Stone Molds Research Articles

The effect of glycerin-painted wax pattern on surface quality of dental stone mold

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of glycerin-coated wax patternon dental stone surface quality in terms of surface roughness and micro airbubble formation.Method: In this study, a total of 20 modeling wax samples were used for thehydrophilicity test (the contact angle test) divided into 2 groups (control andglycerin-painted). A total of 20 dental stone samples were also prepared forvisual and microscopic analysis divided into 2 groups (control and glycerinpainted).Results and conclusion: The contact angle data showed a significant decrease insurface hydrophilicity for the glycerin-painted group (P-value < 0.05). However,the visual and microscopical analysis did not show a prominent distinction insurface quality between the two groups, so there is no noticeable effect on dentalstone surface caused by glycerin-modified wax pattern.

:Ausgrabungen in der frühbronzezeitlichen Siedlung im Heraion von Samos 1966

:<i>Ausgrabungen in der frühbronzezeitlichen Siedlung im Heraion von Samos 1966</i>

Research on the Impact Force of Rockfall Impacting Sand Cushions with Different Shapes

Shed structures are an important engineering method for mountain highways to resist rockfall impacts. Research on the rockfall impact response is very important to the design of rockfall disaster protection structures to shed cave structures. To explore the impact difference caused by different rockfall shapes, five mortar ellipsoids were fabricated with different shapes by 3D printing the falling stone mould. Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the impact effect of five different shapes of falling stones on the sand cushion. Different shapes of rockfall correspond to different impact forces. The tip ellipsoid (D1 and D2) is the smallest, the sphere (D3) is the second, and the flat ellipsoid (D4 and D5) is the largest. The fitting analysis of the impact force results of the laboratory experiment showed that the impact of the falling height on the impact force was relatively independent and did not change with the shape of the falling rock. Then, based on the impact force of the sphere falling rock, a calculation formula of the impact force with the introduction of the shape factor was obtained, and it was compared and verified with the test results from other studies. To study the applicability of the formula in the actual engineering scale, a numerical model was established by ANSYS. After verifying the reliability of the numerical model, the impact process of a large energy level was simulated. According to the simulation results, the rationality of the formula proposed in this paper is further verified, which guides the actual rockfall impact prevention and control engineering.

Dnipro University of Technology, 19, Dmytro Yavornytskyi Avenue, Dnipro, 49005, Ukraine

Petrographic research was undertaken on the second casting moulds complex discovered in 2018 at the archaeological monument Tokivske-1 in Ukraine. Metalworking of the Late Bronze Age in the Northern Black Sea region is known for its utilisation of stone moulds made from meta-ultrabasites (“talc schists”) by representatives of the Sabatynivka culture. Field investigations in the vicinity of Tokivske indicated the probable place of stone mining, from where a considerable part of the casting moulds under study were made. The discovery of the place of stone mining near Tokivske-1 and finds of similar moulds in other regions give grounds for considering the monument to be not only a centre of metalworking but also stone-processing. The obtained data are also the first geologically proved evidence that the Kryvyi Rih area, which was previously considered the main supplier of “talc schists”, was not the only place of mining of raw materials for the manufacturing of casting moulds in the Middle Dnipro area. Both complexes, the second and the previous one, found in 2017, contain matrices made of identical raw materials, namely, the samples made are untypical for the Middle Dnipro area species. This fact indicates the synchronicity of both complexes and a significant volume of casting production in Tokivske-1.

Effect of using Polyether Ether Ketone versus Metal Mesh Reinforcement on Fracture Resistance of Maxillary Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Bases. An In-Vitro study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different reinforcing materials on the fracture resistance of maxillary dentures reinforced by either PEEK or metal framework meshes. The weight of reinforced dentures in both groups was also calculated. 14 reinforced complete dentures were fabricated with similar denture base thickness and same arrangement of teeth by duplication of trial denture bases through custom made stone mold and silicon mold for teeth arrangement. The dentures were divided into 2 groups. In the first group, the dentures were reinforced with metal meshes while in other group PEEK meshes of the same thickness was used for the reinforcement. Mesh reinforcement in both groups were digitally designed by EXO-CAD dental software on scanned cast, printed, and then fabricated in either of the two materials: metal or PEEK. Each denture was subjected to load from a universal testing machine using a fissure load applicator at mid palatal area at speed of 5mm/min. The load at failure manifested by sharp drop to below 50% on load-deflection curve was recorded in Newton. Before the load application, the weight of each denture in both groups was evaluated. All collected data were statistically analyzed. Fracture pattern of dentures in both groups was visually assessed. A statistically significant difference (P= 0.004) in the maximum average load the dentures could withstand before fracture was found between the two groups. Metal reinforced maxillary dentures could withstand maximum average load of 1686.63 ±325.06 N with corresponding value of 1160.22 ±197.21 (N) for PEEK reinforced dentures. Also using PEEK mesh decreased weight of denture by 26% compared to metal reinforced denture. PEEK mesh with thickness of 0.7 to 0.9 mm did not influence the fracture strength of complete dentures compared to metal mesh with the same thickness.

