Stoma Site Marking Research Articles

Diverting ileostomy for treatment of ileoanal pouch dysfunction: a technical note.

The ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is a restorative procedure performed after proctocolectomy to improve quality of life in patients with colorectal conditions like ulcerative colitis, familial adenomatous polyposis, and selected cases of Crohn's disease and Lynch syndrome. However, severe pouch dysfunction can occur, often necessitating further surgical intervention. This technical note aims to describe the operative approach and perioperative management for diverting ileostomy as a treatment for dysfunctional ileoanal pouches. Indications for the procedure include complications such as pelvic sepsis, pouchitis, fistulas, and Crohn's disease of the pouch. Preoperative planning involves a multidisciplinary team, stoma site marking, and imaging to assess bowel integrity. The surgical technique utilizes laparoscopic access with careful adhesiolysis to minimize bowel injury, with intraoperative pouchoscopy to identify anatomical landmarks. An ileostomy is created by selecting a tension-free small bowel segment and approximating it to a pre-marked stoma site. Attention is given to preserving bowel length to allow for potential future restorative procedures. Postoperative care focuses on stoma management and addressing ongoing pouch dysfunction symptoms. Diverting ileostomy offers symptom relief for patients with pouch dysfunction while avoiding more complex procedures like pouch excision. It is a valuable option in managing pouch failure.

The Effect of Stoma Site Marking on Stomal Complications: A Long-term Retrospective Study.

To identify the effect of stoma site marking on stoma-related complications. The study sample included 639 individuals with stomas who were followed up in a stomatherapy unit in Turkey between January 1, 2017, and June 20, 2021. Researchers collected patient data from nursing records. Data were evaluated using number, percentage, χ2, and logistic regression tests. Of the individuals with stomas, 60.6% (n = 387) were men, and 72.6% (n = 464) had a cancer diagnosis. Their mean age was 60.16 (SD, 14.81) years. The stoma site was marked preoperatively in of 67.1% of patients (n = 429), and 17.1% (n = 109) developed stoma-related complications. The complication rate was higher in individuals with unmarked stoma sites (25.7%; P = .000), emergency surgeries (25.0%; P = .006), colostomies (23.9%; P = .042), and permanent stomas (28.3%; P = .002). The three most common complications were peristomal skin problems (56.9%), mucocutaneous separation (13.8%), and edema (9.2%). The incidence of stoma-related complications in the postoperative period was higher in individuals with unmarked stoma sites. The authors recommend that stoma and wound care nurses mark the stoma site in individuals for whom stoma creation is planned.

Risk factors for decreased quality of life in patients with permanent colostomy

The purpose of the study: to identify risk factors for decreased quality of life in patients with permanent colostomy. The results of a survey of 114 patients with permanent stoma after radical surgical treatment of stage I–III rectal cancer were analyzed. The quality of life was assessed with EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire.Severe impact on the global health status (less than 50 points) was observed in 21 (18.4 %) respondents. The significant risk factors of impaired quality of life include the absence of preoperative stoma site marking (OR = 6.5, 95 %CI = 2.0–20.4; p = 0.002) and the lack of specialized stoma care service in the region of residence (OR = 4.6, 95 %CI = 1.6–13.1; p = 0.005). The emergency nature of the primary operation also had a significant negative impact on subsequent quality of life (OR = 6.1, 95 %CI = 1.8–20.1; p = 0.004). The employment had a positive effect on the quality of life of patients (OR = 0.2, 95 %CI = 0.07–0.9; p = 0.024). Conclusion. The quality of life of patients with a permanent colostomy after radical surgery for rectal cancer depends on several factors. The absence of preoperative stoma site marking, inaccessibility of the rehabilitation service for colostomy patients in the region, and surgery emergency negatively affect the quality of life of this category of patients.

Stoma Site Marking.

Stoma Site Marking.

