Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures Research Articles

Optimization of Fracture and Moisture Damage Resistance of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures Containing Crumb Rubber-Modified Binder with the Fracture Mechanics Approach

Optimization of Fracture and Moisture Damage Resistance of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures Containing Crumb Rubber-Modified Binder with the Fracture Mechanics Approach

Evaluation of the influence of warm additives modified by Vestenamer polymer on the performance of stone matrix asphalt containing crumb rubber

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Vestenamer polymer and warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives (Zycotherm, Sasobit, and PAWMA) on the resilient modulus and rutting behavior of crumb rubber (CR)-modified stone matrix asphalt (SMA) using resilient modulus and wheel tracking tests. The resilient modulus test illustrated that CR-modified SMA mixtures containing WMA had a greater resilient modulus than the control mixture. Also, Sasobit had the highest effect on enhancing the resilient modulus. The wheel tracking test revealed that in each percentage of CR, WMA additives decreased the rutting depth of SMA mixtures, and Sasobit represented the lowest rutting depth among WMA additives. By adding 8, 12, and 16% CR, the rutting depth of SMA was reduced by 30.57%, 50.03%, and 64.76%, respectively, compared to the control sample. Therefore, the application of CR-modified SMA mixtures containing Sasobit can have a considerable impact on improving the rutting resistance of asphalt pavement.

Application of waste rice straw as fibre or filler in asphalt mixtures: materials characterisation and performance evaluation

ABSTRACT This study investigated the application of agricultural waste rice straw as fibre or filler in asphalt mixtures. Initially, the physical, chemical, mineralogical and morphological characterisation of rice straw products were analysed. Subsequently, the performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures containing rice straw fibre was evaluated in terms of rutting, crack resistance and moisture susceptibility, compared to cellulose fibre. Additionally, the properties of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures incorporating rice straw filler to replace conventional mineral filler partially were examined. The findings revealed that rice straw products exhibited similar characteristics to cellulose fibre or mineral filler, indicating their suitability for use in asphalt mixtures. The appropriate addition of rice straw fibre or filler demonstrated enhancement in the high-temperature performance, low-temperature crack resistance and moisture stability of asphalt mixtures. Through experimental tests, the optimum content of rice straw fibre in SMA-13 mixtures was determined to be 0.4%, while for the rice straw filler in AC-13 mixtures, it was 20%. The mechanisms of rice straw fibre and filler added in asphalt mixtures to strengthen their road performance were binder adsorption and reinforcement effect through scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Furthermore, rice straw filler also contributed to void filling within asphalt mixtures.

Production of an Eco-friendly Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixture Using Recycled Additives

Production of an Eco-friendly Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixture Using Recycled Additives

Influence of Bamboo Fiber Content on the Properties of Asphalt Mixtures

Inspecting what how much bamboo fiber means for the attributes of asphalt mixtures and searching for ways of further developing maintainability and execution. To assess the impacts of bamboo fibers on significant qualities including soundness, rutting opposition, weakness conduct, and dampness helplessness, asphalt details coordinate these sustainable and ecologically harmless fibers. This review evaluated the presentation improving use of bamboo fiber, a new expansion to the regular fiber family, in stone matrix asphalt (SMA) and dense-grade (DG) mixes. As well as having a harsh surface like that of a typical lignin fiber, bamboo fiber has a high rigidity in the fiber course. Furthermore, bamboo fiber has satisfactory warm dependability, an issue with plant-based materials that is normally raised. The ideal asphalt cover contents for DG and SMA mixtures with differing measures of bamboo fiber were picked utilizing the Marshall blend plan procedure. Utilizing the wheel following test, inundation Marshall test, freeze-defrost cycle test, and three-point twisting bar test, separately, the impacts of bamboo fiber on blend dampness helplessness, rutting, and low-temperature breaking execution were surveyed. The presentation of the previously mentioned blend was fundamentally worked on by the expansion of bamboo fiber, as indicated by test results. All in all, blends including bamboo fiber exhibited execution that was either tantamount to or better than those containing polyester and lignin fiber, proposing that bamboo fiber can be utilized in asphalt mixtures.

