Stereotypical Views Research Articles

Paradoxical perceptions: minoritized high school students’ stereotypical and expansive views of science and scientists at an urban, inclusive STEM-focused high school (ISHS)

Existing research on inclusive STEM-focused high schools (ISHSs) has focused on the design and implementation of ISHSs at the school-level, along with the positive effects of ISHSs on STEM course taking, college majoring, and STEM career orientations. Missing from the literature are studies that foreground the perspectives and voices of students of color and their perceptions of science and scientists from asset-based, critical perspectives. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative case study is to document the perceptions of science and scientists among racially, ethnically, and linguistically minoritized ninth graders at an urban, inclusive STEM-focused high school in a mid-sized, northeastern city in the United States, along with the contexts, sources, and associated experiences informing these perceptions. Iterative cycles of inductive and deductive coding and domain analysis, informed by theoretical perspectives on ecological systems and Discourses, revealed paradoxical perceptions. Students viewed science as a body of knowledge, testing and experimenting, a life-enhancing discovery, building on background information, and connected with other disciplines and everywhere. Students’ perceptions of scientists were both stereotypical and expansive, including that scientists are smart and serious; use science equipment and gear in traditional lab contexts; and are creative, curious, and open-minded. While students primarily identified deceased White males as scientists, three girls of color mentioned counter-stereotypical women and people of color when they thought of science. Students noted that science field trips and after school programs, as well as science in the media and school, informed their perceptions. These findings suggest that despite reform efforts such as Science for All, very little has changed regarding conceptions of science and scientists. What is more, these findings are troubling when minoritized students at an ISHS continue to replicate status quo perceptions of science and scientists. This study has implications for practice, research, and policy related to building on and extending these views in more critically conscious and equity-oriented ways.

Engaging culturally and linguistically diverse youth in semiotic analysis for community‐based inquiry

AbstractThis manuscript examines multimodal storytelling as community inquiry for an urban high school class of 30 first‐ and second‐generation bi/multilingual immigrant students, most of whom maintained transnational connections. We share how these students, in an A.P. Research class, engaged in community‐based inquiry and utilized various multimodal artifacts from a university cultural heritage collection, including a field trip to the cultural heritage archives, to analyze signs and symbols. We asked: How did students engage with semiotic resources and approaches to support inquiry about their school and neighborhood communities? Findings showed that students drew upon their linguistic and cultural experiences to analyze signs and symbols, yet in their digital storytelling presentations some student groups chose signs and symbols that reified stereotypical views of their neighborhood despite their insider status in the local community. We offer recommendations for using cultural heritage artifacts to advance multimodal meaning‐making in teaching and research.

Gendered Authorship of the Female Identity: A Gynocritical Comparative Study between Norwegian Wood and the God of Small Things

The paper seeks to elucidate the differences in the representation of women in male- and female-authored texts, specifically analyzing Haruki Murakami’s Norwegian Wood and Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. Numerous critics over the years have noted that male and female authors often portray femininity in markedly different ways. While male authors tend to perpetuate prejudiced or stereotypical views of women, female authors, drawing from their direct experiences of womanhood, provide more authentic depictions that foster female empowerment. Theoretically identifying this marked difference is thus the primary aim of this paper and hence this study employs a qualitative textual analysis, utilizing theoretical frameworks such as Michel Foucault’s discourses of sexuality, Elaine Showalter’s gynocriticism, Hélène Cixous’s écriture féminine, Judith Butler’s gender performativity, and Simone de Beauvoir’s concept of gender stereotypes. The findings reveal a significant divergence in the way that male- and female-authored texts characterize female figures. Murakami, in his portrayal of Naoko and Midori, has often associated reductive and stereotypical attributes that in essence undermine their agencies and voices; their attributes and mannerisms were shown to be limited to emotional and/or sexual contexts that conflate the female experience and undermine gender fluidity. In contrast, Roy depicted Ammu and Rahel in accordance to feminist sensibilities as they can be seen to portray androgyny as well as employ their sexualities to challenge and subvert social norms and stereotypes. The study therefore concludes that women-authored narratives provide more nuanced and authentic representations of female experiences, whereas male-authored texts frequently reinforce patriarchal frameworks and stereotypical assumptions of one-dimensional gender linearity.

ARTISTIC AXIOLOGY OF THE IMAGE OF THE «NEW KAZAKH WOMAN» IN ABAY’S POETRY

The main leitmotif of this study is the artistic existence of the "new kazakh woman” in the creative context of Abai, their features and axiological character, which have their own gender consciousness. In addition, the content and semantic meaning of the category “value” is analyzed in revealing the axiological facets of Kazakh women, embodied by the poet. The author draws attention to the spiritual world of the kazakh woman and the ontological aspect of female consciousness, which first appears in Abai’s discourse, beyond the stereotypes and cultural clichés of women that once existed in kazakh literature. For centuries, beauty, grace, and external portraiture have been glorified as a way of conveying individuality, personal facets of a kazakh woman and mental phenomena in her spiritual world. Also in the national literature, the emancipatory point of view of Abai, who was the first to sing of women's liberation and women's happiness, is considered. In the literary, cultural, historical context, the asocial realities of kazakh women and their “changed” behavioral strategies are considered, which violate the generally accepted standards of traditional society in Abai’s poetry and introduce new views, new values. It also formulates the artistic world of female characters who openly express love passions and intimate desires in Abai’s works, and a poetic position illustrating feminist traits in accordance with the female worldview. The “new kazakh woman” created by Abai boldly challenges the established conventions of patriarchal society, protesting against the stereotypical views imposed on him (everyday, family, life). Realizing the meaning of her life, her “I,” she manifests herself in the image of the desire to act, to live as she wants for herself. The purpose of the study was also to determine the women's problem in Abai's work, which was previously considered in various aspects, the evolution of their social, psychological, aesthetic and artistic image and the novelty of the poet in interpreting the female theme. Therefore, the article consistently differentiates a new image of the Kazakh woman, who in the previous literary discourse has transformed from a spiritually weak, passive personality into a versatile, mature, active personality.

Associations between negative sexual messaging in childhood and sex guilt in adulthood

AbstractSex guilt refers to a feeling of shame or anxiety induced by sexual behavior due to the inconsistency between a person's value and their sexuality. Sex guilt often stems from traditional, gender stereotypical sexual views and attitudes. In this study, we inquired what factors could be predicting sex guilt. Negative sexual messaging (NSM) refers to the promotion of abstinence and the glorification of virginity, representing a set of sex‐negatives views. We evaluated the relationships between NSM in childhood and sex guilt in adulthood. We include childhood sexual abuse as an alternative predictor of sex guilt to anchor our results with NSM. Participants were recruited through undergraduate groups and online platforms (total N = 1322) and completed an online survey regarding about their sexual experience. We found that NSM was a strong, persistent predictor of sex guilt. Those who experienced more NSM reported higher sex guilt. Our findings could be particularly informative for educators and policy maker who creates sex education curricula. Further study is needed to clarify the mechanisms through which NSM are associated with sex guilt.

When the barbarians came by sea: hunting and alienism in entangled Sino-Japanese visual cultures, 1550–1750

This article places a hunting screen, now in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, in the longue durée of intricate intra-Asian visual entanglements to elaborate on a ‘pathos formula’ that migrated across vast stretches of time and space. It proposes that a wide array of Chinese and Japanese paintings, screens, and porcelain objects produced between 1550 and 1750 followed established formulas of picturing foreign tropes that stereotypically viewed the non-Han and non-Japanese peoples as ‘barbarians.’ Historically, the northern nomadic peoples were depicted as powerful yet savage horse riders skilled in hunting and equestrian sports. To illuminate the afterlives of this shared East Asian visual legacy, key discussions include imitations of Southern Song paintings on hunting and the tragic fate of Wenji (a Chinese woman who returned to the Han empire after being captive for twelve years in the steppe), the Japanese Tartar screens, the gold-painted hunt screens produced in Macau for the galleon trade, and the carved lacquer screens manufactured along China’s southeast coast. Behind the pan-East Asian resurgence of this ‘pathos formula’, as this article suggests, three territorial and geopolitical shifts emerged as stimuli: Japan’s pursuit of overseas conquest, the rise of the Jurchens (and later, the Manchus), and the arrival of the maritime centuries in which the Europeans were predominantly engaged. The article concludes that the Amsterdam hunting screen was much more than a faithful representation of any specific event or collective, and followed a stereotypical view of the ‘Red-haired Barbarians’ (Dutch traders) who approached China by sea as nomads.