Impact of stoma site marking on healthcare costs in patient care

Objective: To analyze the impact of stoma site marking on healthcare costs for patients who underwent marking and those who did not, as well as the subsequent outcomes. Method: We conducted an economic evaluation in healthcare based on retrospective primary data. We obtained the data from the medical records of patients treated at the Health Care Service for Ostomy Patients in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2015 and 2021. The sample consisted of 40 patients, with 20 who underwent stoma site marking and 20 who did not. We applied the Mann-Whitney test for independent samples and analyzed the effect size, which was adjusted using Hedge’s g test, considering the risk of low sample power. Results: The study identified an average cost of R$5,201.47 (US$938.19) for the group of patients who did not undergo stoma site marking, which was 23.88% higher than the cost of R$3,959.27 (US$938.19) for the group who did. Most patients were female, with an average age of 60.7 years, married, and of mixed race. Colorectal cancer was the most common cause of stoma creation, while dermatitis was the most frequent complication. We observed that complications led to increased costs. Conclusion: Stoma site marking significantly affects the healthcare costs for individuals with elimination stomas.

Surgical Techniques and Stoma-related Complications Associated With Emergency Stoma Creation.

Determination of risk factors for stoma-related complications associated with emergency stoma creation may impact on reducing complications and improving the quality of life of ostomy patients; however, there are only few reports on stoma-related complications associated with emergency stoma creation. Our study aimed to identify risk factors associated with stoma-related complications after emergency surgery, and evaluate surgical techniques for good stoma creation in the emergency setting. A retrospective analysis of patient and surgical characteristics was performed in 104 consecutive patients who underwent ileostomy or colostomy as emergency surgery between January 2020 and December 2022 at the Gunma University Hospital. Preoperative stoma site marking was performed in 70 (67.3%) patients. Colostomies and ileostomies were performed in 78 (75.0%) and 26 (25.0%) patients, respectively. The skin bridge technique was used in 13 (12.5%) patients. Stoma-related complications were diagnosed in 62 (59.6 %) patients, with peristomal skin disorders (47.1%) as the most common complication, followed by mucocutaneous separation (31.7%), and stoma retraction (19.2%). In the multivariate analysis, body mass index (BMI) [odds ratio (OR)=5.570, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.233-25.167, p=0.026], skin bridge technique (OR=0.144, 95% CI=0.031-0.670, p=0.014), and stoma height (OR=0.134, 95% CI=0.038-0.469, p=0.002) were independent risk factors for stoma-related complications after emergency stoma creation. In emergency stoma creation, higher BMI and lower stoma height are associated with stoma-related complications. Using the skin bridge technique could reduce the risk of stoma-related complications after emergency stoma creation.

Preoperative stoma site marking reduces postoperative stoma-related complications in emergency surgery: A single center retrospective cohort study.

Stoma site marking is an important factor in reducing stoma-related complications, thereby influencing the long-term quality of life in the elective setting. The impact of preoperative stoma site marking in emergency stoma creation is largely unknown. We aimed to determine whether preoperative stoma site marking in emergency stoma creation reduces stoma-related complications. Patients who underwent emergency stoma creation at our hospital between 2009 and 2022 were examined by reviewing our prospective database and retrospective chart review. Subjects were classified into the "marking (+)" or "marking (-)" group according to stoma site marking (194 and 151 patients, respectively). The changes in the frequency of stoma marking over time and the effects of stoma marking on stoma-related complications were analyzed. The overall frequency of grade 2 or higher stoma-related complications was lower in the marking (+) group than in the marking (-) group (24% versus 36%, p = 0.010). Stoma site marking was associated with fewer soma site bleeding (2% versus 10%, p < 0.001), and the frequency of peristomal dermatitis was also lower (10%) in the marking (+) group (versus 18%, p = 0.042). Moreover, the lack of stoma site marking was an independent risk factor for overall stoma-related complications (adjusted odds ratio: 1.69, p = 0.034). Preoperative stoma site marking was associated with stoma-related complications in emergency surgery. The clinical significance of our attempt is worth validating with prospective studies.