Morphometric Analysis through 3D Modelling of Bronze Age Stone Moulds from Central Sardinia

Stone moulds were basic elements of metallurgy during the Bronze Age, and their analysis and characterization are very important to improve the knowledge on these artefacts useful for typological characterization. The stone moulds investigated in this study were found during an archaeological field survey in several Nuragic (Bronze Age) settlements in Central Sardinia. Recent studies have shown that photogrammetry can be effectively used for the 3D reconstruction of small and medium-sized archaeological finds, although there are still many challenges in producing high-quality digital replicas of ancient artefacts due to their surface complexity and consistency. In this paper, we propose a multidisciplinary approach using mineralogical (X-ray powder diffraction) and petrographic (thin section) analysis of stone materials, as well as an experimental photogrammetric method for 3D reconstruction from multi-view images performed with recent software based on the CMPMVS algorithm. The photogrammetric image dataset was carried out using an experimental rig equipped with a 26.2 Mpix full frame digital camera. We also assessed the accuracy of the reconstruction models in order to verify their precision and readability according to archaeological goals. This allowed us to provide an effective tool for more detailed study of the geometric-dimensional aspects of the moulds. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates the potentialities of an integrated minero-petrographic and photogrammetric approach for the characterization of small artefacts, providing an effective tool for more in-depth investigation of future typological comparisons and provenance studies.

Study on the Middle Bronze Age Disc-Butted Axe Ornament from Archaeometallurgical Point of View

Our research was conducted on a copper disc-butted axe, with a surface decoration made of a tin-based alloy, which was found east of the Carpathian Mountains in the Moldavian Plateau. This unique piece is thought to belong to the Middle Bronze Age in the Western Carpathians—Wietenberg, Suciu de Sus and Otomani–Füzesabony cultures. In order to evaluate the application process and the origin of the ores used, the surface and volume phase variation of the concentration of the metal components of the basic alloy (copper) and of the ornament was analysed using optical microscopy (OM), stereomicroscopy (SM) and SEM-EDX. The archaeometric features, formed both during its use and during its lying in the archaeological site, were identified and later used in archaeometallurgical evaluations and in determining the preservation condition of the two components (axe and ornament) on the surface, interface and in stratigraphic section. Experimental data revealed that, after its casting in porous silicon stone moulds, the object was coated with a thin film by immersion in an easily fusible tin alloy, which included copper as the major alloying component and arsenic and iron as minor components. After finishing the shiny white coat, a beautiful decoration was applied by incision and engraving. Used as a battle axe, it also had a rank function, as it belonged to the community leaders. The data prove the ability of ancient craftsmen to design and process copper alloys to obtain authentic extremely beautiful artefacts, which provide new possibilities to reveal the social and symbolic function of certain ancient bronze objects.

Study of a Late Bronze Age Casting Mould and Its Black Residue by 3D Imaging, pXRF, SEM-EDS, Micro-FTIR and Micro-Raman

In the present work, a fragment of a stone mould recently found in Galicia (NW Spain) was studied by multiple analytical techniques approach involving 3D optical imaging reconstruction to obtain data about the shape of the mould, typology of artefact produced, and distribution of a black residue at the surface of the mould and pXRF, SEM-EDS, micro-FTIR, and micro-Raman to investigate the nature of the black residue. The study shows that the mould was likely used for socketed axes with a side loop, was originally composed of two valves and one core, and that it might have been subjected to a repair during use. The black residue is distributed in the carved surface and spreads to nearby surfaces as a result of the use of the mould. The alloy cast in the mould was a ternary bronze (Cu + Sn + Pb). The analyses by SEM-EDS of black residue covering the surface did show the presence of scattered micro particles with P and Ca, and micro-Raman analysis detected the presence of a carbon black of animal source, while micro-FTIR analysis detected remains of proteins, oxalates, and hydroxyapatite. These results are amongst the very few studies made on black residues of ancient moulds and suggest that the mould was dressed with a carbon black of animal origin, such as burned bones, prior to metal casting, probably used as a coating agent to improve the casting and artefact recovery.

