads to a large dissipation of work, (iv) correlations satisfy the hypothesis of pre-existing pathways according to which information transfer by perturbation rides on already existing equilibrium correlations in the system, (v) dynamic perturbation can introduce a selective response in the system, where the perturbation of each residue excites different sets of responding residues, and (vi) it is possible to identify nondissipative residues whose perturbation does not lead to dissipation in the protein. Despite its simplicity, the model explains several features of allosteric manipulation.

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques have provided and continue to provide increasingly important insights into surface morphology, mechanics, and other critical material characteristics at the nanoscale. One attractive implementation involves extracting meaningful material properties, which demands physically accurate models specifically designed for AFM experimentation and simulation. The AFM community has pursued the precise quantification and extraction of rate-dependent material properties, in particular, for a significant period of time, attempting to describe the standard viscoelastic response of materials. AFM static force spectroscopy (SFS) is one approach commonly used in pursuit of this goal. It is capable of acquiring rich temporal insight into the behavior of a sample. During AFM-SFS experiments the cantilever base approaches samples with a nearly constant velocity, which is manipulated to investigate different timescales of the mechanical response. This manuscript seeks to build upon our previous work and presents an approach to extracting useful linear viscoelastic information from AFM-SFS experiments. In addition, the basis for selecting and restricting the model parameters for fitting is discussed from the perspective of applying this technique on a practical level. This work begins with a guided discussion that develops a fit function from fundamental laws, continues with conditioning a raw SFS experimental dataset, and concludes with the fit and prediction of viscoelastic response parameters such as storage modulus, loss modulus, loss angle, and compliance. These steps constitute a complete guide to leveraging AFM-SFS data to estimate key material parameters, with a series of detailed insights into both the methodology and supporting analytical choices.

Fractional-order visco-elastoplastic constitutive model for rock under cyclic loading

The creep property of rock under cyclic loading is very important in civil engineering. In order to establish a novel constitutive equation for rock under cyclic loading, a fractional-order viscoplastic body under cyclic loading was constructed based on fractional-order viscous element. A fractional-order visco-elastoplastic model (FVEPM) for rock was established by connecting constructed fractional-order viscoplastic body with Burgers model. The model was a Burgers model when the maximum value of cyclic loading was less than the critical strength of rock; otherwise, it was a FVEPM which can be used to reflect the transient, steady-state, and tertiary creep phases of rock. The cyclic loading was decomposed into a static load and a cyclic loading with a zero average stress. According to rheological mechanics theory, the rheology constitutive equation of rock under the static load can be derived. According to viscoelastic mechanics theory, the constitutive equation under cyclic loading with a zero average stress was established by introducing the variation parameters of energy storage and energy dissipation compliance caused by rock damage and fracture. Finally, a new dynamic constitutive equation of rock cyclic loading can be obtained by superimposing the constitutive equation under static load and cyclic loading with a zero average stress. Compared with existing test results of rock under cyclic loading, the proposed constitutive model can be used to describe the creep characteristics of rock under cyclic loading and reflect the presented fluctuation of strain curve of rock under cyclic loading.

A framework for linear viscoelastic characterization of asphalt mixtures

The master curve of a viscoelastic variable is of significance due to its capability of characterizing the linear viscoelastic (LVE) property in an extended time or frequency range. However, the master curves constructed using the traditional approach fail to strictly comply with the LVE theory, leading to inaccurate predictions in the extended range. In order to address this issue, a framework was developed for the LVE characterization of asphalt mixtures. The generalized logistic sigmoidal model was adopted as the master curve model of storage modulus. A numerical model of loss modulus was established in relation to the continuous relaxation spectrum, whose mathematical model was derived in light of its relationship with the storage modulus. The model parameters determined using the storage modulus and loss modulus test data were employed to construct the master curves of storage modulus, loss modulus, dynamic modulus and phase angle. Then the relaxation modulus master curve was generated by establishing a numerical model. Afterwards, the continuous retardation spectrum was solved numerically based on its relationship with the continuous relaxation spectrum. The master curves of storage compliance, loss compliance and creep compliance were obtained using the corresponding numerical models that were established with respect to the continuous retardation spectrum. The interrelationship among the viscoelastic variables was then employed to obtain the dynamic compliance and phase angle master curves. It was demonstrated that the developed framework ensured the master curves of all viscoelastic variables complied with the LVE theory.

Analytical Modelling and Optimization of the Temperature-Dependent Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Fused Deposition Fabricated Parts Made of PC-ABS.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing has been intensively used for many industrial applications due to its attractive advantages over traditional manufacturing processes. The process parameters used in FDM have significant influence on the part quality and its properties. This process produces the plastic part through complex mechanisms and it involves complex relationships between the manufacturing conditions and the quality of the processed part. In the present study, the influence of multi-level manufacturing parameters on the temperature-dependent dynamic mechanical properties of FDM processed parts was investigated using IV-optimality response surface methodology (RSM) and multilayer feed-forward neural networks (MFNNs). The process parameters considered for optimization and investigation are slice thickness, raster to raster air gap, deposition angle, part print direction, bead width, and number of perimeters. Storage compliance and loss compliance were considered as response variables. The effect of each process parameter was investigated using developed regression models and multiple regression analysis. The surface characteristics are studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, performance of optimum conditions was determined and validated by conducting confirmation experiment. The comparison between the experimental values and the predicted values by IV-Optimal RSM and MFNN was conducted for each experimental run and results indicate that the MFNN provides better predictions than IV-Optimal RSM.