Benefits of a Single-Session, In-Hospital Preoperative Education Program for Patients Undergoing Ostomy Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a 45-minute session of video-based preoperative ostomy education on self-care knowledge, self-care proficiency, anxiety, depression, length of hospital stay, and ostomy-related complications to a control group who received 3 postoperative educational sessions. This was a randomized controlled trial. The sample comprised 47 patients scheduled to undergo ostomy surgery for colon or rectal cancer surgery at a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, South Korea, from November 2018 to May 2019. However, 2 participants in the intervention group and 4 in the control group withdrew from the study and data analysis is based on 41 participants who completed study procedures. Participants were randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 21) or a control group (n = 20). The intervention group received a single 45-minute session of video-based preoperative ostomy education along with stoma site marking and postoperative education. The control group underwent stoma site marking and 3 postoperative education sessions Self-care knowledge, anxiety, and depression were assessed by validated instruments. Self-care proficiency was assessed via direct observation using a checklist. Ostomy-related complications were evaluated by a WOC nurse. Length of hospital stay and disease-related characteristics were collected from medical records. Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed significant improvements in self-care knowledge (P = .001) and self-care proficiency scores (P = .001). Intervention group participants also had lower anxiety scores (P = .025), depression scores (P = .014), shorter hospital stays (P = .008), and fewer ostomy-related complications (P = .001). In patients undergoing ostomy surgery, a single 45-minute session of preoperative video-based ostomy education improved self-care knowledge and proficiency. This intervention also reduced depression, anxiety, and ostomy-related complications.

Standardization of preoperative stoma site marking and its utility for preventing stoma leakage: a retrospective study of 519 patients who underwent laparoscopic/robotic rectal cancer surgery.

Stoma site marking is an important preoperative intervention for preventing various stoma-associated complications. In our institution, standardized stoma site marking is routinely performed before rectal cancer surgery with stoma creation, and various stoma-associated factors are recorded in the ostomy-record template. The present study investigated risk factors for stoma leakage. Our stoma site marking is standardized so that it can be performed by non-stoma specialists. To identify risk factors of stoma leakage at 3months after surgery, various preoperative factors associated with stoma site marking in our ostomy-record template were retrospectively analyzed in 519 patients who underwent rectal cancer surgery with stoma creation from 2015 to 2020. Stoma leakage was seen in 35 of the 519 patients (6.7%). The distance between the stoma site marking and the umbilicus was less than 60mm in 27 of the 35 patients (77%) who experienced stoma leakage, so a distance of less than 60mm was identified as an independent risk factor for stoma leakage. Aside from preoperative factors, stoma leakage was also caused by postoperative skin wrinkles or surgical scars near the stoma site in 8 of 35 patients (23%). Preoperative standardized stoma site marking is necessary to achieve reliable marking that is easy to perform. To reduce the risk of stoma leakage, a distance of 60mm or more between the stoma site marking and the umbilicus is ideal, and surgeons need to contrive ways to keep surgical scars away from the stoma site.

Impact of Preoperative Stoma Site Marking on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Colorectal Perforation: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.

Preoperative stoma site marking reduces the incidence of complications from elective surgery. However, the impact of stoma site marking in emergency patients with colorectal perforation remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of stoma site marking on morbidity and mortality in patients with colorectal perforation who underwent emergency surgery. This retrospective cohort study used the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient database from April 1, 2012, to March 31, 2020. We identified patients who underwent emergency surgery for colorectal perforation. We compared outcomes between those with and without stoma site marking using propensity score matching to adjust for confounding factors. The primary outcome was the overall complication rate, and the secondary outcomes were stoma-related, surgical, and medical complications and 30-day mortality. We identified 21,153 patients (682 with stoma site marking and 20,471 without stoma site marking) and grouped them into 682 pairs using propensity score matching. The overall complication rates were 23.5% and 21.4% in the groups with and without stoma site marking, respectively (p = 0.40). Stoma site marking was not associated with a decrease in stoma-related, surgical, or medical complications. The 30-day mortality did not differ significantly between the groups with and without stoma site marking (7.9% vs. 8.4%, p = 0.843). Preoperative stoma site marking was not associated with a reduction in morbidity and mortality in patients with colorectal perforation who underwent emergency surgery.

Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Ostomy Skin Tool to the Brazilian Portuguese.

To adapt the Ostomy Skin Tool (discoloration, erosion, and tissue overgrowth) to the Brazilian culture and to analyze psychometric properties of the adapted version. Psychometric (methodologic) evaluation of the instrument. Three ostomy/enterostomal therapy nurses evaluated the extent and severity of peristomal skin conditions in a sample of 109 adults 18 years or older with peristomal skin complications. These participants were receiving care in an ambulatory care center in outpatient health services in Sao Paulo and Curitiba, Brazil. In addition, interobserver reliability was measured using a group of 129 nurse participants who attended the Brazilian Congress of Stomatherapy held from November 12 to 15, 2017, in Belo Horizonte, a city located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Nurse participants assessed the descriptions of peristomal skin complications of the Portuguese version, using the same photographs used in the original DET score, purposely placed out of original order. The study was performed in 2 stages. The instrument was translated into Brazilian Portuguese by 2 bilingual translators, and back-translated into English. The back-translated version was sent to one of the developers of the instrument for additional evaluation. During stage 2, content validity was evaluated by 7 nurses with expertise in ostomy and peristomal skin care. Convergent validity was evaluated by correlating the severity of peristomal skin complications to pain intensity. Discriminant validity was evaluated based on type and time of ostomy creation, presence of retraction, and preoperative stoma site marking. Finally, interrater reliability was evaluated using standardized photograph evaluation reproduced in the same sequence as the original English language version of the instrument, along with paired scores from assessment of adults living with an ostomy generated by an investigator and nurse data collectors. The Content Validity Index for the Ostomy Skin Tool was 0.83. Levels of mild agreements were obtained for the nurses' observations in the evaluation of peristomal skin complications using standardized photographs (κ= 0.314). In contrast, moderate to almost perfect agreements were obtained when scores were compared in the clinical setting (κ= 0.48-0.93, according to the domains). Positive correlations between the instrument and pain intensity (r = 0.44; P = .001) indicate convergent validity of the adapted version of the Ostomy Skin Tool. In contrast, analysis of discriminant validity was mixed and definitive conclusions about this form of construct validity cannot be made based on this study. This study supports convergent validity and interrater reliability of the adapted version of the Ostomy Skin Tool.

Preoperative stoma site marking for fecal diversions (ileostomy and colostomy): position statement of the Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada.

Background:Every year, about 13 000 Canadians undergo an ostomy procedure, which requires stoma site marking to create a well-constructed stoma and prevent stoma-related complications. The Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (CSCRS) and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (NSWOCC) created a position statement to provide evidence-based guidance and techniques for stoma site selection.Methods:A task force was formed comprising 20 health care professionals (7 colorectal surgeons from the CSCRS and 13 nurses from NSWOCC) with representation from across Canada. A literature review was performed, with the following databases searched from January 2009 to April 2019: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, CINAHL and Google Scholar. After the abstracts were screened, 6 task force members created a draft version of the position statement from the articles retained after full-text review. The draft was submitted to the entire task force for comments, and the ensuing modifications were incorporated. Peer reviewers were then recruited from the CSCRS and NSWOCC; a summary of their comments was reviewed by the task force, and modifications were incorporated to produce the final document.Results:The literature search identified 272 papers, of which 58 were reviewed after duplicates were excluded. After full-text review, 18 papers were included to guide the position statement. From these papers, we created a series of 17 steps for stoma site marking. Four general principles were found to be important for stoma site marking: obtain informed consent, identify important patient factors and landmarks, assess the abdomen and mark the most appropriate location. A 1-page enabler document and video were created as teaching aids and to help with dissemination of the information.Conclusion:This position statement, associated enabler document and video provide evidence-based guidance for stoma site marking in both emergency and elective settings, and should be used by surgeons and nurses specialized in wound, ostomy and continence to identify optimal stoma sites preoperatively.

