Width Of Stomata Research Articles

RotatedStomataNet: a deep rotated object detection network for directional stomata phenotype analysis.

Innovatively, we consider stomatal detection as rotated object detection and provide an end-to-end, batch, rotated, real-time stomatal density and aperture size intelligent detection and identification system, RotatedeStomataNet. Stomata acts as a pathway for air and water vapor in the course of respiration, transpiration, and other gas metabolism, so the stomata phenotype is important for plant growth and development. Intelligent detection of high-throughput stoma is a key issue. Nevertheless, currently available methods usually suffer from detection errors or cumbersome operations when facing densely and unevenly arranged stomata. The proposed RotatedStomataNet innovatively regards stomata detection as rotated object detection, enabling an end-to-end, real-time, and intelligent phenotype analysis of stomata and apertures. The system is constructed based on the Arabidopsis and maize stomatal data sets acquired destructively, and the maize stomatal data set acquired in a non-destructive way, enabling the one-stop automatic collection of phenotypic, such as the location, density, length, and width of stomata and apertures without step-by-step operations. The accuracy of this system to acquire stomata and apertures has been well demonstrated in monocotyledon and dicotyledon, such as Arabidopsis, soybean, wheat, and maize. The experimental results that the prediction results of the method are consistent with those of manual labeling. The test sets, the system code, and their usage are also given ( https://github.com/AITAhenu/RotatedStomataNet ).

Opuntioideae cactus stem Bioimaging analysis: Bridging taxonomy and antimicrobial research.

This study presents a comprehensive scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of Opuntioideae cactus stems indigenous to the arid regions of Saudi Arabia, elucidating their intricate microstructural features. The findings not only advance taxonomic understanding by aiding in species differentiation but also reveal the antimicrobial potential of these cacti, highlighting their significance as valuable natural resources for both ecological and pharmaceutical applications. The present study is aimed to present the stem epidermal anatomical description of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae) belonging to genus Opuntia (five Species), Cylindropuntia (two Species), and Austrocylindropuntia (one Species) as tool for systematic identification. Stem epidermal anatomical features represent here are epidermal cells, stomatal complex, subsidiary cells, and trichomes findings was observed using light microscope and SEM. The stem epidermal sections were made by heating in test tube containing lactic acid and nitric acid protocol. In anatomical findings, irregular, zigzag, wavy, and polygonal epidermal cells with sinuate, sinuous, and straight anticlinal walls were observed. Quantitatively minimum length (28.05 ± 2.05 μm) and width (23.15 ± 3.41 μm) of epidermal cells were noted in Cylindropuntia kleiniae. Paracytic type of stomata present was observed in all species with kidney-shaped guard cell present in six species, and in Opuntia macrocentra and Austrocylindropuntia subulata, dumbbell-shaped guard cells were observed. The largest length of stomata (53.25 ± 2.05 μm) and width of stomata (35.10 ± 5.19 μm) were observed in Opuntia monacantha. In present research work, stem anatomical features show many diverse characters are of special attention for plant taxonomist for the correct identification and provide baseline for further study in subfamily Opuntiodeae. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The intricate microstructures of Opuntioideae cactus stems. Investigating the antimicrobial potential of compounds found within Opuntioideae cactus stems. Correlations between the unique structural features observed through SEM and the antimicrobial activity of Opuntioideae cactus stem extracts.

Intraspecific plasticity and co-variation of leaf traits facilitate Ficus tinctoria to acclimate hemiepiphytic and terrestrial habitats.