EARLY BRONZE AGE METALLURGY AT MURAT HÖYÜK, EASTERN ANATOLIA: ARCHAEOMETRICAL ASSESSMENTS OF A FIGURINE AND A METAL TOOL

Murat Höyük lies on the bank of the Murat River in Solhan district of Bingöl province in Eastern Anatolia. This study presents archaeometrical analyses of a unique metal figurine and a metal tool recovered in situ during the 2019 Murat Höyük Excavations, the first systematic archaeological excavation project in Bingöl. Four cultural layers (Medieval, Middle Iron, Early Iron, and Early Bronze Age) were documented at the site, where the earliest settlement is dated to the EBA III (2500-2200 BC). The metal figurine and tool were found in this earliest phase (IV), where stone mould fragments and a crucible were also found in associated contexts. Portable XRF (p-XRF) analyses performed on the figurine, and p-XRF and metallography analyses conducted on the copper tool revealed that metals used in the manufacture of these artefacts were smelted from different polymetallic copper ores. Additionally, production process of the objects was examined in this study. A holistic evaluation of finds related with metallurgy at Murat Höyük reflects cultural affiliation with the Upper Euphrates Basin in terms of material choice and production technology. The present study on Murat Höyük metal finds provide new insight into Early Bronze Age metallurgy, belief systems, and art in Eastern Anatolia.

THE JEWELRY MOLD FROM KHODOSIVKA SETTLEMENT OF THE VOLYNTSEVO CULTURE

Casting molds for making small ornaments of lead or tin alloys were found in different parts of the East Europe in the areas of various archaeological cultures. This simple technology and simple shapes of products were in use by many peoples since 3rd till 10th century and perhaps even earlier. Lead castings and stone molds for their manufacture attracted the attention of researchers of Early Slavic archaeology since discovery of the Velyki Budky hoard (1981) and Bernashivka workshop (1990).&#x0D; The obvious problem was the chronological and geographic lacuna between the Slavic Bernashivka type ornaments (6th—7th centuries) and ornaments of the Kamno-Rхuge type (8th—10th centuries) from the Eastern Baltic region. Several versions explaining the similarity of finds from the northern and southern areas have been proposed: common substrate, population migrations, imitation of some fashion etc. In recent years two molds for some ornaments of the Kamno-Rхuge type have been discovered at the Romny culture hillforts (Sverdlovske 1, Vorkhol II), which demonstrated the lasting of the tradition in the south until the 10th century.&#x0D; A problem of the upper limit for existence of the Bernashivka type ornaments can be clarified using the mold find from Khodosivka settlement. The mold was discovered by expedition of E. O. Petrovska in 1976 during a survey along the left edge of the Gley ravine (Kozakiv ravine) near the Khodosivka hillfort. It was found in remaining part of a pit dwelling in context with fragments of hand-made and wheel-made pots of the Volyntsevo culture. The object dates back to the second half of the 8th century — early 9th cen-tury.&#x0D; Negatives of ornaments are carved on both sides of the mold. A diamond-shaped patch carved on the main side. On the reverse side the negatives of round plaques are carved and probably loops for attaching the same plaques. There is also circular decoration presents, probably, of a circular pendant. The closest analogies to such decorations were found in the Bernashivka workshop, and also at the molds from the Lower Danube region. Products from the Khodosivka mold look quite archaic and simple in comparing to gold and silver jewelry from hoards of the Volyntsevo culture. Such production was undoubtedly the part of nonprofessional home craft.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ПЕТРОГРАФІЧНОГО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЗНАХІДКИ КАМ'ЯНИХ ЛИВАРНИХ ФОРМ ДОБИ БРОНЗИ