Factors predictive of optimal peristomal skin status in patients with an ostomy: a secondary analysis

Peristomal skin problems are common in ostomy patients and are connected to decreased quality of life and patient independence, as well as increased treatment costs. This study analysed the factors related to peristomal skin changes in order to better define the clinical profile of patients with optimal peristomal skin status. Secondary analysis of data from a nationwide, cross-sectional, retrospective, multicentre study performed in Spain (Uses and Attitudes in Ostomy) ( Bueno Cruz et al, 2021 ) evaluated clinical data, including demographics, preoperative stoma site marking, type of ostomy, device used, frequency of leakage and scores from the Ostomy Skin Tool (OST) and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires. Risk factors for peristomal skin changes were analysed using multivariate analysis, and a predictive nomogram to anticipate optimal peristomal skin status (defined here as discolouration (D), erosion (E), and tissue overgrowth (T) (DET) score of 0) was developed. Some 871 patients with an ostomy using different commercial devices in Spain were evaluated. Multivariate analysis to predict optimal peristomal skin status revealed leakage frequency, patient age, type of ostomy, preoperative siting and type of baseplate used were independent predictors of peristomal skin status. Optimal peristomal skin care should be a treatment goal for nurse specialists in stomal therapy, and its individual influencing variables should be taken into account by nurses specialising in ostomy care.

The effect of preoperative stoma site marking on risk of stoma‐related complications in patients with intestinal ostomy — A systematic review and meta‐analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of preoperative stoma site marking on stoma-related complications in patients with intestinal ostomy. MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CINHAL, and Google Scholar were searched up to August 2021 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomised studies of interventions (NRSI) that involved patients with intestinal ostomies comparing preoperative stoma site marking to no marking and which reported at least one patient-relevant outcome. Outcomes were prioritised by stakeholder involvement. Random-effects meta-analyses produced odds ratios (ORs) or standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The ROBINS-I tool and the GRADE approach were used to assess the risk of bias and certainty of evidence, respectively. This review included two RCTs and 25 NRSI. The risk of bias was high in RCTs and serious to critical in NRSI. Although preoperative site marking reduced stoma-related complications (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: [0.31-0.65]), dependence on professional or unprofessional care (narrative synthesis), and increased health-related quality of life (SMD: 1.13 [0.38-1.88]), the evidence is very uncertain. Preoperative site marking may probably reduce leakage (OR: 0.14 [0.06-0.37]) and may decrease dermatological complications (OR: 0.38 [0.29-0.50]) and surgical revision (OR: 0.09 [0.02-0.49]). The confidence in the cumulative evidence was moderate to very low. Despite low quality evidence, preoperative stoma site marking can prevent stoma-related complications and should be performed in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery given that this intervention poses no harm to patients.

Risk factors for the development of a parastomal hernia in patients with enterostomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Parastomal hernia (PSH) is a common and serious complication in patients with enterostomy, but there is no current consensus for the risk factors for PSH from previous studies. Therefore, this study systematically analyzed the risk factors for PSH to provide a reference for prevention and treatment of this condition. Seven databases and 3 registers were systematically searched from database inception to January, 2021. Study quality was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Review Manager 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis. The data that could not be combined quantitatively were only analyzed qualitatively. Sixteen studies with 2031 patients were included. Higher BMI (OR, 1.29; 95% CI,1.02-1.63), older age (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07), female (OR, 2.55; 95% CI,1.39-4.67), lager aperture size (OR, 2.8; 95%CI, 1.78-4.42), transperitoneal stoma creation (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.33-4.35), and lager waist circumference (OR, 1.01; 95% CI,1.0-1.01) were significant risk factors for PSH. The laparoscopic approach was not a risk factor for PSH (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 0.83-5.27). Other risk factors, including the thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat, no mesh, a stoma not through the middle of the rectus abdominis, atrophy of left lower medial part of rectus abdominis, α1(III) procollagen expression level, emergency surgery, no preoperative stoma site marking, end colostomy, smoking, diabetes, peristomal infection, severe abdominal distention, severe cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, operation time and hypertension, were significant on the multivariate analysis of each individual study. The current available evidence showed that higher BMI, older age, female, larger aperture size, the creation of a transperitoneal stoma, and a larger waist circumference were independent risk factors for PSH. For factors without exact cutoff value, further explorations are needed in the future. In addition, reference to the limited number of studies in the pooled analysis, these factors still need to be interpreted carefully.