Despite intensive studies on plant functional traits, the intraspecific variation and their co-variation at the multi-scale remains poorly studied, which holds the potential to unveil plant responses to changing environmental conditions. In this study, intraspecific variations of 16 leaf functional traits of a common fig species, Ficus tinctoria G. Frost., were investigated in relation to different scales: habitat types (hemiepiphytic and terrestrial), growth stages (small, medium and large) and tree crown positions (upper, middle and lower) in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Remarkable intraspecific variation was observed in leaf functional traits, which was mainly influenced by tree crown position, growth stage and their interaction. Stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N) and leaf area (LA) showed large variations, while stable carbon isotope (δ13C), stomata width and leaf water content showed relatively small variations, suggesting that light- and nitrogen-use strategies of F. tinctoria were plastic, while the water-use strategies have relatively low plasticity. The crown layers are formed with the growth of figs, and leaves in the lower crown increase their chlorophyll concentration and LA to improve the light energy conversion efficiency and the ability to capture weak light. Meanwhile, leaves in the upper crown increase the water-use efficiency to maintain their carbon assimilation. Moreover, hemiepiphytic medium (transitional stage) and large (free-standing stage) figs exhibited more significant trait differentiation (chlorophyll concentration, δ13C, stomata density, etc.) within the crown positions, and stronger trait co-variation compared with their terrestrial counterparts. This pattern demonstrates their acclimation to the changing microhabitats formed by their hemiepiphytic life history. Our study emphasizes the importance of multi-scaled intraspecific variation and co-variation in trait-based strategies of hemiepiphyte and terrestrial F. tinctoria, which facilitate them to cope with different environmental conditions.

Estimation of genetic parameters and principal component analysis on garlic germplasm using augmented block design

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the important herbs worldwide. Genetic studies on Indonesian garlic germplasm are still limited. We aimed to estimate genetic parameters and analyze the Principal Component of Indonesian local garlic accessions. Augmented Block Design with three replications (blocks) was used to characterize 20 accessions with 16 accessions as ‘Test’ and four check varieties. The research was carried out at Lembang, West Java (1250 m asl) from October 2022 until March 2023. The result showed that from block-adjusted ANOVA, tested accessions gave significant differences in number of leaves, leaf length, ratio between length and width of stomata, and yield per plot. A high genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) was observed on pseudo-stem diameter, root length, and yield per plot. It also showed that the number of leaves, the ratio between length and width of stomata, and yield per plot had high value of hBS (broad-sense heritability). Our study also showed that yield per plot had positive and significant (p<0.05) correlations with pseudo-stem diameter, leaf length, chlorophyll content, stomatal length, and root length. Principal Component Analysis showed that 82.75% of the total variance can be explained by the first three PCs viz. 57.19%, 15.27%, and 10.29% respectively.

Farklı habitatlarda yayılış gösteren Tamarix tetrandra (Tamaricaceae) türünün karşılaştırmalı yaprak ve gövde anatomisi

In this study, the leaf and stem structure of Tamarix tetrandra Pallas ex. Bieb. species, which are distributed in riparian and salt marshes, were examined in terms of anatomical and micromorphological aspects. Specimens of the species have been preserved in 70% alcohol for anatomical study. Herbarium specimens were used for micromorphological studies. The studies showed that there were differences in anatomy and micromorphology. It was found that the stomata were embedded in the epidermis in the samples distributed in the salt marsh. In addition, stem epidermal cell length, sclerenchyma cell diameter, sieve tube cell diameter, and pith cell diameter were found to be greater in riparian species. In the correlation analysis, a positive correlation was observed between leaf lower surface stomata width and upper epidermis cell width, and between stem sclerenchymatic cell diameter and upper epidermis cell width in species distributed in salt marshes. The studies did not find intensive salt accumulation in the stem and leaf structures of the species that spread in the salt marsh. Salt uptake is thought to be inhibited in these species.