The Bamboo Ceiling: A Creativity Stereotype View on East Asians’ Underrepresentation in Leadership (WITHDRAWN)

The Bamboo Ceiling: A Creativity Stereotype View on East Asians’ Underrepresentation in Leadership (WITHDRAWN)

Showcasing Japan A Journey of Japanese Identity through Archaeology and Ancient Art Exhibitions in Italy

To what extent does the narrative of Japan’s prehistorical origins matter to Italy? In the second half of the twentieth century, Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome hosted two significant exhibitions dedicated to Japanese archaeology and ancient art: Tesori dell’Arte Giapponese in 1958 and Il Giappone prima dell’Occidente in 1995. Both displays provided Italian visitors with an unparalleled framework to engage with early artistic manifestations of the archipelago known today as Japan. Built on a critical analysis of the prehistoric and protohistoric artefacts from the Jōmon to Kofun periods selected for the Italian audience, this paper examines the active application of narrative discourse on Japan’s identity by the Japanese government in Italy. Still, it also sheds light on the presence of Japanese archaeology and art in Italian public and private collections throughout the twentieth century. The analysis delves into the textual and visual presentation of exhibits, examining both the venue and catalogues. These sources offer insights into potential instances of orientalism or self-orientalism, revealing a narrative closely tied to stereotypical views. The investigation unravels aspects of Japan’s past emphasised in diplomatic shows, evolving alongside ground-breaking archaeological discoveries in post-war Japan.

From Glass Ceilings to Harassment: Women's Experiences in Spanish Sports Newsrooms

ABSTRACT Since its origins, women have been underrepresented in all areas of sports journalism. They are “outsiders” according to their gender, but “insiders” according to their adherence to journalistic norms and values. In Spain, sports journalism has also historically been configured as a tough environment for women to develop professionally without being belittled and/or discriminated. This research aims to identify women journalists’ perceptions about their roles in sports newsrooms. This investigation looks for meanings instead of numbers, and it is interested in how women sports journalists perceive their experiences and how they understand and interpret these experiences. The study has a qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews conducted with ten journalists from various Spanish media. The results reveal, among other issues, that (a) women journalists suffer harassment, (b) the “glass ceiling” limits access to leadership positions, and (c) the sports journalism field continues to be conditioned by stereotypical and discriminatory views.

Finally … the team! Navigating obstacles in girls’ access to football

ABSTRACT The article provides educational and pedagogical insights to strengthen the inclusiveness of girls who decide to participate in a female football team. The article presents a bottom-up content analysis to explore the experiences of Italian girls gaining access to women’s football, identifying four key phases: (1) informal football experiences; (2) the search for a female team; (3) parental resistance; and (4) joining a female team. In informal football matches, girls face discriminatory attitudes from boys, but affirm their equality by showcasing their playing skills. At the exo-system level, girls face challenges finding local girls’ teams due to geographical distance. Such obstacle forces some of them to join male teams. The girls also encounter parental resistance rooted in stereotypical views of women's bodies and cultural ideals about suitable sports for women. Some girls overcome these challenges, expressing their passion and feelings to their parents, while others are met with less favorable outcomes. Joining a female team is finally described as being symbolic of support and solidarity among the girls, marking a significant and positive change in their overall football experience. The study highlights the interconnected influence of macro, meso, and microystems shaping girls’ access to football.

Addressing Gender Bias and Bullying in Islamic Boarding Schools: Challenges and Solutions

This study examines the problem of gender bias and bullying in boarding schools in Indonesia with the aim of identifying the problem profile, influencing factors, and applicable solutions. The research method used is a qualitative approach with an in-depth literature review with a literature approach and several journals that discuss bullying in boarding schools.The research findings show that gender bias is manifested in restrictions on access to education and stereotyped gender role expectations among santri. The separation between male and female students has become a pesantren tradition with the aim of more focused access to education. However, stereotypical views of gender roles also affect various activities in pesantren. Bullying appears in the form of verbal intimidation, social exclusion, and physical violence between students, and even victims of bullying can experience significant psychological distress. The implications of this study are the need for increased awareness and education on gender equality and anti-bullying, the adoption of structured anti-discrimination and anti-bullying policies, and strengthening the role of supervisors and counselors in pesantren. This study provides a foundation for further efforts in developing inclusive education policies and effective intervention strategies to address issues of gender bias and bullying in pesantren education settings.

Государственное регулирование занятости женщин и профессиональная сегрегация в российской сфере труда – 100 лет истории. Часть 2. 1945-1991 годы

This paper, based on a general analysis of political documents and legislative acts, examines the changes in the regulation of employment conditions and regimes for women, as well as the dynamics of gender industry segregation. The first part of the article was dedicated to the initial Soviet period and the period of the Great Patriotic War (1917-1945). The second part covers the entire post-war Soviet period (1945-1991), during which there remained a commitment to the idea of maximizing women's participation in the economy. However, perceptions of the conditions for achieving gender equality in employment changed when the country faced the threat of critically low birth rates. As this demographic problem was directly linked to the high total workload of women, a system of benefits and preferences exclusively addressed to working women began to be developed, aiming to create "the most favourable conditions for combining professional and family duties." The implementation of an ever-expanding system of benefits did not lead to the equalization of opportunities for men and women in the labour sphere but contributed to the expansion of labour discrimination by gender and the formation of stereotypical views about jobs most "suitable for men" and "most suitable for women." The article analyzes the dynamics of differences in the sectoral employment structure of women and men based on historical and contemporary statistics, demonstrating that in the Russian Soviet society, committed to traditional gender role divisions, and without pressure on women in their choice of workplace, there was an increase in gender professional segregation due to the concentration of women in non-production sectors and men in material production sectors. The empirical basis for this study relies on data from the Central Statistical Office of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and Rosstat. The statistical analysis of gender segregation dynamics in this study employed the Duncan index, which quantitatively assesses and compares differences between the distributions of women and men across sectors and types of economic activity.

Clinical thinking and instrumental diagnostics in the late stage of hypersensitive pneumonitis

The existing inertia of clinical thinking in establishing a diagnosis, even in the presence of instrumental and valid diagnostic criteria, does not always allow for a reconsideration of the diagnosis given to the patient, especially several years ago. Existing clinical recommendations for certain nosological forms, which currently play a decisive role in diagnostics, treatment, and quality assessment of medical services, may not be fully applicable to all patients with a specifi c disease. As an illustration of the above, a clinical example of a patient diagnosed with “bronchial asthma” about 15 years ago without diagnostic criteria for this condition is provided. Three years ago, on a hospitalization described in the article, a chest computed tomography scan revealed typical signs of diff use pulmonary pneumonia. However, this did not allow for a change in the stereotypical diagnostic view and the correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including in a specialized pulmonology department. As a result, the disease progressed with the development of complications in the form of severe respiratory and heart failure. Only a reassessment of clinical symptoms, including inspiratory crackles, chest CT scan (diffuse opacity reduction resembling ground glass), and restrictive abnormalities in external respiration function without obstructive components, allowed for a reevaluation of the diagnosis and the prescription of pathogenetic therapy with glucocorticoids in combination with treatment for respiratory and heart failure, leading to rapid clinical improvement.

Entre la «viuda ideal» y la «viuda real»

The topic of the widow in literature and in the Peruvian press of the nineteenth century has not been the subject of study, although it is of great importance to understand the historical development of female representations. For this reason, the present research has the purpose of approaching the construction of the figure of widows in a publication of the Cuzco newspaper El Recreo (1876-1877). It is intended to demonstrate that the article «La viuda» (1876) by Ramón Matto is linked to the Judeo-Christian and Spanish tradition that criticizes widows' remarriage and, in this way, perpetuates a stereotypical view of this female group.

AN ASSESSMENT OF GENDER RELATED FACTORS AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF STUDENTS IN SELECTED PUBLIC TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine gender related factors and entrepreneurial intentions of students in selected tertiary institutions in Nigeria. It was as well focused on the barriers to male and female entrepreneurial activities in the selected tertiary institutions in Nigeria, to determine how effective entrepreneurship education is shaping the entrepreneurial intentions of female and male students in the selected tertiary institutions, examine how entrepreneurial intention of male and female students differ in the selected tertiary institutions; and to assess the gender stereotype for male and female students in the selected tertiary institutions. Theoretical Framework: The common stereotypical view of females being submissive to their male counterparts is said to be clashing with the inherent nature of entrepreneurship intention, and the propensity towards launching an entrepreneurial business may be seen as an impairing factor for female students. In this sense, the paper has sought to systematically review various publications on gender related factors and entrepreneurial intentions of students of public tertiary institutions. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopted a cross-sectional survey method using a structured questionnaire. The study area comprised of selected public tertiary institutions in Southwest Nigeria. Six tertiary institutions were selected for the purpose of this study. Students that have participated in entrepreneurship education in the selected tertiary institution in Nigeria are the target population for the study. Data from 351 respondents were assessed based on gender related factors and entrepreneurial intentions of students in selected tertiary institutions in Nigeria using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The study found female students facing more barriers in balancing academic and entrepreneurial activities compared to male students. The study recommends that proper orientation should be given to students on the importance of entrepreneurship education and how it can help them to become self-employed after school and students should be properly oriented on barriers and gender stereotypes, and how it influence their entrepreneurial intentions. Originality/Value: The study therefore concludes that the distribution of barriers is not the same across the two categories of gender. Meanwhile, balancing academic and entrepreneurial activities, bad state of the economy and lack of capital as well as access to funds were the most popular barriers to entrepreneurial activities among tertiary institution students in Nigeria. Entrepreneurship education has statistically significant influence on entrepreneurial intention of students in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Three gender based stereotypes: active and energetic, sensitive to the needs of others and prone to position were statistically significantly different between female and male students which are not sufficient for generalization in this study. Nevertheless, the level of entrepreneurial intention is the same across the two categories of gender.

Thackeray-type narrator revisited: portrayal of characters’ minds as narratorial performance in Vanity Fair

Abstract The traditional authoritative, obtrusive narrator, also known as the Thackeray-type narrator, has been excluded from the narratological study of consciousness representations, partly because scholars have a stereotypical view that such a narrator avoids descriptions of a character’s inside view, and partly because they dislike narratorial presence in the representations of figural consciousness. Taking Thackeray’s Vanity Fair as a typical example, this paper revisits these views and reconsiders the presentation of consciousness in terms of narratorial performance of narrative authority. With attention to the degrees of the reader’s involvement, it investigates how the narrator modulates various narrative techniques (psycho-narration, free indirect thought, narrated perception) to present the minds of the worldly male characters, how each technique functions in different narrative contexts through the interaction between the narratorial voice and figural consciousness, and how the narrator’s internal evaluation is subtly embedded in the immediate representations of consciousness to create intentional ambiguity.