Factors predictive of optimal peristomal skin status in patients with an ostomy: a secondary analysis.

Peristomal skin problems are common in ostomy patients and are connected to decreased quality of life and patient independence, as well as increased treatment costs. This study analysed the factors related to peristomal skin changes in order to better define the clinical profile of patients with optimal peristomal skin status. Secondary analysis of data from a nationwide, cross-sectional, retrospective, multicentre study performed in Spain (Uses and Attitudes in Ostomy) (Bueno Cruz et al, 2021) evaluated clinical data, including demographics, preoperative stoma site marking, type of ostomy, device used, frequency of leakage and scores from the Ostomy Skin Tool (OST) and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires. Risk factors for peristomal skin changes were analysed using multivariate analysis, and a predictive nomogram to anticipate optimal peristomal skin status (defined here as discolouration (D), erosion (E), and tissue overgrowth (T) (DET) score of 0) was developed. Some 871 patients with an ostomy using different commercial devices in Spain were evaluated. Multivariate analysis to predict optimal peristomal skin status revealed leakage frequency, patient age, type of ostomy, preoperative siting and type of baseplate used were independent predictors of peristomal skin status. Optimal peristomal skin care should be a treatment goal for nurse specialists in stomal therapy, and its individual influencing variables should be taken into account by nurses specialising in ostomy care.

WOCN Society, AUA, and ASCRS Position Statement on Preoperative Stoma Site Marking for Patients Undergoing Ostomy Surgery.

ORIGINATED BY: Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurses Society™ (WOCN®) Stoma Site Marking Task Force in collaboration with the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) in 2007. UPDATED/REVISED BY: WOCN Society's Stoma Site Marking Task Force in collaboration with the ASCRS and the American Urological Association (AUA) in 2015 and 2021. TASK FORCE CHAIR Ginger Salvadalena, PhD, RN, CWOCN, Hollister Incorporated, Libertyville, Illinois. [email protected] TASK FORCE MEMBERS Christine Baker, MSN, APRN, CWOCN University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Carole Bauer, MSN, RN, ANP-BC, OCN, CWOCN Beaumont Health System, Troy, Michigan Janice Colwell, APRN, CWOCN, FAAN, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Daniel L. Feingold, MD, FACS, FASCRS, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey Vashti Livingston, MS, RN, CWOCN, DAPWCA, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York Michael F. McGee, MD, FACS, FASCRS, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois Leanne Richbourg, MSN, APRN-BC, CWON-AP, CCCN, GCNS-BC Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina Elizabeth Savage, MSN, RN, ACNS-BC, CWON, IIWCC-NYU NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York Gary D. Steinberg, MD Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York WOCN SOCIETY SUPPORT Anna Shnayder Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citation appears in the printed text and is provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (JWOCNOnline.com).

Patient-Related Factors Associated With Stoma and Peristomal Complications Following Fecal Ostomy Surgery: A Scoping Review.

Ostomy creation is often an integral part of the surgical management of various diseases including colorectal malignancies and inflammatory bowel disease. Stoma and peristomal complications may occur in up to 70% of patients following ostomy surgery. The aim of this scoping literature review was to synthesize evidence on the risk factors for developing complications following creation of a fecal ostomy. Scoping literature review. Two independent researchers completed a search of the online bibliographic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and EMBASE for all articles published between January 1980 and December 2018. The search comprised multiple elements including systematic literature reviews with meta-analysis of pooled findings, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, observational studies, other types of review articles, and multiple case reports. We screened 307 unique titles and abstracts; 68 articles met our eligibility criteria for inclusion. The methodological rigor of study quality included in our scoping review was variable. We identified 6 risk factors associated with an increased likelihood of stoma or peristomal complications (1) age more than 65 years; (2) female sex; (3) body mass index more than 25; (4) diabetes mellitus as a comorbid condition; (5) abdominal malignancy as the underlying reason for ostomy surgery; and (6) lack of preoperative stoma site marking and WOC/ostomy nurse specialist care prior to stoma surgery. We also found evidence that persons with a colostomy are at a higher risk for prolapse and parastomal hernia. Health care professionals should consider these risk factors when caring for patients undergoing fecal ostomy surgery and manage modifiable factors whenever possible. For example, preoperative stoma site marking by an ostomy nurse or surgeon familiar with this task, along with careful perioperative ostomy care and education of the patient by an ostomy nurse specialist, are essential to reduce the risk of modifiable risk factors related to creation of a fecal ostomy.