The present article is devoted to the mineralogical and petrographic research of raw materials of the collection of casting molds of the Bronze Age, found by the expedition of Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after D.I. Yavornytskyi during the excavations of the archaeological monument of Tokivske-1, located near the village Tokivske of Apostolove Rayon, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. The finding of casting molds is of great importance, since it can be the evidence of bronze foundry production existence in the territory of the monument, which until now was regarded only as a megalithic place of worship. Provenance determination of the raw materials of casting molds can help to identify the role of Tokivske-1 in the system of metalworking cells of the Sabatynivska culture time (XVI–XIII centuries BC) and to establish its links with the ancient centers of mining of stone raw materials. According to previous petrographic studies, it is known that stone molds were made mainly of talc-chlorite-tremolite schists, since this material was easily processed and could withstand more castings than clay molds. Because of this, stone casting molds were highly valued, as well as bronze wares and ingots, and were transported over long distances. The purpose of the study was to establish links between the archaeological monument of Tokivske-1 and known mining and metallurgical centers of the Bronze Age, on the basis of mineralogical and petrographic research of raw materials of casting molds. As a result of the study of samples in thin sections and by X-ray diffraction analysis, it was established that the stone molds were mainly made of tremolite-chlorite-anthophyllite meta-ultrabazites. The determination of the origin of the rocks from which the casting molds were made was carried out by comparing their mineralogical and petrographic features with the features of similar rocks that form natural outcrops, as described in geological survey reports and literary data, and as observed by us in rock samples from natural outcrops in the Middle Dnipro and the Azov Sea areas. It was ascertained that the rocks from which all the casting molds of the collection were made do not form natural outcrops in the Middle Dnipro area and are not characteristic of the Kryvyi Rih area, which is considered to be the main center of raw materials extraction for the stone foundry forms of the Late Bronze Age on the territory of Ukraine. It was established that such rocks are more characteristic of the Western Azov Sea area, but one can not exclude another source of raw materials of the mold collection, in particular the Southern Urals, where bronze metallurgy was significantly developed and similar stone matrices were used. The obtained results suggest revision of established ideas on sources of supply of stone raw materials during the late Bronze Age.

Technological Observations on Two-Part Stone Jewelry-Casting Molds of the Late Bronze Age in the Near East

AbstractTwo-part stone jewelry molds were intended for casting of small and delicate precious metal jewelry and were common primarily during the Late Bronze Age in the ancient Near East. Published examples bear witness to the technological sophistication of the ancient craftsmen who used them as versatile tools for casting of a variety of solid rings, bezels, earrings, pendants, diadems, beads, pins, figurines, and amulets. As most stones crack when exposed to the extreme heat of molten metal, solid casting using stone molds may actually have been intended for fabrication of wax models using the “lost wax” technique, which allows for their repeated use for production of wax anti-types. The largest number of these molds originates from coastal sites of the northern Levant, drawing attention to this region as a nexus of specialized metalworking during this period and probably also for the spread of this technology in the eastern Mediterranean.

Direct 3D Printing of Flexible Nasal Prosthesis: Optimized Digital Workflow from Scan to Fit.

A maxillofacial prosthesis is a successful treatment modality to restore missing facial parts. Digital technologies and 3D printing are employed in constructing facial prostheses such as ears; however, their application is still partial, and final prostheses are usually manufactured conventionally using stone molds. This report aims to introduce a complete digital workflow to construct a nasal prosthesis and compare it to the conventional workflow of a patient requiring a nasal prosthesis. A computer tomography scan showing the defect was exported to specialized software to create 3D reconstructions of the patient's face and underlying bone. The nose was digitally designed restoring facial esthetics, anatomy, shape, and skin color. Different skin tones were digitally matched to skin tissues adjacent to the defect area using the Spectromatch system. The design was 3D printed in flexible and colorful material at 16 μm resolution using a 3D printer. External color pigmentations were applied to the nose for optimum esthetics, and the prosthetic nose was sealed in silicone and left to heat polymerize for 15 minutes. The prosthetic nose was retained in place using biomedical adhesive, and the patient was pleased with it. This report proposes a complete digital workflow to directly design and fabricate a prosthetic nose of acceptable esthetics. Such a workflow can lead to enhanced prosthesis reproducibility and acceptability and may become an effective treatment option for treatment of patients with facial defects.