Pavement design using bituminous surface course with recycled aggregates

The utilization of Recycled Aggregates (RA) in the construction of pavement structure is one of the inventive and eco-friendly construction techniques. This scale down the construction cost without negotiates the strength and the durability of the pavement structures. However, RA is rigid in nature because it is obtained from aged bituminous mixtures to enhance a rejuvenator is usually added in order to lower the stiffness. Rejuvenator surges the utility of the bituminous mixtures and makes them be smoothly paved and compacted. The objective of this study is to design a flexible pavement structure using Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) as a surface course in order with RA. In SMA mixture major component is occupied by coarse aggregates, mineral filler, bitumen and a minor component of fine aggregates helps to fill the voids present in coarse aggregate which gives stone-on-stone contact. The bitumen binder and mineral filler form mastic, providing durability to the mixture. In this study, the performance of SMA mixtures with different RA proportions and a rejuvenator will be compared with conventional SMA mixture with zero percentage RA. Marshall Mix design is outlined to find the Marshall and volumetric properties of SMA mixtures and to regulate the Optimum Binder Content (OBC). The mixtures will be compared based on the drain down, stripping, Indirect Tensile strength (ITS) and Semi circular bend (SCB) test results. The analysis and design of flexible pavement structure using the prepared SMA mixtures with different RA contents as surface courses also will be carried out as a component of the study.SMA mixture of 40% replacing RA with 3% of palm sludge oil as rejuvenator exhibits optimum bitumen content where vertical stress, strain and displacement obtain reduction with compared to IRC 37 conventional SMA mixture.

Influence of basalt fiber on performance of thin overlayer asphalt mixtures based on multiple experimental methods

Because of the fast deterioration speed of the surface function of conventional asphalt pavement, thin overlayer with many advantages has been applied to the pavement surface. However, due to problems such as insufficient stripping resistance and cracking resistance, the performance of the thin overlayer needs to be further improved. To achieve this target, basalt fiber was introduced into two types of thin overlayer asphalt mixtures (Open graded friction course, OGFC-5, and Stone matrix asphalt mixture, SMA-5). The wheel tracking test and uniaxial penetration test for high temperature deformation resistance, low temperature bending beam test and indirect tensile asphalt (IDEAL) cracking test for cracking resistance, cantabro test for stripping resistance, and friction coefficient test for skid resistance were conducted to evaluate various performance of thin overlayer asphalt mixtures, along with the dynamic modulus test for dynamic mechanical response. The results showed that adding basalt fiber could enhance the high temperature deformation resistance, low temperature cracking resistance, intermediate temperature cracking resistance and stripping resistance of the thin overlayer, while having no significant impact on skid resistance. Furthermore, adding basalt fiber could increase the modulus in the high temperature region and decrease the modulus in the low temperature region of the thin overlayer asphalt mixtures, indicating thin overlayer with basalt fiber presenting superior both high temperature and low temperature performance. In addition, the evaluation indexes of SLT and SHT proposed from dynamic modulus test exhibited good consistency with the results of the performance tests.

Research on the Moisture Stability of Asphalt Mixtures with Three Solid Waste Fillers

Widespread interest has been drawn to the use of solid waste fillers as a partial replacement for natural fillers in high-performance asphalt mixtures in recent years. However, variations in the material properties of solid waste fillers remain a problem for the recycling method. To address this issue, the limestone powder in asphalt mixtures was replaced with three solid waste fillers, including steel slag powder, tailings powder and calcium carbide slag powder in this study. The chemical composition of the fillers was first characterized to assess the homogeneity of the material. Then, a dense-graded asphalt mixture (AC) and a stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture were designed, produced and characterized for wet stability. The results show that the asphalt mixtures with solid waste fillers were superior to limestone powder (LP) asphalt mixtures in terms of resistance to water damage, and the steel slag powder showed the best improvement in moisture stability of the asphalt mixtures. The optimum substitution of solid waste filler for limestone filler was 25%. With the addition of anti-stripping agents, the moisture stability of the asphalt mixture with limestone filler was also greatly enhanced. On the contrary, a marginal enhancement was observed in the moisture stability of asphalt mixtures using solid waste fillers. Solid waste fillers can be used in asphalt mixtures and have a similar function as that of anti-stripping agents. In summary, the use of solid waste fillers to replace mineral fillers in asphalt mixtures is a reliable, value-added recycling option.

Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber and Fibres

This article investigates the impact of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) and fibre additives (aramid fibre and basalt fibre) on the performance properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Tests were conducted to evaluate mix design, draindown, cantabro loss, moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. The Marshall method, the draindown parameters (ASTM D6390-11) and the cantabro loss characteristics (ASTM D 7064) were used to examine the mix design qualities. The modified Lottman test was used to assess the moisture sensitivity of SMA mixes. The roller compactor cum rut analyzer was used to assess rutting resistance. Findings showed that CRMB and fibre additives effectively controlled binder draindown and minimized abrasion loss in SMA mixtures. SMA-CRMB mixtures had higher draindown, but comparable cantabro loss than SMA-AF and SMA-BF mixtures. Incorporating CRMB and fibre additives enhanced moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. SMA mixtures with 0.3% fibre addition displayed similar performance properties to SMA with CRMB. Further, substituting fibre additions for CRMB in SMA combinations may yield similar performance. KEYWORDS: Stone matrix asphalt, Crumb rubber-modified bitumen, Fibre additives, Draindown, Cantabro loss, Moisture sensitivity, Rutting resistance, Fatigue behaviour.

Performance evaluation of asphalt mixture reinforced by lignin and ceramic fiber

A single-adding fiber technology only plays a role in improving one performance of asphalt mixture such as high temperature or low temperature or water damage performance. Although double-adding fiber-reinforced asphalt mixtures are expected to improve overall road performance, existing research still only focuses on the analysis of a single performance. In this study, two representative fibers including lignin fiber (LF) and ceramic fiber (CF) were selected including to investigate the role of double-adding fibers in asphalt mixtures. The effect of different fiber proportions on the overall road performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA-13) mixtures was analyzed via wheel tracking tests, low temperature bending test, moisture susceptibility test and fatigue test, etc. The results revealed that the combined addition of LF and CF exhibited superior improvements in mechanical strength, anti-rutting performance, moisture susceptibility, and fatigue life as compared to that of using either fiber alone. Specifically, compared to that of SMA mixtures using LF, the SMA mixtures using both two fibers improved in 11% dynamic stability, 8.6 % low-temperature bending stress, 2.1 % moisture susceptibility and 20 % fatigue life, respectively. And compared to that of SMA mixtures using CF, the mixtures using both two fibers increased in 11 % low-temperature bending strain and 8 % fatigue life, while improving slightly in dynamic stability, low-temperature bending stress, and moisture susceptibility respectively. Based on the results of efficiency coefficient method, the recommended ratio of LF to CF in the asphalt mixture is 1:2, providing a more balanced and comprehensive enhancement of road performances. This study provides a theoretical reference for the engineering application of improving the road performance of asphalt mixture through composite fiber blending, which can effectively enhance the service life of asphalt pavement.

Evaluation of the Effect of SBS on Performance Behavior of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixture Containing Mineral Fiber

Evaluation of the Effect of SBS on Performance Behavior of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixture Containing Mineral Fiber

