Stomach Muscle Research Articles

Efficacy and Safety of Mebendazole in the Treatment of Intestinal Helminth Infections

Mebendazole was introduced in 1971 and is not soluble in water or other organic solvents, it is also not absorbed from the intestinal tract in a high-fat context. Both albendazole and mebendazole have a low rate of absorption in the human intestine. These drugs primarily target parasites in the stomach's lumen, and their metabolites are effective against parasites in the stomach's muscles and tissues. For instance, albendazole sulfoxide is the primary metabolite that possesses anthelmintic properties. Metabolites of mebendazole are expelled in the urine. Both drugs negatively affect the function of microtubules in parasites and mammalian cells, this results in the depletion of the parasites' glycogen stores. Current helminth control strategies involve periodic deworming with albendazole or mebendazole. However, concerns about drug resistance and the persistence of high prevalence rates suggest the need for additional strategies, such as improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and optimized treatment regimens. Albendazole and mebendazole are highly effective against Ascaris lumbricoides, with a single dose of albendazole showing a cure rate of 96% and mebendazole showing a cure rate of 92.3%. Mebendazole's efficacy against hookworms varies, but a recommended dosing regimen improves effectiveness. Mebendazole's effectiveness against Trichuris trichiura depends on the dosing regimen. It is less effective against hymenolepiasis, where praziquantel is preferred. Mebendazole has also been used to treat Giardia lamblia infections. In summary, STH infections are a significant health issue, and albendazole and mebendazole are commonly used drugs for treatment. However, there is a need for additional strategies to address drug resistance and improve treatment efficacy. Mebendazole has potential side effects and should be used with caution, especially during pregnancy.

Exploring the impact of protein diets on the honey bee (Apis mellifera L): a study on intestinal tissue health and royal jelly protein level

The growth and development of a honey bee colony fundamentally rely on proper nutrition, leading beekeepers to nourish their hives to maintain the health and productivity of their colonies. Nevertheless, the substances utilized in honey bee nutrition vary widely, necessitating thorough research to evaluate their effects on the performance and health of honey bees. Herein, the supplemental diets commonly used by beekeepers for feeding bee colonies including soybean (Glycine max), maize pollen grains (Zea mays L), and a mixture of soybean and pollen grains, in addition to sugar solution as control group are evaluated. This study was conducted on both intestinal tissues as the main place of digestion and absorption and royal jelly (RJ) proteins as a final product that reflects physiological reactions within the insect’s body. Soybean has been observed to have detrimental effects on both the health of the intestinal tissue, causing atrophy of the epithelial cells and weakening of the stomach muscles. Additionally, a decrease in the secretory vesicles (SV) and the gelatinous layer (GL) within the intestine was noted. However, when honey bee colonies were fed on pollen, it helped maintain the molecular balance and high molecular weight proteins in RJ. Bee pollen diet also resulted in an increased production of SV. Conversely, feeding honey bees a mixture of soybean and pollen had catastrophic effects on both the intestinal tissue and RJ proteins. It also led to coagulation in the peritrophic membrane (PMb), which is crucial for protecting the intestinal walls and performing other physiological functions. This, in turn, impacted the absorption of proteins, the levels of SV, and GL. Consequently, it is suggested to incorporate bee pollen as a dietary supplement in the feeding plan of honey bees.

Mechanisms involved in the muscle relaxing effects of STW 5 in guinea pig stomach.

The herbal preparation STW 5 ameliorates functional dyspepsia partly by relaxing smooth muscle of the proximal stomach, thus improving gastric accommodation. We explored the unknown pathways responsible for this effect by testing targets known to modulate gastric smooth muscle relaxation. STW 5-induced relaxation of smooth muscle strips from guinea pig gastric corpus before and after pharmacological interventions were recorded with force transducers in an organ bath. ORAI1 mRNA expression was tested in the proximal stomach. Blockade of Ca2+-activated K+ and Cl- channels, voltage-gated L- or T-type Ca2+ channels, TRPA1-, TRPV1-, adenosine or 5-HT4 receptors, antagonizing ryanodine receptors, inhibiting cyclooxygenase or sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase did not affect STW 5-evoked relaxation. Likewise, protein-kinase A or G were not involved. However, the relaxation evoked by STW 5 was significantly reduced by phorbol-12-myristat-13-acetat, an activator of protein-kinase C, by 2- aminoethyldiphenylborinate, an inhibitor of the IP3 receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or by SKF-96365, a nonselective store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) blocker. Furthermore, the mixed TRPC3/SOCE inhibitor Pyr3, but not the selective TRPC3 blocker Pyr10, reduced the effect of STW 5. Finally, BTP2, a potent blocker of ORAI-coupled SOCE, almost abolished STW 5-evoked relaxation. Expression of ORAI1 could be demonstrated in the corpus/fundus. STW 5 inhibited SOCE, most likely ORAI channels, which are modulated by IP3- and PKC-dependent mechanisms. Our findings impact on the design of drugs to induce muscle relaxation and help identify phytochemicals with similar modes of actions to treat gastrointestinal disturbances.

