Karaya Gum Research Articles

Synthesis and bio-medical applications of multifunctional phosphorester cyclic amide anchored sterculia network

The main focus of the present research is to design network hydrogels derived from natural polymers to promote a sustainable future. Multifunctional hydrogels were prepared by combining sterculia gum (SG), phosphorester -cyclic amide polymers for bio-medical applications including drug delivery (DD). The antibiotic drug ceftriaxone was incorporated into hydrogels to enhance wound healing potential. The surface morphology of copolymers was investigated by using FESEM and AFM techniques. FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques provided insight into the formation of network structures. In FTIR analysis, distinctive bands were identified: at 1649 cm−1 attributed to CO stretching of the cyclic amide of PVP, at 1147 cm−1 and 974 cm−1 representing PO stretching and P-O-C of poly(BMEP), respectively. In the 13C NMR spectrum, a prominent peak at 63.272 ppm revealed the presence of (O-CH2) linkage of poly(BMEP). XRD demonstrated amorphous characteristics of hydrogels. The interactions of copolymer with blood, bio-membrane and encapsulated drug illustrated their biocompatibility, bio-adhesion and controlled DD properties. The dressings expressed a hemolytic index value of 2.58 ± 0.03 %. The hydrogels exhibited mucoadhesive character, revealed from the adhesion force of 50.0 ± 5 mN needed to separate polymer dressing from the mucosa. Dressings exhibited antioxidant properties and displayed 33.73 ± 0.3 % radical scavenging in the DPPH assay. Protein adsorption test of copolymer illustrated 9.48 ± 0.970 % of albumin adsorption. The tensile strength of the dressing was found 0.54 ± 0.03 N mm−2 while the burst strength 9.92 ± 0.27 N was observed. The sustained release of the drug was provided by supra-molecular interactions. Drug release followed a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism and the release profile was best described by the Higuchi kinetic model. Additionally, hydrogel dressings revealed permeability to H2O vapors and O2 and antimicrobial activity. These findings suggest the suitability of sterculia gum-based hydrogels for DD uses.

Fabrication and characterization of Karaya gum-based films reinforced with bacterial nanocellulose stabilized valerian root extract Pickering emulsion for lamb meat preservation

A novel biodegradable film was fabricated by incorporating bacterial nanocellulose stabilized valerian root extract (VRE) Pickering emulsion into karaya gum with better antioxidant and antibacterial properties for lamb meat preservation. The valerian root extract Pickering emulsion (VPE) exhibited 98 ± 1.84 % encapsulating efficiency and excellent physical stability with an average particle size of 274.6 nm. The incorporation of VPE-5 into the film matrix increased its elongation at break (EAB), and improved water resistance and barrier properties against oxygen, water vapor, and UV light. Moreover, the antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties against S.aerous and E. coli were also improved based on VPE-5 concentration. The SEM images showed a uniform distribution of VPE-5 while FTIR and XRD revealed its compatibility with karaya gum, which improved its thermal stability. The active films showed a significant preservative effect by reducing the pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total viable count (TVC) value of lamb meat and maintained its texture and color during the storage period of 9 days at 4 °C. These results demonstrated the inclusion of VPE-5 into Karaya gum was a promising technique and offers a great potential application as a bioactive material in food packaging.

Phage therapy combined with Gum Karaya injectable hydrogels for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus deep wound infection in a porcine model

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) represent a significant healthcare challenge, particularly in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. This study investigates the efficacy of a novel therapeutic approach combining bacteriophage (phage) therapy with a gum Karaya (GK)-based hydrogel delivery system in a porcine model of deep staphylococcal SSTIs. The study exploits the lytic activity and safety of the Staphylococcus phage 812K1/420 of the Kayvirus genus, which is active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The GK injectable hydrogels and hydrogel films, developed by our research group, serve as effective, non-toxic, and easy-to-apply delivery systems, supporting moist wound healing and re-epithelialization. In the porcine model, the combined treatment showed asynergistic effect, leading to a significant reduction in bacterial load (2.5 log CFU/gram of tissue) within one week. Local signs of inflammation were significantly reduced by day 8, with clear evidence of re-epithelialization and wound contraction. Importantly, no adverse effects of the GK-based delivery system were observed throughout the study. The results highlight the potential of this innovative therapeutic approach to effectively treat deep staphylococcal SSTIs, providing a promising avenue for further research and clinical application in the field of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