Representations of Gender in Estonian Graffiti and Street Art

The paper focuses on gender aspects in graffiti and street art as context- and communication-based cultural phenomena. The key issues tackled here are how gender aspects and gender-based communication are expressed in graffiti and the nature of the gendered aesthetics of street art. The analysis aims to identify gender clichés in graffiti, illustrating stereotypical views from a broader sociocultural perspective. The study also highlights the role of graffiti and street art in challenging gender stereotypes and bringing novel concepts to the fore. The paper combines studies on graffiti and street art with the gender studies approach and employs as a research method the contextualisation of graffiti and street art as ephemeral cultural phenomena from a viewer’s perspective. Graffiti works collected mainly in 2010–2020 and held in the online graffiti database of the Estonian Literary Museum constitute the sources of this paper.

Representation of an Elderly Person in Polish Social Campaigns. A Case Study

The article discusses the portrayal of the elderly in social campaigns, specifically in the campaign of the Polish Ministry of Digital Affairs. As most of the existing studies have focused on advertising, there is a research gap concerning the representation of the elderly in social campaigns that the present paper aims to fill. Combining insights based on critical discourse analysis and social semiotics, the study is grounded in multimodal discourse analysis, which allows one to perform a thorough investigation of various modes to determine how they form a coherent meaning. Overall, the portrayal of the elderly person was positive as they were shown as active and independent users of the Internet, which differs from the traditional representation of such people. Encouraging the audience to emulate the actions and behaviour of the protagonist appears to be a good solution regarding middle- and upper-class senior citizens as they have both social and financial capital to act like Barbara Bursztynowicz, who appears in the campaign. However, this might not be as effective regarding people who are digitally excluded. The discussed campaign successfully challenges stereotypical views on old age (i.e. senior citizens not being able to use modern technologies, or being dependent on younger family members), offering a different and positive perspective by emphasizing the agency of senior citizens.

Pixels and Pedagogy: Examining Science Education Imagery by Generative Artificial Intelligence

The proliferation of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) means we are witnessing transformative change in education. While GenAI offers exciting possibilities for personalised learning and innovative teaching methodologies, its potential for reinforcing biases and perpetuating stereotypes poses ethical and pedagogical concerns. This article aims to critically examine the images produced by the integration of DALL-E 3 and ChatGPT, focusing on representations of science classrooms and educators. Applying a capital lens, we analyse how these images portray forms of culture (embodied, objectified and institutionalised) and explore if these depictions align with, or contest, stereotypical representations of science education. The science classroom imagery showcased a variety of settings, from what the GenAI described as vintage to contemporary. Our findings reveal the presence of stereotypical elements associated with science educators, including white-lab coats, goggles and beakers. While the images often align with stereotypical views, they also introduce elements of diversity. This article highlights the importance for ongoing vigilance about issues of equity, representation, bias and transparency in GenAI artefacts. This study contributes to broader discourses about the impact of GenAI in reinforcing or dismantling stereotypes associated with science education.

Salient sociophonetic features, stereotypes, and attitudes toward Jazani Arabic

Far more attention has been paid to attitudes toward Standard Arabic than colloquial varieties, especially Jazani Arabic. This study aimed to identify Saudis’ stereotypes, beliefs, and attitudes toward Jazani, as well as salient sociophonetic features that might have an impact on those attitudes. An additional goal was to determine whether Saudi speakers of other dialects could identify Jazani. The study asked the following questions. Can speakers of different Saudi dialects identify Jazani speakers from sociophonetic input alone? What are Saudi speakers’ attitudes toward Jazani Arabic? What are the salient sociophonetic features of Jazani Arabic? A total of 183 Saudi Arabic speakers participated in an online attitudinal survey. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted on the collected data. Findings showed that respondents could identify the speakers as Jazanis based solely on sociophonetic characteristics. Non-emphatic /r/ and word-initial consonant clusters were pointed out as salient features of Jazani Arabic. In addition, participants’ responses included general impressions, cultural associations, and social status. Overall, speakers of other Saudi dialects had more positive attitudes than Najdi speakers, who held more negative attitudes toward Jazani speakers. The results reflected the social stratification in Saudi Arabia and confirmed beliefs, stereotypical views, and misrepresentations of Jazani speakers’ social status.