MANGO CULTIVARS WITH POTENTIAL FOR COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

The mango industry is operating within a system dominated increasingly by high volume markets driven by chain stores in the United States, Europe and other developed economies. Such markets demand a high volume of packages, an extended availability of the same cultivar, extended storage times, consumer-attractive pricing and compliance with accepted food safety norms. ‘Tommy Atkins’, ‘Ataulfo’, ‘Kent’, and ‘Keitt’ dominate the high volume markets of the United States and Europe and there is little directed breeding aimed at developing new cultivars for the future of the industry. ‘Madame Francis’, ‘Haden’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Osteen’, ‘Carabao’, and ‘Edward’ are all grown in existing niche markets, with ‘Alphoso’, ‘Kesar’, ‘Langra’, ‘Chausa’, Sundhri’ and ‘Cogshall’ increasingly seen in markets. In the future ‘Kent’, ‘Rapoza’, ‘Mallika’ and ‘Duncan’ have potential for large markets, with ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Palmer’, ‘Kesar’, ‘Angie’, ‘Rosigold’ and ‘Shetintha’ with potential for smaller niches. For juice markets, ‘Brooks’ and ‘Panchadarakalasa’ have potential and for mature green markets, ‘Chaosavoey’ and ‘laleejeewo’ are potential cultivars.

ナノフィラー充塡架橋ゴムにおけるナノフィラーの構造と物性

Effect of the kind of nano-fillers on dynamic mechanical properties and morphology of the filler loaded crosslinked natural rubber (NR) is reviewed, where carbon black (CB), hydrophobic silica and hydrophilic silica are compared. 3D-TEM/electron tomography is utilized to measure a closest distance (dp) between centers of two neighboring nano-filler aggregates. Activation energies (ΔEJ' and ΔEJ") are calculated from temperature dependences of storage compliance (J') and loss compliance (J") of the filler loaded cross-linked NRs and are discussed with the dp values. An interaction layer between the nano-fillers and NR is suggested to be additionally composed of at least two layers with different viscoelastic energy levels. For the samples with CB loadings of 30 parts per one hundred rubber by weight or more, the CB/NR interaction layer (CNIL) is visualized by 3D-TEM, and the CNIL is proposed to be an origin of reinforcement effect using the parallel mechanical model.

Storage compliance in coupled CO2‐EOR and storage

AbstractCO2 storage compliance refers to the safe and consistent storage of a captured anthropogenic CO2 slug in an underground geological structure. This paper investigates the storage compliance in coupled CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and storage projects. Storage compliance requires an oilfield operator to maintain sufficient CO2 injection and storage capacities throughout an industrial‐scale CO2 capture and EOR‐storage operation. We investigate the uncertainty in two operational parameters that may raise a compliance consideration: annual captured CO2 from the power plant and CO2 injection loss in the oilfield. The objective is to maintain sufficient CO2 injection and storage capacities and maximize the economic benefits from the EOR‐storage operation. We formulate and optimize the storage compliance problem using the method of optimization with Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that appropriate adjustment of the water‐alternating‐gas (WAG) ratio increases both the compliance and the economic benefits. Also, a CO2 storage back‐up in a saline aquifer allows the oilfield operator to implement more profitable EOR‐storage designs. A risk‐seeking operator may practice the saline aquifer back‐up option to simultaneously maximize the benefits and mitigate the risk of storage capacity shortage. Finally, EOR‐storage operation is less efficient than aquifer storage in terms of storage efficiency, and considerably more profitable in terms of tangible economic benefits.

Nanoindentation study of Cu52Zr37Ti8In3 bulk metallic glass

In this paper, Cu52Zr37Ti8In3 bulk metallic glass has been studied by nanoindentation. Three different ways for nanoindentation tests were employed. Load-control nanoindentation was used to investigate the effect of the loading rate on the hardness and Young’s modulus. Young’s modulus of the specimen shows a loading rate dependence. The constant-load indentation creep measurement was performed. The creep data were fitted with the generalized Kelvin model, and the compliance spectrum and retardation spectrum were derived. Furthermore, the storage compliance and loss compliance were also discussed. For characterizing the change of the hardness and Young’s modulus with increasing indentation depth, depth-control nanoindentation analysis was conducted. The results show that both the hardness and Young’s modulus decrease with nanoindentation depth.

Application of SMES and Grid Code Compliance to Wind/Photovoltaic Generation System

This paper describes a study on the application of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and grid code compliance to a wind and photovoltaic (PV) generation system. When a grid operates under instantaneous outage or surge condition, the distributed generation systems such as wind and PV systems must remain connected to the grid during a certain period of time. Therefore, the distributed generation system should be able to operate under abnormal conditions, such as reactive power or current fluctuations, which can damage the system and critical loads. The SMES can significantly enhance the dynamic security of such distributed power systems due to its high energy density and quick response characteristics. In this paper, the SMES control strategies for a wind and PV generation system during a fault ride through condition are examined, and the dynamic performance of SMES is evaluated by a case study based on the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation.