Sticky Card Trap Research Articles

Updated spider mite management guidelines for California almonds as sixspotted thrips replace phytoseiids as predominant predator

Spider mites (Tetranychus sp.) are a universal pest of almonds in California that are naturally regulated by a variety of biological control organisms. Historically, phytoseiids have served as the predominant predator whereas recent changes in pesticide spray programs have caused a higher-level predator, the sixspotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus, to gain importance. Given the changing dynamics, we conducted research to re-evaluate treatment thresholds for spider mites and compare those to previous thresholds established in the 1980s. Efforts were made to develop a sticky card trap system to monitor for sixspotted thrips (Haviland et al., 2021a) that was used to generate key information on its biology, phenology, and role in predator-prey relationships (Haviland et al., 2021b). Finally, capture data for sixspotted thrips were used to develop thresholds based on sixspotted thrips sampling that could be used to predict whether mite populations would increase, decrease, or stay the same (Haviland et al., 2021c).

Comparison of Parasitoid Retention on Yellow Sticky Card Traps

Las avispas parasitoides desempeñan un papel fundamental en la regulación de la dinámica de poblaciones de insectos tanto en ecosistemas agrícolas como naturales. Las trampas adhesivas amarillas son un componente clave en el manejo integrado de plagas y el principal método de muestreo para estimar la abundancia y diversidad de parasitoides. Se comparó la retención de 3 especies de avispas parasitoides en 2 trampas de tarjetas adhesivas amarillas y se encontró que hasta el 34% de los parasitoides escaparon dentro de las 72 h, lo que sugiere que esta técnica de muestreo comúnmente utilizada puede subestimar la abundancia y diversidad de parasitoides.

Using Sticky Card Traps to Evaluate Entomopathogen Fungi Occurrence in Insect Populations: A Cautionary Tale

This study confirmed that some glues used for trapping insects may inhibit mycosis; therefore, care should be taken to select “mycosis-friendly” glues when selecting sticky traps for monitoring entomopathogen infection levels in target pest populations. The results also showed that, rather than attempting to extract small, delicate insects from the glue for further incubation, the entire sticky trap simply can be incubated for the purpose of evaluating mycosis levels.

Evaluating Yellow Sticky Card Trap and Stem-Tap Sampling Methods for AdultDiaphorina citri1in an Area-Wide Program in Southwestern Sonora, Mexico

Abstract. The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, vectors the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, causal agent of Huanglongbing, one of the most serious diseases of citrus in the world. The vector and disease are now present in Mexico and threaten the citrus industry. In the state of Sonora, the citrus industry is important economically and socially. Until now, Huanglongbing has not been reported in the state, but the insect vector has been present since 2006. In southwestern Sonora, an area-wide program was established to manage the Asian citrus psyllid and reduce risk of Huanglongbing. The program requires efficient and efficacious sampling for control decisions. A study comparing yellow sticky card trap and stem-tap sampling methods for monitoring adults was used to select the best method for the Asian citrus psyllid area-wide program in the region. Data showed both methods were efficacious for sampling abundance of Asian citrus psyllids, but may be used for different objectives; ...

Impact Assessments of Transgenic cry1Ab Rice on the Population Dynamics of Five Non-Target Thrips Species and Their General Predatory Flower Bug in Bt and Non-Bt Rice Fields Using Color Sticky Card Traps

A 2-yr field study was conducted to assess the effects of transgenic japonica rice (KMD1 and KMD2) with a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuingiensis Berliner on population dynamics and seasonal average densities of five thrips species including Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall), Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom), F. tenuicornis (Uzel), Haplothrips aculeatus (Fabricius), Haplothrips tritici (Kurd) and their general predatory flower bug, Orius similis Zheng as compared to the parental control rice line using the white, blue and yellow sticky card traps. Population dynamics and seasonal average densities of these five thrips species and their general predatory flower bug were not significantly affected by rice type. Additionally, the white sticky card trap was suggested to be the most suitable for monitoring the population of these five thrips species and their general predator. These results show that our tested Bt rice lines do not interrupt the population of non-target thrips species and their general predatory flower bug in the field, and also cannot result in more occurrence of these thrips species in the rice ecosystem.

An Assessment of Yellow Sticky Card Traps as Indicators of the Abundance of Adult <I>Diaphorina citri</I> (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Citrus

Yellow sticky card traps were assessed as a tool for estimating absolute densities of adult Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus. Weekly trapping was conducted in young and mature trees with traps deployed directly in trees, one trap per tree. In addition, a comparison was made between one and three traps per tree in the mature trees. Solar radiation was positively correlated with numbers of adults trapped per week in both groups of trees. Air temperature was positively correlated with captures of adults in the mature trees. The value of traps as indicators of absolute densities of adults was therefore reduced by changes in sunlight and temperature. Captures of adults were not reduced by rain. A positive correlation was found for data from the young trees between trap captures of adults and maximum daily wind speed. Significant correlations were found between numbers of adults on leaves and traps. However, little confidence could be placed on individual predictions of adult densities on leaves based on numbers of adults on traps. Increasing the number of traps per tree from one to three did not improve individual estimates, although detection of adults in trees was improved using three traps when adult population levels were low. A better quantitative relationship between adults on traps and leaves might have been determined if greater sample sizes had been used to estimate densities. Regardless, day-to-day differences in sunlight and air temperature will influence numbers of adults captured on traps, thus reducing the value of traps as indicators of absolute densities.

Populations of Sharpshooters in Two Citrus Groves in East-central Florida as Indicated by Yellow Sticky Card Traps

Populations of Sharpshooters in Two Citrus Groves in East-central Florida as Indicated by Yellow Sticky Card Traps

Daily and Seasonal Patterns in Abdominal Color in <I>Diaphorina citri</I> (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a psyllid vector of huanglongbing (citrus greening disease), exhibits three more or less distinct abdominal colors in the adult psyllid: gray/brown, blue/green, and orange/yellow. We explored the daily (in individuals in the laboratory) and seasonal (in a field population) patterns in abdominal color of adult D. citri to clarify the biology of this species in relation to abdominal color and investigated the relationship between abdominal color and the reproductive state of adults (i.e., whether an individual is reproductively mature, has mated, or—in females—is gravid). Females were predominantly blue/green throughout their lives, with a small portion of individuals being gray/brown, especially just after emergence. Approximately 86% of mated females developed an orange/yellow abdominal color after mating, but they ultimately turned back to blue/green within several days to 1 mo after mating. Only 31% of virgin females turned orange/yellow. Males were predominantly blue/green early in life, but a greater portion of males relative to females were gray/brown. The orange/yellow color in females reflected the presence of eggs in the abdomen; in males it seemed to derive from the color of the internal reproductive organs, and it was generally only evident in older males. The preponderance of blue/green females, rarity of gray/brown females relative to gray/brown males, and rarity of orange/yellow males and females was largely reflected in sticky card trap captures from the field. Abdominal color is of essentially no value in discerning the state of sexual maturity and of only limited value in discerning whether females have mated.

Oviposition and Flight Activity of the Blue-Green Sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Southern California Wild Grape and First Report of Associated Egg Parasitoids

Oviposition of Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), the blue-green sharpshooter, was assessed on wild grape, Vitis girdiana Munson, in southern California. Female blue-green sharpshooter preferred to oviposit into new growth, primarily succulent young grape tendrils and canes. The midrib and petioles of small grape leaves also were used for oviposition, but to a lesser extent. Mature canes, and medium- and large-sized leaves were not used for oviposition. Two parasitoids, Gonatocerus latipennis Girault and Polynema sp. (both Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) were reared from field collected blue-green sharpshooter eggs. Polynema sp. and G. latipennis constitute the first documented egg parasitoids of blue-green sharpshooter. Deployment of sentinel plants and reciprocal tests were implemented and further confirmed the parasitization of blue-green sharpshooter eggs by these two parasitoid species. Yellow sticky card trap catch of adult blue-green sharpshooter was significantly correlated to combined blue-green sharpshooter nymphal and Polynema sp. emergence in 2004, but not in 2005. A degree-day model was developed for onset of blue-green sharpshooter flight activity and emergence in the field.

Field Assessment of the Effects of Transgenic Rice Expressing a Fused Gene ofcry1Abandcry1AcfromBacillus thuringiensisBerliner on Nontarget Planthopper and Leafhopper Populations

In 2003 and 2004, field studies were conducted at three sites in Zhejiang Province in China to assess the impacts of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner rice expressing a fused gene of cry1Ab and cry1Ac on nontarget planthoppers and leafhoppers. Populations in Bt plots were sampled with yellow sticky card traps, Malaise traps, and a vacuum-suction machine, and compared with samples from non-Bt control (IR72) plots. The results from yellow sticky card trap samplings indicated no significant differences between Bt and non-Bt plots in the species composition or densities of each species of planthopper and leafhopper. Three species of planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), and Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen), were collected at all sites, and three species of leafhoppers, Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler), Thaia subrufa (Motschulsky), and Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky), were collected at Hangzhou. Another species of leafhopper, N. virescens (Distant), was collected at Anji and Jiande instead of T. subrufa. The results from the Malaise trap and vacuum-suction samples revealed no significant differences between Bt and non-Bt plots in species structure of planthoppers and leafhoppers or in population changes of the predominant planthopper species, S. furcifera, the predominant leafhopper species, N. cincticeps, or N. virescens throughout most sampling dates. Densities of planthoppers and leafhoppers were significantly affected by year and site but not by Bt rice. In general, our results suggest that the Bt rice line tested did not adversely affect nontarget planthopper and leafhopper populations and will not lead to higher populations or damage by planthoppers and leafhoppers.

Monitoring and Trapping Insects on Poinsettia with Yellow Sticky Card Traps Equipped with Light-emitting Diodes

Insects in a commercial poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) greenhouse were monitored with yellow sticky card (YC) traps and YC equipped with 530-nm lime green light-emitting diodes (LED-YC) traps from 3 June to 25 Nov. 2002. Pest insects were: dark-winged fungus gnat (Bradysia coprophila), sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) biotype B (= B. argentifolii), western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and leafhopper (Empoasca sp.). Natural enemies were: minute pirate bug (Orius tristicolor), parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera), and rove beetles (Staphylinidae). Over the 24 weeks of the experiment, LED-YC traps captured more dark-winged fungus gnats, sweet potato whiteflies, leafhoppers, and rove beetles compared with YC traps. Capture of western flower thrips, minute pirate bugs, and parasitic wasps were not significantly increased on the YC traps equipped with LEDs. The results indicate that the LED-YC traps attract three major pest insects in poinsettia greenhouses and do not catch more beneficial, minute pirate bugs and parasitic wasps, but may catch significant number of rove beetles. The results suggest that LED-YC traps may be useful to monitor and reduce pest populations in greenhouses.

INFLUENCE OF VISUAL CUES AND ISOTHIOCYANATE LURES ON CAPTURE OF THE POLLEN BEETLE, Meligethes aeneus IN FIELD TRAPS

The effect of trap design, trap color, and isothiocyanate (NCS) lures on the capture of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, was studied in field experiments. Unbaited yellow water and adhesive traps were equally attractive. A small sticky card trap with a yellow upper face, mounted at 45° to the vertical, was attractive throughout the year, but horizontal yellow cards were attractive only in spring, and vertical cards only in autumn. Yellow–green and white water traps were less attractive than yellow, while grass green, cream, and black were unattractive. M. aeneus was attracted equally to four alkanyl, three alkenyl, and to 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate lures, when the release rates were in the range of 5–30 mg/day. Attraction to the most effective unbaited yellow traps was enhanced 1.7–3.3 times with the addition of a lure comprising a mixture of allyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, and 2-phenylethyl NCS. Interactions were observed among the visual and odor cues. A yellow sticky card trap, baited with 2-phenylethyl NCS and mounted at 45° to the vertical, may be used throughout the year to monitor M. aeneus.

Effect of Visual Cues and a Mixture of Isothiocyanates on Trap Capture of Cabbage Seed Weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis

The effect of trap design, trap color, and a mixture of isothiocyanates on the capture of Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull) was studied in a series of field experiments. Unbaited yellow water traps, a yellow sticky box trap, and a yellow sticky card trap, mounted vertically, or at 45° to the vertical with the yellow card facing upwards were effective for capturing seed weevils, but a horizontal yellow sticky card trap caught few. White, green, and black traps were unattractive. During migratory periods, trap catch could be enhanced two to four times with a lure consisting of a mixture of allyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanates, but this bait did not attract in a trap with ineffective design. The sticky card trap, mounted at 45° to the vertical and baited with the isothiocyanate mixture, may be useful for monitoring movement of C. assimilis during migratory periods. However, during the colonization phase, lures of either a mixture of isothiocyanates or of allyl isothiocyanate alone were not attractive.

THE EFFICACY AND COMPARISON OF TRAPS TO MONITOR ADULT WHITEFLY POPULATION DENSITIES IN CANTALOUPE

A whitefly trap recently developed by Chu and Henneberry was tested in a cantaloupe field at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center in 1995. The trap was compared with a 3 × 5-inch yellow sticky card trap, a commercial dome trap, and the leaf-turn sampling method. Results showed that the new whitefly trap effectively caught adults in cantaloupes. Numbers of adults increased as whitefly adult population densities increased during the season. Numbers of adults caught by the new whitefly trap were comparable to numbers of adults caught with the commercial dome trap and to a lesser extent the counts of adults determined by leaf-turn sampling method. Results with the new trap were not comparable to adults caught with yellow sticky card traps.

Control on Fall Squash, 1987:

Abstract A pesticide efficacy trial was conducted at the University of Arizona Valley Experiment Station in Yuma to evaluate the ability of various insecticides to control the sweetpotato whitefly on squash. Plots were planted 25 Sept. Experimental materials were compared with untreated control plots and Thiodan 3 EC. A completely randomized design was used with 4 plots receiving each treatment. Plots measuring 6 by 2 m were separated by 22.25 m along the rows and 33.3 m across the rows. Test materials were applied 27 Oct using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at a pressure of 206.8 kPa and a rate of 83.3 liter/hectare. Three sampling methods were used to record the number of adult whiteflies: In the leaf counts 10 leaves from each plot were examined; in vacuum samples, whiteflies were collected using a hand vacuum for a period of 5 s/plot; sticky card trap was placed in each plot from 10 am to 11 am. The leaf count sampling was the only method to show separation between the treatment means, so these are the only data presented here.

Virgin Female California Red Scales Used to Detect Infestations13

Visual inspection of citrus groves to detect infestations of the California red scale. Aonidiella auranti (Maskell), is not entirely reliable. because very light infestations may escape detection. Therefore, we made spot tests to determine the presence of male scales with a virgin-female sticky-card trap developed earlier (Rice and Moreno 1969) for field studies.