The Effectiveness Of Spraying Nano Bone Ash And Oil Palm Emty Fruit Bunch Ash On Leaf Character Appearance Of Rice Mandel Variety

. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of spraying nano bone ash and palm oil emty fruit bunnch ash on leaf character appearance of rice Mandel variety. This research was carried out in the Agricultural Experiment Grenn House of the Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta in January to June2021. This study uses a single factor design arranged in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD), there are 4 treatm ents. Each tratments consisted of 6 plant samples with 3 replications namely: P. Urea 250 kg/hectare + SP-36 100 kg/hectare + KCl 100 kg/hectare, Q.Urea 250 kg/hectare + SP-36 50 kg/hectare + KCl 100 kg/hectare + Nano Bone Ash concentration 0,2 %, R. Urea 250 kg/hectare + SP-36 100 kg/hectare + KCl 50 kg/hectare + Nano OPEFB Ash concentration 0,3 %, S.Urea 250 kg/hectare + SP-36 50 kg/hectare + KCl 50 kg/hectare + Nano Bone Ash concentration 0,2 % and Nano OPEFB Ash concentration 0,3 %. The results showed that the application of Urea 250 kg/hectare + SP-36 50 kg/hectare + KCl 50 kg/hectare + 0.2% Nano Bone Ash Concentration and 0.3% OPEFB Nano Ash concentration gave a significant effect on the character.sheat of leaf color, blade of leaf, chlorophyll content, length and width of stomata.

Exogenous calcium enhances the physiological status and photosynthetic capacity of rose under drought stress

Drought (water shortage) can substantially limit the yield and economic value of rose plants (Rosa spp.). Here, we characterized the effect of exogenous calcium (Ca2+) on the antioxidant system and photosynthesis-related properties of rose under polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000)-induced drought stress. Chlorophyll levels, as well as leaf and root biomass, were significantly reduced by drought; drought also had a major effect on the enzymatic antioxidant system and increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species. Application of exogenous Ca2+ increased the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of leaves, enhanced water-use efficiency, and increased the length and width of stomata following exposure to drought. Organ-specific physiological responses were observed under different concentrations of Ca2+. Application of 5 mmol · L−1 Ca2+ promoted photosynthesis and antioxidant activity in the leaves, and application of 10 mmol · L−1 Ca2+ promoted antioxidant activity in the roots. Application of exogenous Ca2+ greatly enhanced the phenotype and photosynthetic capacity of potted rose plants following exposure to drought stress. Overall, our findings indicate that the application of exogenous Ca2+ enhances the drought resistance of roses by promoting physiological adaptation and that it could be used to aid the cultivation of rose plants.

Diversity characterization of three varieties of Cymbopogon nardus under different shade conditions

Abstract. Danata NH, Aini N, Udayana C, Setiawan A, Yamika WSD, Prambudi R. 2023. Diversity characterization of three varieties of Cymbopogon nardus under different shade conditions. Biodiversitas 24: 3574-3582. Cymbopogon nardus L. is a perennial aromatic plant distinguished for producing one of the world's most vital essential oils, citronella. This plant requires abounding sunlight to maximize the growth and quality of essential oils. The development of citronella can be implemented with an agroforestry system as an intercrop. However, the deterring factor restricting the propagation of citronella as an intercrop in agroforestry systems is the unavailability of adequate sunlight, consequently deteriorating the growth and quality of essential oils. This study investigated three varieties of C. nardus, i.e., Seraiwangi 1, Sitrona 1 Agribun, and Sitrona 2 Agribun, at distinctive shade proportions, i.e., 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% shade. The examined parameters included the growth, physiological responses, yield, and quality of essential oils, i.e., citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol. Results demonstrate that the various types and shade percentages affect most examined parameters. The Seraiwangi 1 variety grown under 0% and 25% shade had nearly the same value, while the Sitrona 1 Agribun and Sitrona 2 Agribun varieties continued to experience declines ranging from 0%, 25%, 50%, to 75%. Nevertheless, shade extensively influences physiological responses such as photosynthetic rate and stomata width, and contrastingly there was a cipher effect on the stomata length. In the yield parameters, the oil concentration declined with the increase in shading percentage. The Seraiwangi 1 delivered superior quality of citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol compared to Sitrona 1 Agribun and Sitrona 2 Agribun varieties.