Therapeutic Potential of Dicentrine in Human Disorders: A Review On Medicinal Importance and Pharmacological Activities of Aporphine Alkaloid

Backgrounds: Plants have always been an important source of food and drugs, in addition to their application in medical and cosmetic sectors. The popularity of herbal remedies has increased in many countries in recent decades. Herbal medicines contain numerous active phytocomponents with different biological activities. Alkaloid class phytochemicals have diverse chemical structures and pharmacological activities in nature. Additionally, Aporphinoids are an important class of plant secondary metabolites that have been used for the treatment of numerous human disorders for a long time in traditional medicine. Dicentrine is an aporphine class phytochemical isolated from numerous medicinal plants, including Actinodaphne sesquipedalis and Lindera megaphylla. Methods: The biological potential of dicentrine, an aporphine alkaloid derivative, has been described in the present work. Scientific data on dicentrine were collected here from different scientific databases and presented in this paper in order to know the biological importance of dicentrine in medicine for the treatment of human complications. Further, detailed pharmacological activities and scientific data on dicentrine were also analyzed in order to determine its therapeutic potential in medicine. Moreover, its analytical aspects were also described in this work to understand its separation and isolation methods. Results: The present work described the biological potential of dicentrine in medicine and its analytical aspects. It signified the biological potential of dicentrine in cancer, breast cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, blood pressure, inflammatory disorders, hyperlipidaemia, arrhythmia, stomach muscle, and glomerulonephropathy. Further, its effectiveness in medicine was found to be mainly because of its antiplatelet, alpha 1-adrenoceptor, epidermal growth factor, antiprotozoal, larvicidal, antimicrobial, topoisomerase II, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential. Moreover, other scientific data also signified its metabolism and pharmacokinetic parameters in terms of its analytical aspects in medicine. Conclusion: The present review gives us an updated summary of the scientific information for pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of dicentrine in medicine. It also signified the potential contribution of dicentrine in medicine for the development of a newer class of drug molecules for human disorders.

Centrorhynchus spp. (Acanthocephala) in South America: new anuran record and checklist of vertebrate hosts.

The aim of this study was to record Centrorhynchus sp. associated with the exotic species Aquarana catesbeiana (bullfrog) in southern Brazil and to present a checklist of vertebrate hosts in South America. Twenty-nine adults and juveniles of A. catesbeiana were collected in Capão do Leão, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between October 2019 and December 2020. We found 275 specimens of Centrorhynchus sp. cystacanths in the stomach musculature and coelomic cavity of 55.1% of hosts (16). There was no significant differences in the prevalence and mean intensity of infection with cystacanths when compared males and females of A. catesbeiana. The prevalence was significantly higher in adults than in juveniles. The checklist presents 106 species of vertebrate hosts and 14 taxa of Centrorhynchus recorded in nine South American countries. Avian were the main definitive hosts of Centrorhynchus spp. and snakes Dipsadidae, anurans Hylidae and Leptodactylidae the main paratenic hosts in South America. This is the first record of Centrorhynchus cystacanths in A. catesbeiana in the South America. The study provides tools to help understand the parasitic relationships between species of Centrorhynchus and A. catesbeiana and other hosts in areas where bullfrog have been introduced.