A facile green synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles using gum karaya polymer as a bioreductant for efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and antibacterial activity

The release of organic dyes into water systems, mainly textile industries, poses a significant threat to human and animal health. This approach shows great potential for effectively removing harmful dyes and microorganisms from wastewater treatment for environmental remediation. This study utilized gum karaya polymer bio-reductant to synthesize manganese oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles through a green approach. The synthesized MnO2 nanoparticles were characterized and confirmed by various analytical techniques. These results revealed their nanoscale dimensions, morphology, chemical purity, crystal nature, decolorized intermediate, and band gap. The photocatalytic degradation of hazardous Congo red and methyl orange dyes using KRG-MnO2 nanoparticles under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that Congo red dye degradation efficiency of 93.34 % was achieved. The dye concentration (8 to 16 mg/L), pH concentration, and radical trapping were studied. This suggests that holes and hydroxyl radicals play a crucial role in degrading the Congo red dye and demonstrate superior recyclability after three successive cycles and good stability. The possible intermediates from the Congo red dye degradation were identified through LC-MS analysis. The polymer composite MnO2 NPs have displayed notable antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The research indicates that MnO2 nanoparticles functionalized with polymers can efficiently remove pathogens and organic dyes from diverse industrial water treatment processes.

Gum karaya polymer-based biodegradable silver nanocomposite hydrogel through green approach for photocatalytic dye degradation and antimicrobial activity

The rise in industrialization and population growth has elevated water pollution to a critical environmental concern. This study introduces a novel polymer-mediated silver nanocomposite hydrogel for antibacterial activity and photocatalytic dye degradation for environmental remediation. In this study, silver nanocomposite hydrogels were developed using Karaya gum (KG), acrylamide, N-isopropyl acrylamide (NI), and 2-Bismethacryloyloxy ethyl phosphate (BMEP) as a crosslinker through a radical polymerization process. These hydrogels were utilized as templates for the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles by employing an aqueous Canthium leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Various analytical methods, including FTIR, UV–Vis, XPS, FESEM, EDX, XRD, AFM, and HRTEM, are characterized by the green synthesized KG-NIB-Ag nanocomposite hydrogel. Evaluation of the KG-NIB-Ag hydrogel involved examining its chemical composition, morphology, size, crystallinity, surface properties, bandgap, and chemical purity. TEM analysis validated an average crystallite size 33.2 nm. Moreover, the photocatalytic performance of the green-synthesized KG-NIB-Ag nanocomposite hydrogel was utilized to examine the degradation of Congo red dye under visible light irradiation. The findings of this study demonstrate that the degradation efficiency of CR reached approximately 73.25 % within 90 min, with a corresponding kinetic rate constant of 0.032 min−1. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of the Ag nanocomposite hydrogel was evaluated against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The disc diffusion method was employed to assess its antibacterial activity, and the diameter of the inhibition zones was measured. This study introduces an innovative and influential strategy for environmental remediation, emphasizing the potential of KG-NIB-Ag nanocomposite hydrogel in tackling ecological challenges associated with wastewater treatment across various industries.

Impact of Penetration Enhancer and Natural Oil on Transdermal Delivery of Modified Karaya Gum Gel

The etodolac based modified karaya gum (MKG) gel was developed using 32 factorial design to enhance the therapeutic effect of gel to treat inflammation. Gels were prepared with different concentrations of MKG and arachis oil using 32 factorial design. The percentage of drug content was found in the range of 96 to 99%, viscosity results shown in the range of 842 CPS to 2560 CPS and in vitro drug release was found to be in range of 38% to 98% respectively. Whereas ex-vivo permeation studies of etodolac gel and pure etodolac solution across the burned pig skin were shown 72% and 42% respectively. The drug and excipient compatibility studies by FTIR confirms that, there is no major functional group change was observed. The results concluded that, the combination of MKG and arachis oil were improved the penetration of etodolac through burned pig skin thereby the combination of PE and oil successfully enhanced the therapeutic effect of etodolac.

Investigations on physiochemical and biomedical properties of Aloe vera - Sterculia gum copolymeric dressings impregnated with antibiotic-anesthetic drugs to enhance wound healing

Recently, various innovative advancements have been made in carbohydrate research to design versatile materials for biomedical applications. The current research focuses on the development of copolymeric hydrogel wound dressings (HWD) using a combination of aloe vera (AV) - sterculia gum (SG) - poly (vinylsulfonic acid) (VSA)-based with the aim to enhancing their efficacy in drug delivery (DD) applications. These hydrogel dressings were encapsulated with levofloxacin and lidocaine to address both microbial infection and pain. Copolymers were characterized by FESEM, SEM, EDS, AFM, 13C NMR, FTIR, XRD, and TGA-DTG analysis. Hydrogel exhibited a fluid absorption capacity of 4.52 ± 0.12 g per gram of polymeric dressing in simulated wound conditions. The hydrogels displayed a sustained release of drugs, demonstrating a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Polymer dressings revealed antibacterial, mucoadhesive, antioxidant, biocompatible and non-cytotoxic properties. Additionally, HWD displayed permeability to O2 and water vapour, yet was impermeable to microbial penetration. Overall, the findings of physiological, biochemical and drug delivery properties demonstrated the suitability of materials for wound dressing applications.

In vitro release dynamics of doxorubicin hydrochloride & gentamicin sulphate through nanoparticle embedded sterculia gum/gelatin self crosslinked hydrogel system

Present study synthesized stimuli-sensitive drug delivery systems for anti-cancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox) and antibiotic drug gentamicin sulphate (GS) using sterculia gum, gelatin, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The approach involved oxidizing sterculia gum with NaIO4, followed by self-crosslinking with gelatin resulting a pH-responsive protein hybrid crosslinked network. Further gel matrix was reinforced with Fe3O4 nanoparticles resulted in magnetic nanocomposite hydrogel. FTIR, powdered XRD, and FESEM had been used to characterize the functionalized drug-loaded hydrogels. In vitro release behavior of Dox and GS had been studied in pH 2.2, 7.0, 7.4, simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). For both drugs, highest release had been achieved in pH 2.2 and SGF, while minimum in physiological pH 7.4. The release mechanisms adopted by Dox and GS from drug loaded OSG-cl-Gelatin and OSG-cl-Gelatin/Fe3O4 matrix have been assessed using different mathematical models viz Zero order, First order, Higuchi kinetic model and Korsmeyer Peppas model in different release mediums. Drug release mainly had occurred through Case-II diffusion mechanism. In acidic pH, Dox release followed Higuchi kinetic model while GS release occurred through Korsmeyer Peppas model. Hydrolytic degradation potential, thrombogenicity and haemocompatible behavior of functionalized gel matrix had also been screened.

Zwitterionic functionalization of polysaccharide gum by graft copolymerization to develop 3-D network materials for anticancer drug delivery applications

Herein, functionalization of polysaccharide gum has been carried out to develop network copolymeric materials for use in sustained anticancer drug delivery. Grafting reaction of poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (MEDSAH) onto sterculia gum has been done in the presence of crosslinker. Copolymeric materials were characterized by scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). SEM, AFM and XRD displayed heterogeneous morphology with a rough surfaces of amorphous copolymeric materials. Peaks at 173.822 ppm (carbonyl carbon) and at 60.653 ppm (methylene carbon attached to a quaternary ammonium group) confirmed the addition of poly(MEDSAH) during the grafting reaction. Mesh size in network hydrogel was found between 14.54 nm to 36.32 nm. Sustained release of doxorubicin was found with non-Fickian diffusion and was best demonstrated by the kinetic model Hixson Crowell. The biocompatibility of material was revealed in a haemolytic index (1.74 ± 0.26%) less than two percent during the copolymer-blood interaction. The material exhibited antioxidant and mucoadhesion properties. Free radical scavenging ability of copolymers was 49.41 ± 0.97% in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay of the antioxidant test. These properties of copolymeric hydrogels demonstrated their suitability for use in sustained drug delivery systems for cancer chemotherapy.

Gums as Macromolecular Crowding Agents in Human Skin Fibroblast Cultures.