Experimental Examination on Use of Recycled Materials in Stone Matrix Asphalt

SMA (stone matrix asphalt or stone mastic asphalt) was initially discovered in German & European and countries as impermeable or highly resilient wearing surface for bridge decks. Generally, it consists of two parts, a binder rich mortar and a coarse aggregate. It is made by a mixture of crushed fine and coarse aggregates, stabilizer such as polymers or fibres, cement & mineral filler. In present work, an effort has been made to study the properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt mixes with cellulose fibre and using recycled pavement material as well as slag in partial replacement of stone aggregates as coarse and fine aggregate grades. This research project was done to check the usage of recycled pavement material in Stone Matrix Asphalt mixture by conducting Marshall test in the lab in which flow & stability value was examined along with other properties of mixtures. Here IRC -SP-79 specification, aggregate gradation is taken for stone matrix asphalt. Binder used is 60/70 penetration grade bitumen. Binder content is varied as 4%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, and 7% by weight of aggregates and fibre used is optimum fibre content at 0.3% by the weight of aggregate. Key Words: SMA (Stone Matrix Asphalt), RAP (Recycled Asphalt Pavement)

Effects of two metal nanoparticles on performance properties of asphalt binder and stone matrix asphalt mixtures containing waste high density polyethelene

Asphalt mixtures has a long history of usage as pavement due to its economic efficiency. Asphalt mixtures have various modes of failure as they go through various temperature profiles and loading stresses over time since they are viscoelastic materials. Three different forms of distress, including rutting, fatigue cracking, and low-temperature cracking, are frequently seen in pavements composed of HMA. Such troubles limit its service life and lead to unsatisfactory service conditions. One of the most popular additive to modify bitumens is polymers. Numerous disadvantages prevent the widespread use of polymers in asphalt concrete (AC) mixture modification for the building of roads. Research on using complimentary materials, including nanomaterials, to counteract the detrimental effects of polymers while improving the performance of the AC combination has recently drawn a lot of interest. Recent years have seen pavement specialists reach the conclusion that modifying asphalt using composite material is the best way to address the issues with binder additives and meet requirement for asphalt mixture. So, in the current research, original asphalt binder was modified using nano-CuO, nano-Al2O3, carbon nano tube (CNT) as a conductive material, and HDPE. To improve their qualities, modifications were made to the additions Nano-CuO (2%, 4% by weight of asphalt binder), Nano-Al2O3 (2%, 4% by weight of bitumen), CNT (1%), and HDPE (3%, 5%). In addition to rheological bitumen testing and storage stability tests, other physical binder tests were conducted, including ones for penetration grade, softening point, and ductility. Additionally, tests for dynamic creep, four-point beam fatigue (FPBF), indirect tensile strength (ITS), Hamburg wheel tracking (HWT) and resilient modulus (Mr) were conducted to examine the impact of compound-modified binders on the performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures. According to the results, adding nano-CuO and nano-Al2O3 lowered the penetration grade and raised the softening point. The combination of combind modifiers has the highest performance against rutting and fatigue distress, according to the findings of MSCR and LAS tests. The addition of Nano-CuO and Nano-Al2O3, CNT, and HDPE increased the ITS, MR, rutting resistance, and fatigue characteristics of asphalt mixes, according to the findings of mixtures tests. The mixture, which included all three additions, exhibited the most favorable qualities overall.

The Durability of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures Designed Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Aggregates Against Floodwater Immersion

The durability of asphalt mixtures against floodwater immersion can serve as a reference to anticipate potential road damage. Moreover, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) materials have been discovered as a substitute for aggregate materials in road pavement due to their environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the durability of asphalt mixtures produced using RAP aggregate materials against floodwater immersion for 1, 2, 4, and 8 days. The process involved using Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures with a proportion of 33% RAP aggregate as test specimens. The Marshall test conducted on the asphalt mixture produced an optimum asphalt content (OAC) value of 6.1%. Moreover, the durability of the mixture reduced up to the 8th day of immersion with a residual strength value of 86.29%. It was also discovered that the reduction in the durability value of the mixture produced using 33% RAP aggregate was almost similar to the application of 100% new aggregate (non-RAP). This means RAP aggregate materials are feasible as an environmentally friendly substitute in the mixture of road pavement.