Pain is the Most Common Symptom of Peptic Ulcer Disease

The term peptic ulcer distinguishes this condition from other ulcerative diseases that affect other parts of the body. Peptic ulcer refers to erosions of the stomach and duodenum. The disease is characterized by damage to the mucous membrane of the stomach, sometimes to the stomach muscle itself or to the duodenum, which causes open wounds. Mucous membranes are usually swollen and irritated. Peptic ulcer occurs when the wall of these organs is eroded by the aggressive action of gastric juice. Decomposition of one's own mucosa occurs as a result of a disturbed balance of aggressive factors that normally exist in the stomach and are used for food digestion and mucosal defense factors.

Functional and structural mapping of inhibitory neurons in the rat stomach muscle

Functional gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroparesis and achalasia can be caused by changes in the stomach’s intrinsic neural circuitry, the enteric nervous system. We used electrophysiological, immunohistochemistry and lesion techniques to map the function and structure of this circuitry, to aid in novel neuromodulation therapies to treat these debilitating disorders. It is expected that a single enteric neuron innervates multiple smooth muscle cells, and that an increased stimulus recruits more axons, evoking a summated response at the autonomic neuromuscular junction. Strips of muscle from different stomach regions of rats were taken for in vitro intracellular electrophysiology recordings from the circular muscle layer. Both inhibitory and excitatory neuromuscular junction potentials (JP) were measured. Inhibitory transmission was antagonised by a combination of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and purine receptor antagonists and excitatory transmission was substantially reduced by muscarinic block. The relative amplitudes of excitatory and inhibitory JPs were quantified across all regions of the stomach, in most cases the relative amplitude was halved 9 millimetres (mm) circumferentially from the stimulation site. In the antrum, the whole circumference can be affected simultaneously. Innervation effectiveness at all distances was graded with stimulus strength. Suggesting each individual smooth muscle cell received multiple neuronal inputs. However, the relative amplitudes varied depending on the stomach region. Localisation studies show that the numbers of inhibitory and excitatory neurons are similar however the distribution of myenteric ganglia within the stomach were uneven from the lesser to greater curvature. This potentially influences the relative JP amplitudes recorded from different regions. Response amplitudes recorded closest to the lesser curvature were smaller when compared to the site further circumferentially. Furthermore, our results indicate that this may not be the only factor leading to the variabilities in innervation. Lesion and immunohistochemistry studies indicate that axons of inhibitory and excitatory neurons branch and extend circumferentially and the innervation fields of several neurons overlap. Our electrophysiology shows that the degree of influence of excitatory neurons on the smooth muscle cell varies dependent on the region recorded. We conclude that inhibitory and excitatory neural influences extend around the gastric circumference and the effectiveness of inhibitory and excitatory influences can be graded by the recruitment of different numbers of motor neuron nerve terminals. This study was supported by NIH (SPARC) grant, The Virtual Stomach (OT2OD030538), Principal Investigators Leo Cheng (University of Auckland) and Zhongming Liu (University of Michigan) This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Starfish smooth muscle relaxing activity of SALMFamide isotype peptide and its analog derived from starfish, Asterias rubens

An organism’s physiological processes and behaviors are regulated by neuropeptides and hormone peptides. The first neuropeptide identified from echinoderms is SALMFamide. The two most well-studied SALMFamide neuropeptides are S1 and S2, which possess myoactivity on apical muscle, tube feet, and the cardiac stomach of starfishes. However, neuropeptide candidates identified from SALMFamide’s precursor protein sequence have not been investigated. This study aims to compare the bioactivity of SALMFamide neuropeptides from the starfish Asterias rubens using various starfish muscle preparations. In this study, the bioactivity of the L-type SALMFamide neuropeptides from the starfish A. rubens, AYHTGLPFamide (SALMFa-A) and the derivative AYHSALMFamide (SALMFa-B) was investigated. The neuropeptides were applied on Asterias amurensis apical muscle, tube feet, which revealed that the neuropeptides exhibit relaxing activity on apical muscle but no activity on tube feet. The native SALMFa- A peptide had lower relaxing activity on the apical muscle compared to the derivative peptide SALMFa-B. The relaxing activity of two neuropeptides also was compared with those on the apical muscle of Patiria pectinifera, which revealed relaxing activity as well as SALMFamide-S1 and S2 neuropeptides. Moreover, the investigation of SALMFa-A and SALMFa-B peptides’ bioactivity on P. pectinifera cardiac stomach muscle also showed slight relaxing activity.

Synergistic augmentation of rhythmic myogenic contractions of human stomach by arginine vasopressin and adrenaline: Implications for the induction of nausea.