Metal residues in 5th c. BCE–13th c. CE Estonian tools for non-ferrous metal casting

This paper investigates Estonian tools for non-ferrous metal casting in the form of crucibles, moulds, and casting ladles dating to the Estonian Iron Age (500 BCE–1227 CE), adding elemental analysis and 3D modelling to the traditional typological comparison. In contrast to the neighbouring countries of Russia, Latvia, and Sweden, no comprehensive study has previously been published on this subject for Estonian material. The typological analysis sets Iron Age Estonia in the same metalworking tradition as that of other eastern Baltic countries and Northwestern Russia. However, some classes of casting tools present in Scandinavian and Slavonic areas have so far not been encountered in the Estonian archaeological record. The elemental analysis included qualitative pXRF analysis of 175 artefacts and detailed residue analysis using SEM-EDS of thirteen selected artefacts. This analysis identified for the first time Estonian Iron Age casting tools – crucibles – used for casting gold and silver. Most of the investigated crucibles were used for casting various copper alloys, while the casting ladles and most of the stone moulds were used for casting pewter. Casting of pewter and precious metals only occurred in regional centres such as hill forts and strongholds, while copper alloys were cast in all parts of Estonia. In addition to clarifying fundamental questions about Estonian Iron Age metal casting, this study also lays a foundation for using modern analytical techniques in future investigations of Estonian metalworking traditions.

Tuhat aastat tinulisi Eesti aladel: kasutamine ja valmistamine / Thousand years of tin plaques in Estonia: usage and the technology of their manufacture

Since at least from the end of the first millenium AD, clothes have been decorated in Estonia with small studs cast from tin, more often known as tin plaques (tinulised). The plaques were sewn onto the fabric through hooks found on their reverse sides. The use of round plaques is traceable up until the end of the Livonian War, the rectangular plaques remained essentially unchanged until the nineteenth century. A separate group was formed by the stick- or rosetteshaped plaques which were used on Latgallian-type shawls and headbands in Siksälä. Different forms of tin plaques were found in Jõuga and Makita Votic graves.&#x0D; The moulds and methods of casting have remained quite unchanged through the centuries. Moulds were usually crafted from imported limestone, but there are also examples of moulds made from local materials. Moulds that were used to cast Estonian tin plaques consist of two halves, although usually only one half has survived.&#x0D; The casting process was fairly simple. Molten tin was poured into a preheated mould using a ladle made of metal or clay. The plaques were usually made from a varying mixture of tin and lead. Most probably, scrap metal was also used.&#x0D; The archaeological plaque material best allows us to describe their usage in southern and southeastern Estonia. Different theories have been put forward as to the origins of the custom of decorating clothes with plaques. However they have been widely used in the Baltic states and in areas east and northeast of Lake Peipsi by Finno-Ugric peoples.&#x0D; Plaques were most often used to adorn shawls, headbands, and the edges of tunics. Due to the fact that tin does not survive well in Estonian soil, very few finds have been discovered that could allow to make a complete reconstruction of the placement of plaques on clothing. The last records about the usage of plaques date from the first half of the nineteenth century: in southern Estonia skirts with archaic tailoring – sõukesed – were decorated in this manner.&#x0D; During the Iron Age plaques might have been made both for the local elite and for sale by the craftsmen dwelling in hillforts. Most probably, many craftsmen who made the plaques lived also in the villages on the countryside. It has been presumed that the making of moulds and casting tin might have been a female occupation. The assumption is based on the many female burials in the Baltics and near river Volga that contain ladles and moulds. Although much cheaper than silver and bronze, and easier to produce, it still cannot be said that plaques were used by the poor. Many have been found in rich graves with beautifully adorned clothing and valuable jewellery.&#x0D; Freshly cast tin bears a resemblance to silver, thus it might be assumed that it was believed that tin adornments had similar protective-magical properties as silver jewellery.&#x0D; Keywords: tin plaques, ornaments for clothing, tin casting, stone moulds, historical handicraft techniques

Effect of denture cleansers and accelerated aging on the color stability of maxillofacial silicone: An in vitro study

Aim: Evaluate the effect of denture cleansers and accelerated aging on the color stability of a commercially available maxillofacial silicone. Materials and Methods: A commercially available maxillofacial silicone cosmesil M511 was mixed according to manufacturer's instruction with the incorporation of three pigments, namely, Burnt sienna, Hansa Yellow, and Alizarin red and packed into the stone molds prepared using metal dies according to ASTM standards. After processing, initial color measurement was carried out 72 h following processing using a spectrophotometer. The samples were later subjected to disinfection and accelerated aging for 504 h and 1008 h following which color measurement was carried out. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test (P Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the color stability of the silicone samples pigmented with Hansa Yellow than with Burnt Sienna and Alizarin Red after disinfection and 504 h of accelerated aging. Silicone samples disinfected with Fittydent denture cleanser showed better color stability than samples disinfected with neutral soap. There was a statistically significant difference in the color stability of the samples after 1008 h of accelerated aging irrespective of pigmentation and disinfection method. Conclusions: Silicone samples pigmented with Hansa Yellow had greater color stability than the samples pigmented with other two pigments after disinfection and 504 h of accelerated aging. After 1008 h of aging, all samples showed poor color stability irrespective of pigmentation and disinfection method.