Evaluating pavement performance in bus rapid transit systems: Lessons from Seoul, South Korea

The proposed research aims to systematically investigate the condition of bus stops throughout Seoul, a densely populated metropolitan area. The study involves conducting a survey of multiple bus stops, taking into consideration traffic volume and pavement damage type. Field tests using the Falling Weight Deflectometer are conducted in heavily damaged bus stop sections to evaluate the performance of the surface, subbase, and subgrade layers. Additionally, this research proposes a polymer-modified stone matrix asphalt mixture with a nominal maximum size of 10 mm (10 mm PSMA) to enhance the rutting resistance of bus stop pavements while ensuring compliance with dynamic modulus acceptance values. Laboratory tests including Hamburg wheel tracking and dynamic modulus tests are conducted to achieve this objective. The results reveal that inadequate quality of the surface layer is the main cause of bus stop pavement failure in Seoul, with the average FWD modulus of the asphalt layer falling below the standard requirement of 725 ksi (28 % lower), indicating a 'low' structural condition based on evaluation standards. This can be attributed to inappropriate gradation and overload issues during rush hour. The dynamic modulus test results show that the PSMA 10 mm mixture outperforms the conventional 13 mm mixture in the low-frequency range and shows comparable performance in the high-frequency range. The Hamburg wheel tracking test indicates that all proposed mixtures have settlement values below 5.5 mm and do not exhibit the stripping point phenomenon, indicating excellent rutting resistance. Notably, the 10 mm PSMA mixture demonstrates superior permanent deformation resistance compared to the 13 mm PSMA and 13 mm PMA mixtures (1.26–185 times lower). Overall, the proposed mixtures exhibit promising performance in mitigating fast degradation at bus stops.

Experimental investigation of performance properties of asphalt binder and stone matrix asphalt mixture using waste material and warm mix additive

Many distresses occur in the pavement due to the increase in traffic and changes in weather conditions through the year (hot to cold). Asphalt binder modification is the best way to control these stresses. On the other hand, utilization of warm mix asphalt additives has significant environmental benefits. This research investigates the influence of simultaneous usage of two waste material (ground tire rubber (5%, 10% 15%, and 20% by weight of asphalt binder) and natural bitumen (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of asphalt binder)) on performance behavior of asphalt binders and mixtures containing warm mix asphalt additive. Performance behavior of binders and mixtures were evaluated by several tests such as; conventional asphalt binder tests, linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS), Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), storage stability, resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, dynamic creep, hamburg wheel track, and four point beam fatigue (FPB) tests. The statistical analysis was performed to investigate the additives have significant effect or not. Results revealed that fatigue and rutting performance of samples were improved by combination of waste materials. Addition of waste natural bitumen led to decreases the low-temperature behavior of asphalt binder, while addition of waste ground tire rubber improves the resistance against low-temperature cracking. Addition of natural bitumen up to 10% has positive impact on storage stability of binder and by adding more content of additive, phase separation occurred. Warm mix additives improve the fatigue and rutting resistance of mixtures containing waste materials. Adding 20% CR to 30% Gilsonite -modified binder causes an enhanced the high temperature characteristics of about 34%. Based on outcomes, waste ground tire rubber enhances the fatigue resistance of mixtures containing natural bitumen. In general, utilization of waste materials in combination with warm mix additives improve the performance properties of asphalt binder and mixture. Mr of mixtures, containing 40% Gilsonite, was 52% greater compared to base mixture. Nonetheless, 30% Gilsonite as well as 5% CR had Mr values nearly 44% higher compared to base mixture. Also, based on statistical analysis, addition of mentioned additives has significant effect on improving the performance of specimens.