Even though tissue-engineered medicines are under intense academic, clinical, and commercial investigation, only a handful of products have been commercialised, primarily due to the costs associated with their prolonged manufacturing. While macromolecular crowding has been shown to enhance and accelerate extracellular matrix deposition in eukaryotic cell culture, possibly offering a solution in this procrastinating tissue-engineered medicine development, there is still no widely accepted macromolecular crowding agent. With these in mind, we herein assessed the potential of gum Arabic, gum gellan, gum karaya, and gum xanthan as macromolecular crowding agents in WS1 skin fibroblast cultures (no macromolecular crowding and carrageenan were used as a control). Dynamic light scattering analysis revealed that all macromolecules had negative charge and were polydispersed. None of the macromolecules affected basic cellular function. At day 7 (the longest time point assessed), gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that all macromolecules significantly increased collagen type I deposition in comparison to the non-macromolecular crowding group. Also at day 7, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that carrageenan; the 50 µg/mL, 75 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL gum gellan; and the 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL gum xanthan significantly increased both collagen type I and collagen type III deposition and only carrageenan significantly increased collagen type V deposition, all in comparison to the non-macromolecular crowding group at the respective time point. This preliminary study demonstrates the potential of gums as macromolecular crowding agents, but more detailed biological studies are needed to fully exploit their potential in the development of tissue-engineered medicines.

Green synthesis of nanosized Tantalum carbide (TaC) via natural polymer/tantalum oxide hybrid composites: A sustainable approach towards enhanced processing and properties

This study provides a green method for producing nanosized tantalum carbide (TaC) by pyrolyzing natural polymer (Gum karaya)/tantalum oxide hybrid composites, which is both sustainable and environmentally benign. The carbothermal reduction, carried out at 1500 °C, produces cubic TaC with a cell constant of ao=4.451 Å. The synthesised TaC reveals a near spherical morphology with an average size of 200 nm, far smaller than commercial TaC. The synthesised TaC displays a beginning oxidation temperature of 420 °C, as compared to the commercial powder (500 °C). Incorporating 5 wt% as-synthesized TaC to commercial TaC results in an impressive relative density of 98%, demonstrating the TaC ability as an excellent sintering aid. This green synthesis not only reduces the environmental impact of conventional methods, but also provides improved characteristics of nanosized TaC for advanced applications, contributing to the field of green nanotechnology by emphasizing safer production methods.

Functionalization of sterculia gum for making platform hydrogels via network formation for use in drug delivery

Recently, various advancements have been made in the development of functional polymeric materials for innovative applications. Herein this work, functionalization of sterculia gum (SG) was carried out via grafting of poly(2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (METAC)-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to develop hydrogel dressings as a platform for use in drug delivery (DD). The innovation of the present work is the exploration of inherent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the SG along with antimicrobial characteristic of poly(METAC) and PVP, to design the doxycycline encapsulated hydrogel dressings for better wound healing. FESEM, EDS and AFM analyzed the surface morphology of hydrogels. FTIR, 13C NMR and XRD inferred inclusion of poly(METAC)-PVP into polymers. 13C NMR confirmed the incorporation of poly(METAC) and PVP onto gum by the presence of a peak at 54.74 ppm because of methyl carbon attached to quaternary nitrogen of poly(METAC) and at 45.48 ppm due to the ring carbon of PVP along with FTIR peak at 949 cm−1 because of CN bending of quaternary nitrogen of poy (METAC). Thermal characterization of copolymers has been performed using TGA analysis. One gram of copolymeric hydrogel dressing absorbed 6.51 ± 0.03 g simulated salivary fluid (SSF) and 7.65 ± 0.03 g simulated wound fluid (SWF). Release of doxycycline drug occurred in a sustained manner and followed the Non-Fickian diffusion mechanism from hydrogels. The release profile was most effectively described by Hixon-Crowell kinetic model. Hydrogel demonstrated biocompatibility and expressed thrombogenicity 79.7 ± 4.9 % during its polymer-blood interactions. Copolymer revealed mucoadhesive property, requiring a force of 77.00 ± 0.01 mN to detach from bio-membrane. Additionally, it exhibited antioxidant features, showing 43.81 ± 0.286 % free radical scavenging. Hydrogel dressings were mechanically stable and revealed 0.76 ± 0.09 N mm−2 tensile strength and 9.18 ± 0.01 N burst strength. Polymer films were permeable to oxygen and water vapor and were impermeable to microorganisms. Hydrogel dressings exhibited antimicrobial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Overall, these properties displayed the suitability of hydrogels for wound dressing (WD) applications which may actively enhance wound healing.

