Stomach Cold Research Articles

Comparative pharmacokinetics of multi-components in normal and stomach cold syndrome rats after oral administration of Zingiberis Rhizoma − Jujubae Fructus herb pair and its single herb extracts by UHPLC-MS/MS

The Zingiberis Rhizoma − Jujubae Fructus herb pair (ZJHP) is a classic herb pair in traditional Chinese medicine. The herb pair shows the effect of dispelling cold, harmonizing the middle and improving gastrointestinal function, and is widely used for patients with stomach cold syndrome (SCS), stomachache and anemofrigid cold. The gingerols, shogaols, flavonoids and triterpenic acids are the important bioactive ingredients of ZJHP. However, few pharmacokinetic studies have been investigated in vivo for the above compounds. To comprehend the kinetics of active components and promote their curative application, a fast and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous determination of 12 analytes in normal and SCS rats in this study. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, t1/2z, MRT0-t, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞) in SCS model were significantly different from those in normal rats. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of rats given ZJHP were also varied from single herb oral administration, especially in model condition. These results indicated that the in vivo processes of the above analytes changed under pathological conditions and the compatibility of the herb pair could significantly influence the absorption of active components, which might provide an insight and further supports for the clinical application of ZJHP.

Endogenous metabolites involving effects of moxibustion on injured gastric mucosal tissue in rats with stomach heat or cold syndrome based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

To investigate the profile of metabolites of gastric mucosa involving the effectiveness of moxibustion in the treatment of syndromes of stomach heat (SH) and stomach cold (SC) by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy in rats, so as to reveal its mechanisms underlying improvement of gastric disorders. Male SD rats were randomly divided into control, SH-model, SC-model, SH-moxibustion and SC-moxibustion groups (n＝6 rats/group). The SH-model and SC-model were established by gavage of pepper liquid plus ethanol, and ice water plus NaOH, respectively. Moxibustion was applied to bilateral "Zusanli" (ST36) and "Liangmen"(ST21) for 20 min, once daily for 7days. Histopathological changes of the gastric tissue were observed by H．E. staining. Differential metabolites in the gastric mucosal tissue were detected and the relevant metabolic pathways analyzed by using 1H-NMR, pattern recognition method，and online MetPA (http: //www.metaboanalyst.ca). Compared with the control group, the body mass was decreased significantly from the 4th to 14th day after modeling (P<0.05，P<0.01). After the treatment, the body mass was obviously increased from the 10th day on in both SH-EA and SC-EA groups relevant to the SH and SC model group, respectively (P<0.05，P<0.01). H．E. staining showed severe damage of the columnar epithelial structure of the gastric mucosa and inflammatory cell infiltration in the SH group, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the SC model group, which were relatively milder in both moxibustion groups. 1H-NMR analysis displayed a total of 16 potential biomarkers in the injured gastric mucosa of SH syndrome and 14 biomarkers for the SC syndrome after mode-ling, and 13 metabolites related to SH moxibustion and 8 metabolites related to SC moxibustion after moxibustion interventions, respectively. After moxibustion, among the 13 differential metabolites of the SH syndrome, the effectively up-regulated candidates were isoleucine, creatinine, choline and lactate (P<0.05), and the down-regulated ones were choline phosphate, glycine, alanine, urine pyrimidine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, hypoxanthine, adenosine and nicotinamide (P<0.05). Among the 8 metabolites related to the SC syndrome, creatinine, ethanolamine, choline, adenosine and nicotinamide were markedly increased (P<0.05), and glycine, creatine phosphate and tyrosine remarkably decreased in their levels after moxibustion (P<0.05). MetPA showed that moxibustion could regulate 10 metabolic pathways for SH syndrome and 7 metabolic pathways for SC syndrome. Metabolites and metabolic pathways are mainly involved in functions of amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and inflammatory response. The idea of "moxibustion could be used for heat syndrome" has metabolic substance basis, and its efficacy in repairing the injured gastric mucosa involves regulation of amino acid metabolism, energy balance and inflammation response, and moxibustion for SH and SC syndromes has both generality and specificity in regulating metabolic activities.