Investigating the Deterioration of Pavement Skid Resistance Using an Accelerated Pavement Test

Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture has been widely used in pavement engineering for its preferable in-service performance. However, deterioration of SMA pavement in skid resistance is apparent under traffic loading. There remains lacking attention on skid resistance attenuation of SMA pavement, which in turn is important for skid durability design in practice. Hence, this study aims to perform a thorough investigation to reveal the skid resistance attenuation law of SMA pavement. Multiple types of SMA-13 mixtures prepared by different material designs were selected to conduct a kneading test that simulates real surface states of in-service SMA pavement. Pressure-sensitive film and a 3D laser scanner were utilized for evaluating anti-skid performance and skid durability. The finite element (FE) method is introduced to simulate vehicle braking distance for skid-resistance evaluation. The results show that skid resistance attenuation of SMA pavement consists of two stages: In the first stage, the skid resistance of SMA pavement experiences a short enhancement, followed by a long-term weakening stage. Abundant surface texture of SMA helps to mitigate the impact of traffic load on skid resistance. The FE analysis and pressure-sensitive film results demonstrate the potential of skid durability design of SMA pavement based on the skid resistance attenuation law.

Optimization of stone matrix asphalt mixture design based on fracture mechanics approach

Low-temperature cracking is one of the most common pavement distresses that occurred in a short period of service life and is known as premature distress. Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) with gap gradation, which has high strength and rutting performance, should also perform well against low-temperature cracking. So in this research, the criteria of SMA mixture design based on the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 9–8 were optimized in a way so that SMA has the best performance against low-temperature cracking. Therefore, the optimization process was carried out using the response surface method (RSM) considering the combined effect of compaction energy (Ndesign) and binder content as mixture design factors. The fracture evaluation was done based on stress and energy. So critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and critical fracture energy (Gf) were used as fracture evaluation parameters. After conducting the tests and analyzing the results, it was found that 6.09 % binder with Ndesign = 78 leads to a design with a desirability of 0.869, which passed all the NCHRP 9–8 criteria of the mixture design in line with the maximum fracture performance.

Experimental investigation of the rheological behaviors of bitumen and stone matrix asphalt mixtures using waste material

The mechanical performance characteristics of bitumens and mixtures can be improved by the utilization of various modifiers, such as liquid rubber and natural bitumen. In the current study, the effect of liquid rubber and natural bitumen on the rheological behaviors of natural bitumen and liquid rubber/natural bitumen modified samples and Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures was evaluated. In this regard, 0, 5, 15, 25 and 35% natural bitumen as well as 7, 9, 11, and 13% liquid rubber by weight of binder were used to modify virgin binder. Also, to evaluate asphalt binder characteristics, rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests were applied. Furthermore, modified natural bitumen and liquid rubber/natural bitumen mixtures were evaluated by four-point beam fatigue (FPBF), resilient modulus (Mr), indirect tensile strength (ITS), dynamic creep, and wheel track experiments. The results indicated that the use of natural bitumen reduces the low-temperature cracking resistance of bitumens, while adding liquid rubber into natural bitumen modified bitumens, the low-temperature cracking of modified bitumens enhances. Moreover, application of natural bitumen resulted in a reduction in the resistance of bitumens against fatigue cracking, while using liquid rubber in natural bitumen modified samples, the fatigue life of bitumens increases. Also, natural bitumen enhances the resistance of bitumens to permanent deformations, while liquid rubber decreases it. The mixtures’ test results indicated that natural bitumen increases Mr, permanent deformation resistance, tensile strength, fracture energy, and intermediate temperature performance of mixtures. Moreover, liquid rubber has a negative effect on performance of natural bitumen-modified specimens.

Prediction Model of VCA Formed by the Packing of Hybrid Lithological Coarse Aggregates Used in SMA.

The voids in coarse aggregate (VCA) is an important volumetric index in the mineral aggregate gradation design of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures. To explore the law of variation for VCA formed by the packing of basalt and lime coarse aggregates, a uniform design method and vibrating compaction tests were used to establish the prediction model. Based on the test results and stepwise regression analysis, a reliable prediction model of VCA was obtained. There is a multiple nonlinear relationship between the VCA and the proportion of each coarse aggregate in the mixture. Regardless of the type of coarse aggregates used, the rule of VCA with different forms of aggregate gradation curves has universal significance. This conclusion can help to determine the aggregate gradation in the design of SMA mixtures.