Nausea is associated with the hormonal secretion of vasopressin and adrenaline, although their actions in inducing nausea is poorly understood. Here, we have investigated their actions on human stomach muscle. Muscle strips were suspended in tissue baths and neuronal-/non-neuronally-mediated contractions were measured. Custom software analysed eight motility parameters defining spontaneous phasic non-neuronally mediated contractions. Receptor distributions were assessed by qPCR and immunofluorescence. V1A receptors and α1 -adrenoceptors were located on muscle as well as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). Myogenic contractions of human proximal and distal stomach (respectively, 2.6 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.0 per minute; n = 44) were larger in the distal area (1.1 ± 0.1 and 5.0 ± 0.1 mN), developing relatively slowly (proximal) or rapidly (distal). Vasopressin caused tonic (proximal) or short-lived (distal) increases in muscle tone and increased myogenic contraction amplitude, frequency and rate (acting at V1A receptors; thresholds 10-11 -10-10 M); by contrast, cholinergically mediated contractions were unaffected. Oxytocin acted similarly to vasopressin but less potently, at OT receptors). Adrenaline increased (10-10 -10-5 M; α1 -adrenoceptors) and decreased (≥10-6 M; β-adrenoceptors) muscle tone and enhanced/reduced myogenic contractions. Cholinergically mediated contractions were reduced (α2 -adrenoceptors). Combined, vasopressin (10-9 M) and adrenaline (10-8 M) increased muscle tone and phasic myogenic activity in a synergistic manner. Vasopressin and adrenaline increased human gastric tone and myogenic contraction amplitude, rate of contraction and frequency. In combination, their actions were further increased in a synergistic manner. Such activity may promote nausea.

Impact of Intragastric Balloon Placement on the Stomach Wall: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Endoscopic intragastric balloon (IGB) placement is a minimally invasive treatment for morbid obesity that is sometimes used as a preparatory step before surgical intervention. This study was performed to analyze the changes in the stomach wall induced by IGB placement, with particular emphasis on pathomorphology, inflammatory markers, and tissue growth factors. In total, 30 patients with morbid obesity were prospectively analyzed. A total of 16 patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 53kg/m2 underwent two-stage treatment comprising IGB placement followed by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) (IGB group), while 14 patients underwent one-stage LSG (non-IGB group). The gastric specimens removed during LSG were examined. The two groups were compared regarding the surgical results, microscopic structure and inflammatory process exponents of the stomach wall, and receptors for selected tissue growth factors. The IGB group had a longer median hospital stay than that of the non-IGB group. Compared with the non-IGB group, the IGB group had a thicker stomach wall, more submucosal fibrosis, and increased amounts of growth factors and inflammatory markers. Patients with IGB placement before LSG showed greater changes in the stomach wall than those of patients who received LSG alone. IGB placement was associated with stomach muscle layer thickening, submucosal fibrosis, and increased levels of inflammatory markers and tissue growth factors.

A multi-parameter approach to measurement of spontaneous myogenic contractions in human stomach: Utilization to assess potential modulators of myogenic contractions

Electrical slow waves, generated by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), cause spontaneous contractions of human stomach. Software was developed to measure muscle tone and eleven different parameters defining these contractions in human stomach, displaying data as radar plots. A pilot study assessed the effects of potential modulators, selected from among compounds known to influence ICC activity; n = 4–7 each concentration tested/compound. Human distal stomach (corpus-antrum) muscle strips were suspended in tissue baths for measuring myogenic (non-neuronal) contractions in the presence of tetrodotoxin (10-6 M). Initial characterization: Contractions (amplitude 4 ± 0.4mN, frequency 3 ± 0.1 min-1, n = 49) were unchanged by ꭃ-conotoxin GVIA (10-7 M) or indomethacin (10-6 M) but abolished by nifedipine (10-4 M). Carbachol (10-7 M) increased contraction rate and amplitude; 10-6-10-5 M increased tone and caused large, irregular contractions. [Ca2+]imodulators: Ryanodine (10-5-10-4 M) increased muscle tone accompanied by inhibition of myogenic contractions. Xestospongin-C (10-6 M; IP3 channel inhibitor) had no effects. SERCA pump inhibitors, 2-APB and cycloplazonic acid (10-5-10-4 M) increased tone and myogenic contraction amplitude before abolishing contractions; thapsigargin was weakly active. CaCC blockers: MONNA and CaCCinh-A01 had little-or-no effects on tone but reduced myogenic contractions; MONNA (10-4 M) was more effective, reducing amplitude (77.8 ± 15.2%) and frequency. CaV3.1/3.2/3.3 channel block: Mibefradil reduced tone and myogenic contraction amplitude (pIC50 4.8 ± 0.9). Inward-rectifying K+-channel inhibitor: E-4031 (10-4 M) increased contraction duration (17.4 ± 5.8%). Conclusions: (1) Measurement of multiple parameters of myogenic contractions identified subtle differences between compounds, (2) only E-4031 and CaCC blockers influenced myogenic contractions, not muscle tone, (3) studies are needed with compounds with known and/or improved selectivity/potency for human targets affecting ICC functions.