Advances in studies on chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and clinical application of Aspongopus chinensis

The Aspongopus chinensis is an insect of the genus Hemiptera, which can be used both as a medicinal and as a gourmet in the folk. It has a long history as a drug, which has the effect of regulating Qi and relieving pain, and warming the Yang. It is mainly used to treat stomach cold and pain, liver and stomach pain, kidney deficiency and impotence, and waist and knee pain. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that A. chinensis has a variety of pharmacological activities. For example, it can be used to fight tumors, improve reproductive damage, and antibacterial, anti-oxidation, anti-coagulation, anti-ulcer, anti-fatigue and so on. The chemical constituents of A. chinensis currently reported mainly include odorous components, vitamins, fatty acids and proteins, amino acids, and other nutrients, as well as nucleosides and dopamines. This study summarizes and analyzes the related research literatures of A. chinensis in China and abroad, and provides a reference for its further development and research from the aspects of chemical composition, pharmacological action and clinical application.

Respiratory health in Canada before 1800

Little is known about respiratory health of the first inhabitants of Canada, as their tradition was oral, and it is necessary to observe the arrival of the Europeans to learn more about it. They were generally considered in good health, before being almost completely decimated by the terrible epidemics of cholera, influenza, measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhoid fever, and yellow fever brought by the Europeans. The first descriptions of pulmonary diseases affecting the lungs were those associated with scurvy, caused by vitamin C deficiency, among Jacques Cartier's companions during his second trip to Canada in 1535. Among French immigrants in “Nouvelle-France” (Quebec) in the 17th century, respiratory diseases seemed common, although establishing a diagnosis for a specific condition was not easy at that time, with caregivers limited knowledge and lack of tests to assess patients. In his book, Au temps de la petite vérole, Rénald Lessard reports the writings of one of the first doctors of the colony, Jean-François Gaultier, who relates problems of asthma, angina, catarrh, influenza, colds, and empyema observed in these first comers. We find the mentions of pneumonia, also called peripneumonia, “pulmonie,” “stomach cold,” or “chest exhaustion,” in the middle of the 18th century. There are also reports of “pleurésies” (pleurisy), mentioned as early as 1687; numerous cases are reported in 1708 at the Hôtel Dieu de Québec, the first hospital in North America. Sore throats, whooping coughs, “esquinancies” (the equivalent of the word “angine,” meaning sore throat), and “flux de poitrine” were also common. These problems predominately occurred during the winter season. Pulmonary tuberculosis, so named since the middle of the 19th century, was known as “phthisie” or “consomption pulmonaire.” The more severe health problems were, however, not only respiratory but mainly related to deadly epidemics such as “fièvre pourpre” (typhus) and the measles of 1687 as well as the smallpox epidemic of 1702–1703. When the “Nouvelle-France” was surrendered in 1763, physicians from England, Ireland, and Scotland, mostly military surgeons as in the French regime, took over health care, particularly in large cities. The following text describes the early days of respiratory medicine in Canada, particularly in what would become the province of Quebec, and describes the general state of medicine, caregivers, and treatments of that time.

Study on efficacy and accompanying toxic and side effects of volatile oil of Evodia Fructus based on stomach cold syndrome model

To preliminarily study the effective dosage range and mechanism of the abirritation of volatile oil of Evodia Fructus on the stomach cold syndrome model in mice, and discuss the correlation between its accompanying toxicity and oxidative damage mechanism, in order to provide the experimental basis for explaining the efficacy-syndrome-toxicity correlation. The stomach cold-syndrome model in mice was induced by the classic hot plate test by orally administrating with different doses of volatile oil of Evodia Fructus, in order to observe its abirritation and companying toxic and side effects and detect serum ALT, AST, PGE2, NO, NOS, MDA, SOD, GSH, GSH-Px, BUN, CR and hepatic ALT, AST. The companying toxic symptoms in mice were recorded in toxic reaction integral table. Volatile oil of Evodia Fructus had an obvious analgesic effect at 30 min after the oral administration and reached the peak effect at 60 min, with certain "dose-effect" and "time-effect" relations, rises in serum and hepatic ALT and AST levels, serum PGE2, MDA, NO and NOS and hepatic indexes, decreases in SOD, GSH and GSH-Px and no notable change in BUN, CR levels and kidney weight/body ratio. Conclusion: The abirritation mechanism of volatile oil of Evodia Fructus was related to the inhibition of pain transmitter release, peroxidative damage and NO damage, which is accompanied by certain hepatotoxicity, mainly mainly oxidative damage, with a concurrent "dose-time-toxicity" relationship.