Effect of Polymerization Cycles on Gloss, Roughness, Hardness and Impact Strength of Acrylic Resins.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the conventional and boiled polymerization cycles on gloss, roughness, hardness and impact strength of acrylic resins. Samples were made for each Classico and QC-20 materials (n=10) in dental stone molds obtained from rectangular metallic matrices embedded in metallic flasks. The powder-liquid ratio and manipulation of the acrylic resins' were accomplished according to manufacturers' instructions and the resins were conventionally packed in metallic flasks. After polymerization by (1) conventional: 74 °C for 9 h (Classico) and (2) boiled: 20 min (QC-20) cycles, the samples were deflasked after cooling at room temperature and conventionally finished and polished. The properties were evaluated after storage in water at 37 °C for 24 h. Gloss was verified with Multi Gloss 268 meter (Konica Minolta), surface roughness was measured with Surfcorder SE 1700 rugosimeter (Kosaka), Knoop hardness number was obtained with HMV-200 microdurometer, and impact strength was measured in an Otto Wolpert-Werke device by Charpy system (40 kpcm). Data were subjected to Student's t-test (at α=0.05). The results were: Gloss: 67.7 and 62.2 for Classico and QC-20 resins, respectively; Surface roughness: 0.874 and 1.469 Ra-µm for Classico and QC-20, respectively; Knoop hardness: 27.4 and 26.9 for Classico and QC-20, respectively; and Impact strength: 37.6 and 33.6 kgf/cm2 for Classico and QC-20, respectively. No statistically significant difference (p>0.05)were found between the resins for the evaluated properties. In conclusion, conventional and boiled polymerization cycles had similar effects on gloss, roughness, hardness and impact strength of both Classico and QC-20 resins.

Støbeforme af sten fra middelalderen – Massefremstilling af metalgenstande til verdslig og religiøs brug i Ribe

Støbeforme af sten fra middelalderen – Massefremstilling af metalgenstande til verdslig og religiøs brug i Ribe

Moldes para puñales en la Península Ibérica durante la Edad del Bronce. El caso de Camp Cinzano (Vilafranca del Penedès, Alt Penedès, Barcelona)

The Bronze Age settlement of Camp Cinzano (Vilafranca del Penedes, Alt Penedes, Barcelona province) yielded a riveted dagger stone mould in a funerary context C14 dated to c. 1850 cal BC. We examine the characteristics of the mould (typology and raw material) and the metal artifact found at the site and relate them to the metallurgy of the 2nd Millennium BC in the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula. We present the few comparable dagger moulds existing in the Iberian Peninsula and the Western Mediterranean and discuss the possible reasons for their rarity in the archaeological record. The data indicate two possible places of origin for the mould studied: the East coast of the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Italy (the Polada group). The latter is an area which exhibits greater interaction and relationships with the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula in the metallurgic sphere.

ÇİLEDİR HÖYÜK ERKEN TUNÇ ÇAĞI II BULGULARI

Rescue excavations were initiated in 2009 by Kutahya Museum Directorate in Kutahya Province, Central District, Aslanli Village (Agizoren Village border), Ciledir locality, Aslanli stream region which remains within the borders of TKI Seyitomer Lignite Company's reserve zone after some architectural remains and small findings were encoun­tered. The finds at Ciledir Hoyuk were mainly dated to Early Eastern Roman Period, Roman Imperial Period, and Early Bronze Age II. The EBAII findings include; pottery, baked clay loom weights, baked clay spindle whorls, baked clay brushes, baked clay beads, grinding stones, whetstones, stone axes and mace heads, sling stones, stone moulds and nozzles, bone tools, stone and baked clay seals, and human and animal shaped figurines. This study aims to int­roduce the archaeological indings and architectural elements discovered at Ciledir Hoyuk EBA II, and to compare them to the other Early Bronze Age findings from Western.