Step Pyramid Research Articles

Performance analysis of an SPD integrated with a stepped pyramid solar still: experimental study

AbstractWater scarcity poses a major challenge for the next generation. Additionally, increasing agricultural and industrial activities are creating an unprecedented demand for freshwater supplies throughout Egypt. The Nile River serves as Egypt’s primary water source, accounting for 69.4% of the total water resources. Moreover, Egypt's annual share of water has decreased to approximately 500 m3 per person because of the completion of the Renaissance dam in Ethiopia and the rapid increase in population growth. Solar distillation has been presented as a long-term and promising method for producing edible drinkable water. The present research goal is to increase the daily freshwater output from a stepped pyramid solar still (SPSS) by coupling with a solar parabolic dish (SPD). The proposed system consists of a conventional pyramid solar still (CPSS) and a modified pyramid solar still (MPSS). The main components of an MPSS include an SPSS, a PV panel, an SPD with a spiral coil, a circulating pump, and an Arduino Mega Unit. The developed system was designed, fabricated, and verified from July to August 2023 at the Faculty Engineering, South Valley University. The results of the experiments indicated that the daily productivity of freshwater from MPSS was greater than that from CPSS and reached 6038 and 2612 mL/day, respectively, with an increase in the daily yield of 131%. The peak energy efficiency is 56% for the MPSS and 24% for the CPSS. The peak exergy efficiency is 4.26% for the MPSS and 3.79% for the CPSS. Additionally, the cost analysis of the suggested system revealed that the estimated cost per liter of the proposed system is 0.01635 USD/L.

On the possible use of hydraulic force to assist with building the step pyramid of saqqara.

The Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara, Egypt, is considered the oldest of the seven monumental pyramids built about 4,500 years ago. From transdisciplinary analysis, it was discovered that a hydraulic lift may have been used to build the pyramid. Based on our mapping of the nearby watersheds, we show that one of the unexplained massive Saqqara structures, the Gisr el-Mudir enclosure, has the features of a check dam with the intent to trap sediment and water. The topography beyond the dam suggests a possible ephemeral lake west of the Djoser complex and water flow inside the 'Dry Moat' surrounding it. In the southern section of the moat, we show that the monumental linear rock-cut structure consisting of successive, deep compartments combines the technical requirements of a water treatment facility: a settling basin, a retention basin, and a purification system. Together, the Gisr el-Mudir and the Dry Moat's inner south section work as a unified hydraulic system that improves water quality and regulates flow for practical purposes and human needs. Finally, we identified that the Step Pyramid's internal architecture is consistent with a hydraulic elevation mechanism never reported before. The ancient architects may have raised the stones from the pyramid centre in a volcano fashion using the sediment-free water from the Dry Moat's south section. Ancient Egyptians are famous for their pioneering and mastery of hydraulics through canals for irrigation purposes and barges to transport huge stones. This work opens a new line of research: the use of hydraulic force to erect the massive structures built by Pharaohs.

Effective vibrating barriers design for the Zoser pyramid using artificial neural network

Vibrating Barrier (ViBa) is a non-invasive strategy used to protect buildings, especially ancient and historic structures, from seismic wave vibrations. The ViBa is a spring-mass device installed at a separate location beneath the ground surrounding the structure in concern, for the purpose of reducing ground motion energy, without any intervention with the structure itself. The step pyramid of Zoser was one of the archeological monuments affected by the 1992 Earthquake in Egypt. In this work, a new approach of ViBa design is proposed to protect the step pyramid of Zoser using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A numerical model was developed to test the predicted pyramid seismic behavior using the ANN-derived ViBa parameters. The ANN optimization approach shows a reduction in the peak step pyramid acceleration by 46 %. This reduction was obtained using tuning and optimization of the developed ANN.

Process development and validation of next generation 3D calibration standards for application in optical microscopy

Abstract A scalable wafer-based fabrication process for a new generation of 3D standards enabling the 3D calibration of optical microscopes is presented and validated. The 3D standards are based on step pyramids with several layers in the µm range and a system of cylindrical knops distributed across the layers as marks for coordinate based calibration. This enables calibration for the three coordinate axes and the orthogonality error between them in a single measurement step. The requirements necessary for such a calibration, as optical non-transparency, reproducible flatness of the pyramid step heights and the lowest possible deviations of the lateral marks coordinates, are met by optimizing the manufacturing process: The deviation of the height steps distributed over the wafer is ±3.6 nm and is primarily caused by the layer deposition processes. The lateral manufacturing accuracy was determined using calibrated scanning electron microscope (SEM) and show a mean deviation of 20 or 60 nm, depending on the lateral size of the structures. The electron beam lithography process and the level of inaccuracy of the SEM standard have an influence on the lateral scaling accuracy. Based on the tactilely generated height values and the coordinates of the mark determined by a calibrated SEM, an example calibration of a confocal laser scanning microscope was successfully performed and showed good conformity to conventional calibration techniques.