EVALUATING THE CORRELATION OF PLOIDY LEVEL, LEAF SIZE, STOMATA CHARACTERISTICS AND TUBER WEIGHT IN Dioscorea spp. POPULATIONS FROM JALISCO, MÉXICO

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background. &lt;/strong&gt;“Camote de cerro” (&lt;em&gt;Dioscorea &lt;/em&gt;spp.) is a plant of great importance in West rural areas of Mexico as food source and alternative medicine. &lt;em&gt;Dioscorea&lt;/em&gt; is an important crop around the world for its carbohydrate contribution to diets. Yams are polyploid plants, and species with modifications at ploidy level also present changes in leaf size and stomata characteristics. These variations can favor resistance to adverse conditions. &lt;strong&gt;Objective.&lt;/strong&gt; In the present study, evaluation and correlation of ploidy levels, leaf size, stomata characteristics and tuber weight were carried out for &lt;em&gt;Dioscorea &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;remotiflora&lt;/em&gt; Kunth and &lt;em&gt;Dioscorea sparsiflora &lt;/em&gt;Hemsley&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;in accessions obtained from 11 localities in México. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology.&lt;/strong&gt; Chromosome counting was carried out in root meristems&lt;em&gt;. &lt;/em&gt;Measuring and counting stomata were carried out. Productivity rate (PR) was calculated dividing harvested tuber weight over seed tuber weight, for each experimental unit. Leaves width and length were measured&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Results.&lt;/strong&gt; Show that variation is higher among different localities than among specimens from the same locality. Significant differences were observed for, ploidy levels (P), stomata dimensions and number of chloroplasts in stomata. Differences in chloroplast numbers present in occlusive cells were also significant for different species. &lt;strong&gt;Implications.&lt;/strong&gt; Ploidy level showed a relation with chloroplasts numbers in stomata and stomata width. Leaf size presented a relation with stomata dimensions, and leaf width showed a relation with tuber weight. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/strong&gt; These observations allowed us to determine that there are variation among populations; stomata width and chloroplast number in a population can help to determine ploidy levels, and leaf width is a response variable that allows to predict tuber weight.&lt;/p&gt;

Adaptive mechanism in Quercus brantii Lindl. leaves under climatic differentiation: morphological and anatomical traits

Leaf traits, which vary across different climatic conditions, can reveal evolutionary changes within a species made to adapt to the environment. Leaf traits play major roles in a plant functions under varying climatic conditions. To examine adaptive modes and mechanisms applied by plants in different climates, we analyzed leaf morphology and anatomical structures in Quercus brantii in the Zagros forests, Western Iran. The plants adapted to the environmental differences with increased dry matter content in a Mediterranean climate, and increasing leaf length, specific leaf area, stomata length (SL), stomata width, stomatal density (SD), stomatal pore index (SPI), trichome length, and width in a sub-humid climate; trichome density was increased in a semi-arid climate. There were strong, positive correlations between SPI with SL and SD. Correlations for other leaf traits were weakly significant. Such morphological and anatomical plasticity probably leads to lower transpiration rates, control of internal temperature and water status, and improved photosynthetic capability under stressing conditions. These findings provide new insights into the adaptive strategies of plants to environmental changes at the morphological and anatomical levels.

Morphological, cariological, and phytochemical studies of diploid and autotetraploid Hippeastrum papilio plants