Designing aloe vera-sterculia gum based copolymeric hydrogel dressings for drug delivery

Herein the present work, aloe vera (AV) and sterculia gum (SG) based polymer network hydrogels have been designed for use in wound dressing and drug delivery (DD) applications. The hydrogels were prepared by graft copolymerization reaction of poly(2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) [poly (METAC)] onto AV and SG. Polymers were characterized by FESEM, SEM, EDS, AFM, C13 NMR, FTIR, XRD and TGA-DTG analysis. Swelling, drug delivery and biomedical properties of dressings have been evaluated. Sustained diffusion of moxifloxacin drug from dressings exhibited a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism and the release profile was best fitted in the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. Various interactions of polymers with blood and goat membranes revealed the biocompatible and mucoadhesive nature of the dressings. Hydrogel dressings were found permeable to O2 and water vapour and impermeable to microbes. Overall, these properties revealed that these hydrogels could act as suitable materials for design of wound dressings. Furthermore, antioxidant properties of AV, wound healing characteristic of SG, antibacterial properties of poly(METAC) and encapsulated moxifloxacin drug in hydrogel dressings may enhance the wound healing potential of hydrogel wound dressings (HWD).

Natural polymers for targeted drug delivery to the colon: a comparative study of tamarind gum and karaya gum

Natural polymers for targeted drug delivery to the colon: a comparative study of tamarind gum and karaya gum

Synthesis of hydrogels based on sterculia gum-co-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-co-poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) for wound dressing and drug-delivery applications

Much research is currently focused on designing functional materials derived from sterculia gum (SG) for sustainable development.

Formulation and Evaluation of Nifedipine Bilayer Floating Tablets

In the present investigation concern, the formulation and evaluation of bilayer floating tablet of Nifedipine which after an oral administration increase gastric residence time, to increase the bioavailability. Nifedipine is the Calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type which used in angina pectoris and hypertension. It has a half-life of 2-4hours and bioavailability of 45-56%. It is advantageous to formulate bilayer floating tablet of Nifedipine helps to increase bioavailability, reduce dosing frequency, and reach maximum plasma concentration rapidly. Bilayer floating tablets comprised of two layers, immediate and sustain release layers. The immediate release layer is comprised of super disintegrating agent Karaya gum, and sustain release layer comprised of low density release retardant polymers like HPMC K4M and Guar gum; and sodium bicarbonate and citric acid gas generating agents. The prepared powder mixtures were subjected to FT-IR for all interaction. The tablets were prepared by direct compression. First, the powder blends of sustained release layer was pre-compressed and then powder blends of immediate release layer was added. Hardness, friability, drug content, floating lag time, total floating time, swelling index and in-vitro drug release were evaluated. In the present study, it was found that formulation F4 containing HPMC K4M and Guar gum in the ratio of 2:1 showed maximum drug release. The release data were adjusted to various mathematical models such as Higuchi, 1st order and zero order to evaluate the kinetics and mechanisms of the drug release and it was best suited for the Higuchi model. There were no notable changes in stability studies.

Development and evaluation of buspirone hyrdochloride loaded transdermal patch using natural polymers

The purpose of this present study was to design and develop a Buspirone hydrochloride loaded matrix type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) with four natural gum polymers such as Guar gum, Gellan gum, Xanthan gum, Karaya gum. A total of twelve batch of matrix patches were formulated with above stated polymers and other excipient like Glycerin, Propylene glycol (PG), Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticizer. These all batches were characterized by evaluation parameters which including drug content, flatness, thickness, uniformity of weight, folding endurance, moisture content, moisture uptake and to determine the amount of Buspirone hydrochloride present in the matrix of patches in vitro dissolution study of all twelve formulations were performed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique and Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC) carried out to determine interaction between Buspirone HCl and excipients which are present in patch. Permeation study of patch of Buspirone HCl was performed in Franz's diffusion cell to evaluate In-vitro skin permeation and it was found that batch G3 shows 98.89% permeability. After evaluating all batches and based on results which are obtained characterization and In-Vitro dissolution it was concluded that patches containing natural polymers are not showing any interaction and better release study.