Effect of Fennel seed: On women health

Fennel seeds, or saunf, have been related to a variety of health benefits and have been used to treat a variety of ailments. It contains several essential nutrients, making it an important spice for weight loss. Fennel seeds are high in fibre, antioxidants, and minerals, all of which are beneficial to fat burning and overall health. Traditionally, the plant was thought to serve as a carminative (helping to control flatulence) and increase breast milk production. (1). It has been reported that this plant can also enhance libido, facilitate birth, alleviate the symptoms of the male climacteric, promote menstrual flow, and soothe indigestion and cough (1). According to herbalists, fennel seed is an effective aid to digestion. It may help the gastrointestinal system's smooth muscles relax, reducing gas, bloating, and stomach cramps. In fact, tinctures or teas made from fennel seeds can be used to treat stomach muscle spasms caused by irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and other conditions affecting the gastrointestinal system. Fennel can also be combined with other herbal medicines to reduce the side effects of herbal formulations used as laxatives or other digestive treatments. Fennel is considered fairly mild, although some people may be allergic to it. It is also possible to overdose on the extracted oils found in fennel. (6) Some studies have found that fennel has an estrogenic effect, which means that it mimics the effects of estrogen. Fennel tea should not be drunk by pregnant or breastfeeding women. People with cancers that are sensitive to estrogen should also avoid the use of fennel.6 Since escarole, a key component of fennel, has been reported as a possible carcinogen, people who have cancer or are at high risk for cancer can restrict or stop drinking fennel tea.

Cousin Marvin's Secret

Cousin Marvin's Secret

Biosensor-Assisted Method for Abdominal Syndrome Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithm.

The digestive system is one of the essential systems in human physiology where the stomach has a significant part to play with its accessories like the esophagus, duodenum, small intestines, and large intestinal tract. Many individuals across the globe suffer from gastric dysrhythmia in combination with dyspepsia (improper digestion), unexplained nausea (feeling), vomiting, abdominal discomfort, ulcer of the stomach, and gastroesophageal reflux illnesses. Some of the techniques used to identify anomalies include clinical analysis, endoscopy, electrogastrogram, and imaging. Electrogastrogram is the registration of electrical impulses that pass through the stomach muscles and regulate the contraction of the muscle. The electrode senses the electrical impulses from the stomach muscles, and the electrogastrogram is recorded. A computer analyzes the captured electrogastrogram (EGG) signals. The usual electric rhythm produces an enhanced current in the typical stomach muscle after a meal. Postmeal electrical rhythm is abnormal in those with stomach muscles or nerve anomalies. This study considers EGG of ordinary individuals, bradycardia, dyspepsia, nausea, tachycardia, ulcer, and vomiting for analysis. Data are collected in collaboration with the doctor for preprandial and postprandial conditions for people with diseases and everyday individuals. In CWT with a genetic algorithm, db4 is utilized to obtain an EGG signal wave pattern in a 3D plot using MATLAB. The figure shows that the existence of the peak reflects the EGG signal cycle. The number of present peaks categorizes EGG. Adaptive Resonance Classifier Network (ARCN) is utilized to identify EGG signals as normal or abnormal subjects, depending on the parameter of alertness (μ). This study may be used as a medical tool to diagnose digestive system problems before proposing invasive treatments. Accuracy of the proposed work comes up with 95.45%, and sensitivity and specificity range is added as 92.45% and 87.12%.