Study on efficacy accompanied by side effects of water extraction components of Evodiae Fructus based on syndrome model

The range of effective dose and mechanism of abirritation about water extraction components of Evodiae Fructus on the stomach cold syndrome model in mice were preliminary studied. The method of stomach cold-syndrome model in mice was built, which were administrated with different doses water extraction components of Evodiae Fructus, observing abirritation and toxicity by the classical hot plate method, detecting the level of ALT, AST, PGE2, NO, NOS, MDA, SOD, GSH, GSH-Px, BUN, CR in serum and ALT, AST in hepatic tissue, and recording toxicity symptoms in mice according to the list of relevant toxicity reaction. The water extraction component of Evodiae Fructus has obvious analgesic action after administration 30 min, arriving peak effect after administration 60 min, showing certain "dose-time-toxicity" relationship. ALT and AST levels in mice serum and liver tissue enhanced; PGE2, MDA, NO, NOS enhanced in mice serum; SOD, GSH, GSH-Px reduced; the BUN, CR levels was no significant alteration; liver weight/ body weight enhanced; kidney weight/body weight was no significant alteration. The a irritation mechanism of volatile oil of Evodiae Fructus was connected with suppressing pain transmitters release, per oxidative damage mechanism and NO damage, which also induced hepatotoxicity and the mechanism of hepatotoxicity is main lyoxidative damage, showing certain "dose-time-toxicity" relationship in accordance to hepato-toxicity injury.

Fourteen cases of chronic gastritis with stomach cold treated by long snake moxibustion on dog days

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of long snake moxibustion in treating chronic gastritis with stomach cold on dog days. MethodsFourteen cases of chronic gastritis with stomach cold were treated by long snake moxibustion on the first day of the first, second and the last of dog days respectively in 2012 and 2013. The acupoint area was covered by the ginger cake, and a bar of triangle-shaped moxa cone was laid on the ginger cake, and moxibustion began by igniting the upper angle of the moxa cone. Long snake moxibustion with two moxa cones burned up in sequence was conducted around the area of Zhōngwan (▪ CV 12) of upper abdomen (covering Shàngwan (▪ CV 13), CV 12, Jiànli (▪ CV 11), Xiàwan (▪ CV 10) and Shuifēn (▪ CV 9), as well as Fùtōnggu (▪ Kl 20), Yīndū (▪ KI 19), Shíguān (▪ Kl 18) and Shāngqū (▪ Kl 17) along the kidney meridian of foot-shaoyin), and then the moxibustion with two moxa cones burned up in sequence was conducted around the lower thoracic spine at the back (covering Jīnsuō (▪ GV 8), Zhōngshū (▪ GV 7), Jizhōng (▪ GV 6) and Xuánshū (▪ GV 5) as well as Jiāji (▪ EX-B 2) extending from T 9 to T 12 and L 1 with the governor vessel as the centerline at the back), and the treatment lasted for about 40 min. The treatment was made three times a year, and with a total of six times in two years. The efficacy was statistically evaluated after the course of the treatment. ResultsAmong the 14 patients, recently clinically cured for 2 cases, markedly effective for 7 cases, effective for 4 cases and ineffective for 1 case, with the total effective rate of 92.9%. ConclusionEfficacy of long snake moxibustion in treating chronic gastritis with stomach cold on dog days is effective and clinical symptoms are significantly improved.

Differences in effects of Zuojin Pills (左金丸) and its similar formulas on Wei cold model in rats

To explore the effects of Zuojin Pills and its similar formulas on the stomach cold syndrome in a Wei cold model in rats. The rat Wei cold model was established by intragastric administration of glacial NaOH, and the gastric mucosa injury indices, together with the levels of motilin and gastrin in the stomach, were determined. The preventive and curative effects of Zuojin Pills and its similar formulas on gastric mucosa injury were investigated. Zuojin Pills and its similar formulas could protect the gastric mucosa in the gastric cold model in rats at different levels. Fanzuojin Pills had the best effect in inhibiting gastric mucosa injury. The different pharmacological effects of Zuojin Pills and its similar formulas in the rat gastric cold model were partially correlated with the degrees in cold and heat properties of the formulas.