Stepper Research Articles

Designing and developing an in-house CCD based optical CT scanner for gel dosimetry

Introduction: Measurement of the complex 3D radiation dose distribution created with advanced radiotherapy techniques such as IMRT and SRS became very important. Polymer gel dosimetry (PGD) is proposed method to recording this dose distribution. MRI, X-ray CT, ultrasound, spectrophotometry and optical CT scanners can be used for readout of Polymer gel dosimeters. Although MRI is gold standard readout instrument, but it is costly and time- consuming. Optical CT is faster and has very lower cost than other methods. The aim of this work is designing and developing an in-house fast CCD based optical computed tomography scanner to extract the 3D radiation dose distribution that recorded in irradiated PGDs. Materials and Methods: in this work we used an array of high power LEDs by 650nm wave length as broad beam light source and a CCD camera as large area detector. The image projections of test object that immersed in a water tank and its rotational movement were controlled by a stepper motor was obtained. Image reconstruction carried out in MATLAB environment with the Filtered back projection method. Results: Reconstructed image quality is very promising. And it is comparable to results of the other works. Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) of reconstructed images without any filters in the back projection algorithm was 0.41. Using ramp filter with 0.2 cutoff frequency, gained a 1.1 in CNR and using Butterworth filter with cutoff frequency of 0.3 gained a CNR of 1.3. Increasing cutoff frequency for Butterworth filter will degrade noise properties of reconstructed image and CNR goes down to 0.82, which is comparable with similar works. Conclusion: Optical CT readout system is considered one of the best options for gel readings. If we can overcome the problems of reconstructed images with light rays, this system can be useful for fast and accurate readout of irradiated polymer gel dosimeters.

Management Stepper of 3d - Printer

Management Stepper of 3d - Printer

Design and Experiment on Zinc-air Battery Continuous Power Controller Based on Microcontroller

The Zinc-air batteries continuous power generation which is designed by our task group realizes the discharge of zinc electrode in motion and solves the problem of self-discharge of Zinc-air battery. Zinc-air battery continuous power generation control system is designed in this paper to realize the automatic operation of the Zinc-air batteries continuous power generation and improve the generation efficiency of Zinc-air batteries continuous power generation. The design of the device is based on the combination of mechanical power system and electrical control technology.this paper use PIC16F877A microcontroller as the control core and the main electrical equipment of Zinc-air battery for continuous power generation devices (analog acquisition equipment and stepper motor) with electrical control technology is analysed. The design ideas in software is modular design. Software control flow chart for stepper motors and analog acquisition is drawn. This paper is tested on controller, Result of test shows that the controller is able to meet the control requirements of continuous power plant and verify the feasibility of the controller.

Microcontroller Based Automatic Solar Tracking System with Mirror Booster

This paper is designed solar tracking system with mirror booster using microcontroller. Solar energy is rapidly becoming an alternative means of electrical source all over the world. To make effective use of solar energy, its efficiency must be maximized. A feasible approach to maximizing the power output of solar array is by sun tracking. This paper deals with the design and construction of solar tracking system by using a stepper motor, gear motor, photo diode. Mirror is used as booster to maximize the efficiency. The whole frame will travel circularly and the mirror will travel from south to north and vice-versa. The prototype is considered around a programmed microcontroller which controls the system by communicating with sensors and motor driver based on movement of the sun. The performance and characteristics of the solar tracker are experimentally analyzed.

A super depth of field height measurement based on local disparity

A super depth of field height measurement method is proposed to measure the object height with the optical stereoscopic microscope. The quasi-Euclidean epipolar rectification algorithm is utilized on the original stereoimage to obtain rectified stereoimages and calibrate two camera parameters. Then, feature points are obtained by the SURF (speed up robust feature) algorithm and their corresponding disparities are calculated. The disparity-depth of field curve is fitted by combining the step height values of a stepper motor. Moreover, through local disparity value got from feature points on the object, the relative shift height is calculated through regression analysis. Finally, according to binocular vision geometry, the thickness of the object can be calculated. Experimental results show that the measurement error in Z direction is from 1.51% to 7.71%, which indicates that the proposed method is able to measure the height of a microobject beyond depth of field within a tolerant error.

Design and experimental study of the control system for precision seed-metering device.

The precision seeding technique has been developed at full speed along with the continuous development of new agricultural technologies, especially those concerning cultivated patterns. The seed-metering device is the key component of a precision seeder. A ground wheel is used to drive the seed-metering device of the conventional direct seeder. However, the wheel bears high resistance and easily slips. Moreover, the adjustment of the precision seeder’s seeding rate is more difficult. In order to solve these problems, a control system which could keep the rotational speed of the seed-metering device consistent with the seeder’s working speed for the precision seed-metering device was designed. The control system includes a Hall sensor, a single chip microcomputer system, a motor control module, a stepper motor and a display. The control system used a Hall sensor to measure the seeder’s working speed and employed a single chip microcomputer system to predict the rotational speed of seed-metering device. It would then determine the relationship between the seeder’s working speed and the rotational speed of the seed metering-device according to the seeder’s working state, distance between seeds and the requirement of sowing rate. The system could effectively reduce the influence of inhomogeneous sowing caused by the ground wheel’s slipping. The system was found to be reliable by the experiment. The seeding control system could also make the speed of the seed-metering device and seeder’s uniform, improving the uniformity of the amount of seeding, and achieving the goal of design. This new design provides a platform to solve problems of the seed-metering device and the seeder. Keywords: agricultural machinery, precision seeder, seed-metering device, sensor, control system, stepper motor DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20140703.002 Citation: Zhai J B, Xia J F, Zhou Y, Zhang S. Design and experimental study of the control system for precision seed-metering device. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(3): 13－18.