The polyploidization of Hippeastrum papilio influences its primary and secondary metabolism including the biosynthesis of bioactive alkaloids. Hippeastrum papilio is an ornamental plant that has advantages in comparison to the currently used plants for the extraction of galanthamine, a natural compound used for the cognitive treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, an autotetraploid line of H. papilio was induced for the first time, after treatment with 0.05% colchicine for 48h. The chromosome number in diploids was found to be 2n = 2x = 22 and for autotetraploids 2n = 4x = 44. The flow cytometric analyses detected a DNA C-value of 14.88 ± 0.03pg (1C) in diploids and 26.57 ± 0.12pg in autotetraploids. The morphological, cytological, and phytochemical studies showed significant differences between diploids and autotetraploids. The length and width of stomata in autotetraploids were 22.47% and 17.94%, respectively, larger than those observed in the diploid leaves. The biomass of one-year-old autotetraploid H. papilio plants was reduced by 53.99% for plants' fresh weight, 56.53% for leaves' fresh weight, and 21.70% for bulb diameter. The GC-MS analysis of methanol extracts from one-year-old diploid and autotetraploid H. papilio plants revealed over 60 primary and secondary metabolites including alkaloids, phenolic acids, sterols, saccharides, and alcohols, among others. Principal component analysis of the metabolite profiles indicates a divergence of the metabolism between diploid and autotetraploid plants. The content of galanthamine and haemanthamine was found to be 49.73% and 80.10%, respectively, higher in the leaves of autotetraploids, compared to the diploid ones. The biosynthesis of the saccharides shows a tendency to be upregulated in tetraploid plants, while that of phenolic acids was downregulated. Polyploidization of H. papilio creates possibilities for further crop improvement aimed at high-galanthamine-producing genotypes.

In Vitro Tetraploidization Towards Enhancement Of Charantin Biosynthesis In Momordica Charantia (L.)

A practical and reliable method for in vitro tetraploidization of Bitter Gourd [Momordica charantia (L.)] has been established to enhance the production of charantin. Shoot tip from in vitro-grown culture (2n = 22) were exposed to the anti-mitotic chemical, i.e., colchicine, at various concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% along with 2% DMSO) for 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. The treated explants were then incubated and proliferated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with 1.5 mg L-1 benzyladenine and 0.5 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid, followed by root induction in 1.0 mg L-1 indole-3 acetic acid enriched 1/2MS medium. Treatment of shoot tips with 0.1% colchicine for 24 h supported the highest tetraploid induction efficiency (33.56 ±0.22%). Morphological, stomatal, and cytological characteristics along with the secondary metabolite content of the in vitro tetraploids were compared to that of diploids. The recovered tetraploid plants possessed superior plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, and increased length and width of stomata but decreased stomatal frequency. The tetraploid plants demonstrated twice the chromosome number (2n = 4x = 44) in respect to diploids as confirmed through cytology, spectrophotometry and flow cytometry. Highperformance liquid chromatography showed 1.09 times enhancement of charantin content in tetraploid plants than that of diploid plants, signifying the prospective of this technique for the trade value improvement.

Deep Transfer Learning-Based Multi-Object Detection for Plant Stomata Phenotypic Traits Intelligent Recognition.

Plant stomata phenotypic traits can provide a basis for enhancing crop tolerance in adversity. Manually counting the number of stomata and measuring the height and width of stomata obviously cannot satisfy the high-throughput data. How to detect and recognize plant stomata quickly and accurately is the prerequisite and key for studying the physiological characteristics of stomata. In this research, we consider stomata recognition as a multi-object detection problem, and propose an end-to-end framework for intelligent detection and recognition of plant stomata based on feature weights transfer learning and YOLOv4 network. It is easy to operate and greatly facilitates the analysis of stomata phenotypic traits in high-throughput plant epidermal cell images. For different cultivars, multi-scales, rich background features, high density, and small stomata object images, the proposed method can precisely locate multiple stomata in microscope images and automatically give phenotypic traits of stomata. Users can also adjust the corresponding parameters to maximize the accuracy and scalability of automatic stomata detection and recognition. Experimental results on actual data provided by the National Maize Improvement Center show that the proposed method is superior to the existing methods in high stomata automatic detection and recognition accuracy, low training cost, strong generalization ability.