A new operation for the elimination of gastroptosis. Pust (Münch. m. Woch., 1923)

Proceeding from the idea that gastroptosis is the result of relaxation and overstretching of the stomach musculature rather than relaxation of the ligaments suspending the stomach, the author suggests a new operation to eliminate this anomaly, which is reduced to the formation of a longitudinal fold on the stomach.

Relationship between leg muscle power, stomach muscle strength, body flexibility and ankle’s coordination on side kick’s speed in Perguruan Pencak Silat Kembang Setaman Wonosobo year 2020

<p><em>The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between leg mucle power, stomach muscle strength, body flexibility and ankle’s coordination on side kick’s speed in perguruan pencak silat kembang setaman wonosobo year 2020. This study is a corelation researcher, it needs one meeting to collect the data. The subject of this research is 14 athletes of Kembang Setaman Wonosobo. Source of data of this research is from the athletes and the researcher. Methods of collecting data that the researcher uses are test and observation. The researcher uses SPSS to test the data. Method of data analysis that the researcher chooses is descriptive quantitative. The study used 5 variables, namely variable x with leg muscle power, abdominal muscle strength, body flexibility and ankle coordination and variable Y with side kick speed / T. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be explained that (1) leg muscle power has a significant relationship to the side kick speed / right T indicated by the sig value. 0.008 <0.05 with a contribution value of 50.5% for the right leg and a sig. 0.004 <0.05 with a contribution value of 4.1% for the left leg and a relationship between leg muscle power and the left side kick speed / T indicated by the sig value. 0.003 <0.05 with a contribution value of 2.7% for the right leg and a sig value. 0.000 <0.05, the contribution value is 66.7% for the left leg (2) the strength of the abdominal muscles is indicated by the value of sig. 0.012 and 0.047 <0.05 with a contribution value of 2% and 2.1% (3) body flexibility has no significant relationship as indicated by the sig value. 0.541 and 0.073> 0.005 (4) eye-foot coordination does not have a significant relationship as indicated by the sig value. 0.374 and0.472> 0.05. From the value of the contribution above, the contribution value is the leg muscle power compared to the abdominal muscle strength from the total value of the contribution, namely 55.6% for the side kick speed / T right and 71,1% for the contibution value for the side kick speed / T left. Based on the data above, it can be concluded from this study that there is a relationship between leg muscle power and abdominal muscle strength to side kick speed / T in the Kembang Setaman Wonosobo martial arts college in 2020 and there is no relationship between body flexibility and ankle coordination on side kick speed / T in Setaman Wonosobo Kembang Silat College 2020.</em></p>

PROFIL DAYA TAHAN OTOT, KEKUATAN OTOT, DAYA LEDAK OTOT, DAN KELENTUKAN PADA ATLET SENAM RITMIK KOTA BANDUNG MENURUT STANDAR KONI PUSAT

Physical fitness is the ability of an athlete to fulfill the physical activities that are needed for the sport without becoming weary. This is a very important thing that determines an athlete’s performance. The predominant component of physical fitness for rhythmic gymnastics are muscular endurance, muscle strength, power, and flexibility. The study aimed to gather information regarding the physical fitness profile of Bandung City rhythmic gymnastic athletes before competing in Pekan Olah Raga Daerah Jawa Barat (PORDA Jabar) XI event in 2010. The descriptive studywas conducted using the survey method. Subjects consist of 9 female Bandung City rhythmic gymnastic athletes. Muscle endurance, muscle strength, power, and flexibility were measured using appropriate tests and tools and then grouped according to Standard KONI Pusat. The results of this study showed that most of the rhythmic gymnastic athletes were in this categories: perfect for arms and shoulders muscle endurance, the average for stomach muscle endurance, below standard formuscle strength of the hands, the average for muscle strength of arms and shoulders, good and very good for muscle strength of the back, the average for muscle strength of the legs, below average and average for arms and shoulders power, very good for legs power, and perfect for flexibility. In a conclusion, the performance of Bandung City rhythmic gymnastic athletes can be improved byincreasing the training that is specific for each of the physical fitness components.