Exploring bioactive aloe-vera and sterculia gum to develop hydrogel wound dressings by graft-copolymerization

Keeping in view the progressive future prospectus of carbohydrate research, herein, the potential of bioactive polysaccharides aloe vera (AV) and sterculia gum (SG) was explored to develop network hydrogel wound dressings. Both polysaccharides, acemannan of AV gel and glucuronic-galacturonic acid of SG accelerate wound healing process. The antibiotic drug cefuroxime encapsulated dressings were designed by graft-copolymerization with carbopol. The copolymers were characterized by SEM, AFM, FTIR, C13 NMR, XRD, TGA-DTG, DSC and swelling studies. The slow diffusion of cefuroxime drug exhibited non-Fickian mechanism and release of drug was occurred with a first order kinetic model. Polymer-bio membrane interactions indicated mucoadhesion nature. The clot formation was reduced during polymer-blood interactions indicated bio-compatible nature of the dressings moreover dressings were found antioxidant in nature. The porous dressings were O2 permeable and microbial impermeable. The hydrogel dressings revealed antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. Degree of antimicrobial activity enhanced in case of hydrogel wound dressings loaded with cefuroxime. Overall, the results of these biochemical assays, sustained release of antibiotic drug and inherent wound healing potential of AV-SG indicated the use of hydrogels as dressing materials for better wound healing.

Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical Properties of Babool (Acacia nilotica) and Karaya (Sterculia urens Roxb.) Gums

Study of the physico-chemical properties of natural gums is a prerequisite to understanding the nutritional, culinary and commercial value and their utilization. The main objective of the present piece of work was to determine some important physico-chemical properties of babool (Acacia nilotica) and karaya (Sterculia urens Roxb.) gum. The physico-chemical properties of babool and karaya gums were determined by using standard methods and the data obtained was analyzed for comparison of both the gums. The investigation revealed that there were significant differences in the percentage of swelling index, water holding capacity, solubility, moisture content, porosity, ash content, pH and protein. Although there were no significant differences obtained in the values of true density, bulk density, angle of repose, refractive index, coefficient of friction, and fat between the two test samples. The protein and nitrogen content of babool gum were superior to those of karaya gum. Water holding and oil holding capacity were superior in karaya gum to babool gum. The viscosity of babool gum was decreased with the decrease in shear rate, whereas the viscosity of karaya gum increased with the decrease in shear rate. Data generated from the study confirms that there are a number of similarities in some properties and differences in other properties of both the test gum exudates.

Quality by Design Approach for Optimization of Microbial and pH-Triggered Colon-Targeted Tablet Formulation Using Carboxymethyl Tamarind Gum.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to apply the quality by design (QbD) approach in the development of a microbial and pH-triggered colon-targeted budesonide tablet. A retrospective research strategy was used to select various polysaccharide-based natural gums such as tamarind gum, gellan gum, karaya gum, gum ghutti, and khaya gum, which were then evaluated for their effectiveness in microbial degradation and targeting the colon. Viscosity profiles were generated in the presence of a prebiotic culture medium prepared by using the Velgut capsule that mimicked the impact of 4% rat cecal content and helpful in screening of natural polymer. Based on the cumulative drug release data of preliminary batches, carboxymethyl (CM) tamarind gum was identified as a superior and an excellent polymer over the tamarind gum for formulation development. The presence of water as a bridging agent in wet granulation also played an important role in the retardation of drug release. Tablets were supercoated with the enteric polymer, Eudragit S100. The Box-Behnken design was utilized, where the selected independent variables were the proportion of CM tamarind gum, % water proportion, and % weight gain of Eudragit S 100 to optimize the formulation. The optimized design space was generated with the criteria that a drug release should be of less than 5% within the first 2 h, less than 10% within the first 5 h, and more than 70% within the first 8 h, to achieve colon targeting. The optimized batch F3 was found stable as per International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. The roentgenography study for optimized formulation demonstrated that it remained intact for 5 h and, at 7 h, was disseminated completely. CM tamarind gum is efficient for colon targeting, and its proportion in 100 mg along with an enteric coating of 6% led to the optimized formulation.