Study of some parameters of vegetative growth and stomata in wheat by the effect of Nano silica and levels of salt stress

A field experiment was conducted at the second agricultural experiment station of College of Agriculture- Al-Muthanna University during the agricultural season 2021-2022 to study some physiological and phenotypic parameters of three cultivars of bread wheat (Furat, Mawaddah, and Russi) by the effect of foliar apply of Nano silica (100 ppm) and irrigation with three levels of salinity (2.5, 5, 10 ds m-1). The experiment was carried out using the split-split plot design with three replications, the salinity factor (S) was included in the main plot, the Nano silica (N) was included in the secondary plot, and the sub-secondary plot were for cultivars (V). The results of statistical analysis showed that some traits recorded a significant decrease, such as flag leaf area, which decreased by 22.5%, root length, decreased by 16.83%, and the dry weight, by 19.2%, due to the influence of salinity. The results indicated that although Nano silica had a positive effect on root length, which increased by 10.89%, but it had a negative effect on stomata width on the lower surface of leaves, which decreased by (8.75%). The Furat cultivar is superior to the other cultivars in terms of root length, dry weight, stomata width in the upper surface and stomata length in the lower surface.

Biogenic volatile organic compound emission from tropical plants in relation to temperature changes

Climate change has resulted in many environmental changes which impact living organisms including plants. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) are emitted from plants under stressful conditions as a defensive mechanism. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature on the emission rate of the BVOC (isoprene and monoterpenes) from the tropical plants Syzygium cumini and Peltophorum pterocarpum. These species were reported as high BVOC emitting and abundant species in the urban green area. The temperatures focused in this study were low temperature (16–18 °C), three optimal temperatures (36–38 °C, 38–40 °C and 40–42 °C) and high temperature (48–50 °C). BVOC were measured using a VOCs analyser. The results showed that the BVOC emission rate increased with increasing temperature up to 38–40 °C and decreased after. The highest concentration of BVOC of S. cumini and P. pterocarpum were 44.04 and 13.12 µg/m2 h, respectively. S. cumini had higher emission than P. pterocarpum owing to the leaf morphology such as number and width of stomata. These results can be used to develop a model study of plant BVOC emissions in the urban green area, especially megacities where heat island effect is likely to occur.

Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to address drought tolerance in wheat

ABSTRACT Genome editing tools have rapidly been adopted by plant scientists for crop improvement. Genome editing using a multiplex sgRNA-CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system is a useful technique for crop improvement in monocot species. In this study, we utilized precise gene editing techniques to generate wheat 3’(2’), 5’-bisphosphate nucleotidase (TaSal1) mutants using a multiplex sgRNA-CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Five active TaSal1 homologous genes were found in the genome of Giza168 in addition to another apparently inactive gene on chromosome 4A. Three gRNAs were designed and used to target exons 4, 5 and 7 of the five wheat TaSal1 genes. Among the 120 Giza168 transgenic plants, 41 lines exhibited mutations and produced heritable TaSal1 mutations in the M1 progeny and 5 lines were full 5 gene knock-outs. These mutant plants exhibit a rolled-leaf phenotype in young leaves and bended stems, but there were no significant changes in the internode length and width, leaf morphology, and stem shape. Anatomical and scanning electron microscope studies of the young leaves of mutated TaSal1 lines showed closed stomata, increased stomata width and increase in the size of the bulliform cells. Sal1 mutant seedlings germinated and grew better on media containing polyethylene glycol than wildtype seedlings. Our results indicate that the application of the multiplex sgRNA-CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is efficient tool for mutating more multiple TaSal1 loci in hexaploid wheat.

Photosynthetic Pigments and Stomata Characteristics of Cowpea (Vigna sinensis savi) under the Effect of X-Ray Radiation

This study was conducted in the field and laboratories of the faculty of science and health-Koya university by exposing the seeds of cowpea plant (Vigna sinensis Savi) var. California black-eye to X-ray radiation in two different locations (In target or 30 cm out of target) inside the radiation chamber, for four different exposure times (0, 5, 10, or 20 min), to study the effect on some characteristics of seedling components. Results show that the exposure location to X-ray had non-significant effects on cowpea leaves content of photosynthetic pigments, whereas each of time of exposure with interaction between location and time of exposure had significant effects on chlorophyll a, total chlorophylls, and total carotenoids pigments. Regarding the X-ray effects on stomata characteristics, the results detect that there were non-significant differences between the location of exposure on stomata number on abaxial leaves surfaces and stomata length on adaxial leaves surfaces, whereas a significant effects on number of stomata on the adaxial leaves surfaces, abaxial stomata length, abaxial, and adaxial stomata width were detect. Exposing cowpea seeds to X-ray radiation in the target of the radiation source increased significantly stem and leave dry matter percent compared with the one out of the target location, whereas increasing the time of exposure decreased the percent of dry matter of stem and leaves. It is concluded that exposing cowpea seeds to X-ray leads to changes in photosynthetic pigments, stomata characteristics, and plant dry matter content.