A Free Database of Head Related Impulse Response Measurements in the Horizontal Plane with Multiple Distances

A freely available collection of Head-Related Impulse Response (HRIR) measurements is introduced. The impulse responses were acquired in an anechoic chamber using a KEMAR manikin at four different loudspeaker distances – 3 m, 2 m, 1 m and 0.5 m – reaching from the far field to the near field. The loudspeaker was positioned at ear height and the manikin was rotated with a high-precision stepper motor in one degree increments. Besides the raw HRIRs also datasets are available which have been compensated for the use with specific headphone models. Introduction In order to localize a sound source, the human auditory system takes advantage of the time lag and level difference between the two ear signals as well as cues added by reflection and diffraction by torso, head and external ears [1]. A head-related impulse response (HRIR), acquired under free-field conditions, is able to describe these features. Several databases of HRIRs are freely available [2, 3, 4], but their angular resolution in the horizontal plane is limited and only [4] contains measurements for more than one source distance (0.8 m and 3 m). For distances larger than 1 m the distance between the manikin and the source is assumed to have no influence on the binaural cues, only the amplitude decreases for larger distances [5]. If the source is positioned closer to the listener, changes in the binaural cues have to be considered. This study will provide HRIR databases measured in the horizontal plane with a resolution of 1◦ for sources positioned at a distance of 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m and 3 m. φ r = 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m, 3 m Figure: Coordinate system used in this paper. The azimuth angle φ describes the placement of the loudspeaker counter-clockwise around the head. Here φ = −60◦. HRIR Databases The HRIR databases described here are freely available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license and can be downloaded at http://dev.qu.tu-berlin.de/projects/measurements/wiki The datasets are available in different formats suitable for a variety of applications: .mat files for use in GNU octave and Matlab, .daff files in the Open Directional Audio File Format (OpenDAFF), an emerging open standard for spatial audio data, and .wav files for use in the SoundScape Renderer (SSR).

A New Approach to 3-Axis Cylindrical and Cartesian Type Robot Manipulators in Mechatronics Education

In this study both the 3-axis cylindrical and cartesian coordinate robot manipulators actuated with stepper motors were designed and implemented. A GUI with a programming page driven from Matlab software was developed for programming and controlling the designed robot manipulators. The presented platform here has been intended to be used for educational purposes. The designed and mounted exemplary equipment greatly can improve the effectiveness and efficiency learning processes on robotics and related courses.

Establishing A Step Per Day to Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factor Dose-response

Establishing A Step Per Day to Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factor Dose-response

MEMS and NEMS - systems, devices, and structures

Overview and Introduction New Trends in Engineering and Science: Micro- and Nanoscale Systems Introduction to Design of MEMS and NEMS Biological and Biosystems Analogies Overview of Nano- and Microelectromechanical Systems Applications of Micro- and Nanoelectromechanical Systems Micro- and Nanoelectromechanical Systems Synergetic Paradigms in MEMS MEMS and NEMS Architecture Fundamentals of MEMS Fabrication Introduction and Description of Basic Processes Microfabrication and Micromachining of ICs, Microstructures, and Microdevices Devising and Synthesis of MEMS AND NEMS MEMS Motion Microdevices Classifier and Synthesis Nanoelectromechanical Systems Modeling of Micro- and Nanoscale Electromechanical Systems, Devices, and Structures Introduction to Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Electromagnetics and its Application for MEMS and NEMS Induction Micromachines Synchronous Microtransducers Microscale Permanent-Magnet Stepper Micromotors Piezotransducers Fundamentals of Modeling of Electromagnetic Radiating Energy Microdevices Classical Mechanics and its Application Thermoanalysis and Heat Equation Nanosystems, Quantum Mechanics, and Mathematical Models Atomic Structures and Quantum Mechanics Molecular and Nanostructure Dynamics Molecular Wires and Molecular Circuits Control of Microelectromechanical Systems Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Control Lyapunov Stability Theory Control of Microelectromechanical Systems Intelligent Control of MEMS Hamilton-Jacobi Theory and Quantum Mechanics Case Studies: Synthesis, Analysis, Fabrication, and Computer-Aided Design of MEMS Introduction Design and Fabrication Analysis of Translational Microtransducers Single-Phase Reluctance Micromotors: Modeling, Analysis, and Control Three-Phase Synchronous Reluctance Micromotors Microfabrication Magnetization Dynamics of Thin Films Microstructures and Microtransducers With Permanent Magnets: Micromirror Actuators Reluctance Electromagnetic Micromotors Micromachined Polycrystalline Silicon Carbide Micromotors Axial Electromagnetic Micromotors Synergetic Computer-Aided Design of MEMS Index Each chapter also includes a References section. Keywords: Nanoscience, Nanotechnology

%&OV0312;O2max versus %HRmax regressions for six modes of exercise

The purpose of the study was to compare the %VO2max versus %HRmax regression equations developed from data collected during incremental work on six exercise modes: treadmill (T), cycle (C), skier (S), shuffle skier (SS), stepper (ST), and rower (R). Ten active males were habituated to all modes and then performed an incremental test to maximum on each mode. Mode order was assigned by Latin square sequences and the tests were separated by at least 72 h. VO2 and HR were recorded at each increment. Regression analyses were performed using SAS-GLM. Regressions for T, S, SS, and ST were not significantly different. C had a lower intercept and higher slope, while R had a higher intercept and lower slope than the other exercise modes. These results suggest that weight bearing exercise modes have similar %VO2max-%HRmax regressions. However, weight supported and arm exercise modes appear to have different regressions.

Economical stepper motors for speed-control applications

Economical stepper motors for speed-control applications

ERA publishes guide to stepper motors

ERA publishes guide to stepper motors