Kinematic effects of a passive lift assistive exoskeleton

The VT-Lowe’s exoskeleton was designed to help support the back during repetitive lifting tasks. This study focused on the kinematic differences between lifting with and without the exoskeleton (With-Exo and Without-Exo) over three different lifting styles (Freestyle, Squat, and Stoop) and two different box weights (0% and 20% of bodyweight). Twelve young and healthy males (Age 23.5 +/− 4.42 years; Height 179.33 +/− 6.37 cm; Weight 80.4 +/− 5.59 kg) participated in this study. Variables analyzed include the ankle and knee angles and angle between the Shoulder-Hip-Knee (SHK); the shoulder, elbow, and wrist heights; and the lifting speed and acceleration. The relationships between the torso angle, SHK angle, center of mass of the torso, torso torque, box height, as well as electromyography (EMG) data from a related study were also analyzed. On average, wearing the exoskeleton resulted in a 1.5 degree increase in ankle dorsiflexion, a 2.6 degree decrease in knee flexion, and a decrease of 2.3 degrees in SHK angle. Subjects’ shoulder, elbow, and wrist heights were slightly higher while wearing the exoskeleton, and they lifted slightly more slowly while wearing the exoskeleton. Subjects moved more quickly while bending down as compared to standing up, and with the 0% bodyweight box as compared to the 20% bodyweight box. The values for Freestyle lifts generally fell in between Squat and Stoop lift styles or were not significantly different from Squat. EMG data from the leg muscles had relationships with torso torque while the back and stomach muscles showed no significant relationships.

Copeptin, a surrogate marker of arginine8 vasopressin, has no ability to modulate human and mouse gastric motility

Copeptin, a glycosylated peptide fragment derived from the C-terminal region of the precursor of arginine8 vasopressin (AVP), is co-secreted with AVP in equimolar amounts. Elevated plasma AVP modulates gastric motility so we investigated whether copeptin had a similar effect.Copeptin (10-9-10-7M), and AVP (10-12-10-5M), were evaluated for their ability to modulate spontaneous and electrically-evoked (EFS) contractions of human proximal and distal gastric circular muscle in vitro. Similar experiments were performed on the mouse stomach and we re-examined the published effect of copeptin on the mouse aorta.In the presence of tetrodotoxin (10-6M), atropine (10-6M) and L-NAME (3 × 10-4M), human proximal and distal stomach muscle contracted spontaneously and rhythmically as did mouse distal stomach.Copeptin (10-9-10-7M), had no effect on baseline muscle tone or myogenic spontaneous contractions of either human or mouse stomach. However, AVP concentration-dependently increased tone, amplitude and frequency of contractions in both regions of human stomach with similar potency (pEC50 9.0-9.5; n = 4) and threshold concentration (10-11-10-10M). AVP was similarly active in the mouse stomach. EFS-evoked cholinergic contractions (human and mouse) were unaffected by both peptides EFS-evoked relaxations of mouse stomach were unaffected by copeptin.In sub-maximally contracted mouse aorta the elevated tone was unaffected by copeptin (10-7M) (cf. previously published study) but was reduced by carbachol (10-6M) and sodium nitroprusside (10-3M).We conclude that in contrast to AVP, copeptin over a concentration range reported in the plasma has no direct ability to modulate the motility of the human and mouse stomach.

Contribution of Leg Power, Arm Power, Stomach Muscle Power, and Back Muscle Power on Jumping Services

Background: Service jumping is one of the volleyball techniques which is very important to be trained in the game in order to complicate the opponent reception. Proposal: This research aims to determine the contribution of leg power, arm power, abdominal muscle strength, and back muscle strength to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability. Method: This research is a correlational descriptive study. The subjects of this study were volleyball athletes from Bantul Regency club. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a total of 42 respondents. Data collection instruments using measurement tests. Data analysis used multiple regressions. The results showed that there was a contribution of leg power to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability (p value = 0.011) with a contribution of 28.7%. There was a contribution of arm power to jumping service ability in volleyball games (p value = 0.015) with a contribution of 20.4%. There was a contribution of abdominal muscle strength to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability (p value = 0.018) with a contribution of 23.2%. There was a contribution of back muscle strength to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability during games (p value = 0.031) with a contribution of 16.7%. There was contribution of leg power, arm power, abdominal strength and back muscle strength to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability (p value = 0,000). The amount of contribution of leg power, arm power, abdominal strength and back muscle strength to jumping service ability is 89%. Conclusion: a volleyball training must be complete because its techniques include the whole body.