The effectiveness of preoperative stoma site marking on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study systematically reviews the literature regarding preoperative stoma site marking and discusses the effectiveness of the procedure on complication rates, self-care deficits and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Systematic review and meta-analysis. Our review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and CINAHL databases were searched to obtain articles published in English. Articles were also retrieved from Korean databases as well. Our last search was conducted on 2June 2019. Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies, evaluated their methodological quality and extracted data. Experimental and observational studies were included. Our main focus was on complication rates, self-care deficits and HRQOL. We conducted meta-analysis using the statistical software spss 25.0 and Stata 13.0. Of the 1,039 articles reviewed, 20 were included for review, and 19 were used for quantitative synthesis. Preoperative stoma site marking reduced complication rates (odds ratio [OR]: 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36-0.62; I2 : 70.6%), lowered self-care deficits (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.18-0.64; I2 : 0%), and increased HRQOL (standardized mean difference, 1.05; 95% CI: 0.70-1.40; I2 : 0%). Quality appraisal results for both the individual studies and the studies overall were excellent. The possibility of publication bias was low. Our findings indicate that preoperative stoma site marking improves patient outcomes: stoma-related complication rates and self-care deficits decrease and HRQOL rises. For this reason, preoperative stoma site marking should be a mandatory procedure in clinical settings. The practice should also be supported by policymakers and healthcare expert associations. Preoperative stoma site marking reduces overall complication rates by 53% and skin problems by 59%. Preoperative stoma site marking also improves self-care and health-related quality of life. We recommend that preoperative stoma site marking should be a mandatory procedure in clinical settings.

The effect of preoperative stoma site marking on risk of stoma-related complications in patients with intestinal ostomy\u2014protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAn intestinal ostomy is an artificial bowel opening created on the skin. Procedure-related mortality is extremely rare. However, the presence of an ostomy may be associated with significant morbidity. Complications negatively affect the quality of life of ostomates. Preoperative stoma site marking can reduce stoma-related complications and is recommended by several guidelines. However, there is no consensus on the procedure and recommendations are based on low-quality evidence.The objective of the systematic review will be to investigate if preoperative stoma site marking compared to no preoperative marking in patients undergoing intestinal stoma surgery reduces or prevents the rate of stoma-related complications.MethodsWe will include (cluster-) randomised controlled trials and cohort studies that involve patients with intestinal ostomies comparing preoperative stoma site marking to no preoperative marking and report at least one patient-relevant outcome. For study identification, we will systematically search MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL and CINHAL as well as Google Scholar, trial registries, conference proceedings and reference lists. Additionally, we will contact experts in the field. Two reviewers will independently perform study selection and data extraction. Outcomes will be prioritised based on findings from telephone interviews with five ostomates and five ostomy and wound nurses prior to conducting the review. Outcomes may include but are not limited to stoma-related complications (infection, parastomal abscess, hernia, mucocutaneous separation, dermatological complications, stoma necrosis, stenosis, retraction and prolapse) or other patient-relevant postoperative endpoints (quality of life, revision rate, dependence on professional care, mortality, length of stay and readmission). We will use the ROBINS-I or the Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. We will perform a meta-analysis and assess the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach.DiscussionWith the results of the systematic review, we aim to provide information for future clinical guidelines and influence clinical routine with regard to preoperative stoma site marking in patients undergoing ostomy surgery. When the evidence of our systematic review is low, it would still be a useful basis for future clinical trials by identifying data gaps.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO registration number: CRD42021226647