Study of Stomata Characteristics of Plantain and Horn Plants AAB genome

The study of stomata characteristics of plantain and horn plants has been carried out. This study aimed to compare the characteristics of plant stomata by plantain and horn banana AAB genome. Therefore, it is possible to find out the similarities and differences in characteristics between plantain and horn banana that have the same genome, including by stomata location, cover cell shape, stomatal type, number of epidermal cells, number of stomata cells, stomata length, stomata width, stomata area, stomata index, and stomatal density. Stomata observations were made by making an incision using the whole mount method. The results obtained were then analyzed descriptively qualitatively by describing the stomata characteristics of the plantain and horn banana plants

Genotypic Variation for Salt Tolerance within and between ‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’ Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Cultivars

Switchgrass tolerates nutrient and water limitations; however, high salt concentrations may inhibit its production. Therefore, the salt tolerance potential of switchgrass needs to be enhanced for economic production. The objective of this study was to determine the differences within and between two lowland cultivars of switchgrass for growth, stomatal morphology, photosynthetic pigments content, and mineral traits. A greenhouse study was conducted on 18 sublines, derived from the cultivars Alamo (A) and Kanlow (K), plus a salt-tolerant and sensitivity check (20 genotypes). A split-plot randomized complete block design was used with three replications per treatment (0, 5, 10, and 20 dS m−1 NaCl). High salt concentrations (10 and 20 dS m−1 NaCl) reduced shoot biomass, stem diameter, and plant height up to 21, 11, and 16%, respectively, compared to the control for all genotypes (p &lt; 0.05). Chlorophyll a and adaxial stomata width were moderately correlated with growth traits under saline conditions (r = 0.49 to 0.56, p &lt; 0.05). The sublines 12A-227, TN13006-04, 12A-259, 12K-247, and TN13009-08 had better growth and accumulated less salt in shoot biomass than both checks. These results indicate that differences exist within and between the Alamo and Kanlow sublines, and it is possible to breed improved cultivars with increased salt tolerance.

Comparative assessment of the foliar micromorphology, phytochemicals and elemental composition of two cultivars of Persea americana Mill leaves

Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) is popular medicinal plant used for the treatment and management of a wide range of diseases. In this study, the foliar micromorphology, phytochemicals and elemental composition of two cultivars (Hass and Nigerian avocado pears denoted as ‘HAP’ and ‘NAP’, respectively) of P. americana leaves were evaluated. Fresh leaf samples were used for foliar examinations while oven-dried and ground leaves were used for phytochemicals, mineral content and micro-chemical properties. Macroscopic examination affirmed that both cultivars are closely-similar except in organoleptic attributes which confirm their remarkable differences. Moreover, both cultivars had anomocytic stomatal type, several unicellular, simple, non-glandular trichomes and irregular, polygonal to rectangular epidermal cell patterns. Quantitatively, HAP had higher cell density (111.35 ± 2.70), stomata density (38.30 ± 2.32), stomata width (17.11 ± 1.59 µm) and stomata index (25.59%) for abaxial surfaces. Qualitative phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and saponins in both cultivars, while tannins and terpenoids were only present in NAP. Elemental analysis revealed that both cultivars had important macro and micro minerals in varying quantities. The current comparative data for the two cultivars of P. americana leaves revealed the distinct anatomical features which can serve as a useful tool in distinguishing these closely-related plants.