Vernacular classicism and the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus: the architectural imaginary of a Danish interwar crematorium

Abstract This article discusses a crematorium inaugurated in 1923 in the municipal Northern Cemetery (Nordre Kirkegård) of Aarhus as a case of vernacular classicism in interwar Denmark. While earlier works by its architect Sophus Frederik Kühnel (1851–1930) followed National Romantic, Renaissance, and Gothic models, the crematorium stands out because of its crowning feature, a stepped pyramid roof that emulates one of the most characteristic architectural elements of the mid-fourth-century BCE Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, described by Pliny the Elder (HN 36.31) and other ancient authors. This reference to one of the most famous funerary monuments from classical antiquity is both functionally and symbolically appropriate in a cemetery setting and also fits into a longer history of ‘Mausoleumania’, both in Denmark and internationally. Furthermore, it reflects a broader architectural movement of vernacular, ‘Nordic’ classicism during the interwar period, when local architects ‘translated’ classical elements into the vernacular, for example, through prominent use of brickwork and eclectic combinations of classical motifs with both medieval and National Romantic forms. Kühnel’s crematorium shows some of the creative ways in which Scandinavian architects freely adapted distinctive elements from the repertoire of classical architecture, in this case in response to the rise of cremation.

The Great Step Pyramid of Djoser: History, Geology and Nanoplankton Content from its Rock Casing

The Great Step Pyramid of Djoser: History, Geology and Nanoplankton Content from its Rock Casing

The Concavity of the Great Pyramid Can Be Derived from Inward Sloping Courses Needed for the Stability

The Great Pyramid has the character of concavity that each of its four faces is slightly indented along its central line. Applying the geometry on an inclined plane, we show that this concavity could be derived from its inner structure of inward sloping courses gently inclined towards the center of each course, at about 11 degrees to the horizontal, i.e., the slope 1/5 by the ratio of “rise over run”. We explain why the inclined layers together with the reinforced base were necessary for the long-term stability of the Pyramid against the severe natural forces like the high gravitational compression, earthquakes and rainstorms, pointing out the feasible fact that the Pyramid has experienced severe rainstorms more than 500 times during the 4500 years. The crucial point about stability is that the effects of such natural forces are quite different between the core of inclined courses and that of truly level courses in the sense that the former can be tightened to become stronger over time, but the latter would be disintegrated to be weaker over time. Scaled-down models of the Pyramid are introduced to understand the large-scale dynamics of the Pyramid. In particular, the small model reduced by 10-3 helps us to imagine the transformation of vertical into lateral forces, pointed out by Mendelssohn. On the other hand, the Step Pyramid of Djoser can be identified almost as the half-sized model of the Great Pyramid when the Great Pyramid was assumed to be composed only of truly level courses. And this identification tells the fate of the Great Pyramid only of truly level courses that it would have almost collapsed until now like the Step Pyramid before the recent restoration.

Sacred Animals at Saqqara

Saqqara, the necropolis of the first capital city of a unified Egypt, is best known today for the Step Pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser (2667–2648 B.C.). However, the Step Pyramid is only the most visible feature of this great burial site, and the tombs of many thousands of individuals are hidden beneath the sands, some excavated, others not. These human burials are only a part of Saqqara’s funerary history. This paper examines the catacombs of the numerous animals revered by the Egyptians at Saqqara and whose burial places have come to be known collectively as ‘The Sacred Animal Necropolis’ (SAN). First amongst these, both in importance and inception, was the Apis bull, the living image (ba) of Ptah, creator god of Memphis. However, it was the work conducted by Professor W.B. Emery (1903–1971) which brought to light the burial place of the Mother of the Apis as well as those for ibises, falcons, and baboons and which has provided much of what we know of the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara. More recent work has built upon the discoveries made by Emery and others and taken a new approach to these subterranean catacombs for sacred animals.

Changes in Tolaki People Burial in Southeast Sulawesi: From Boat-Shaped Grave Coffin (Soronga) to Boat-Shaped Islamic Tomb (Koburu Bangga)

The first burial system of Tolaki people in prehistoric times and ancient times adopted boat-shaped grave coffin known as soronga or oduni. There were large and small soronga and there were also decorated and undecorated or plain soronga. When Islam was introduced in the Mekongga Kingdom during the leadership of King/Bokeo Laduma in 17th century and in Konawe in 18th century, the burial system was adopted. However, the tradition of using boats experienced a change. During the Islamic era, there were two shapes of grave in the Islamic grave called as ninggeo-nggeo where the grave was placed in a hole made on the side of the excavation and tinandapa where the grave was placed in a hole made in the middle of the excavation and it was intended for elite and influential ruler. There were also four models of tomb types, namely circle (buboto/loelole), rectangular (konahuu), rectangular step pyramid, elongated (menda’a), and boat-shaped (obangga). koburu bangga tomb. The distribution pattern of the tombs varied, there were converging (metobu), circular, and spreading patterns. The shape of tombstone also varied, it resembled pappilus genital, round stone, wide wood and stone, human head, knights grinding stone (oliro). It was made of stone, river stone, mountain stone, wood, and even tree was also used as a tomb marker. The boat-typed tomb still maintained because a faith that the deceased need vehicles to go to their destination. It is also affected by maritime world at the past as well as technology that lived in the past used by a collective memory.

Modeling the Sacred

Architecture and its attendant meanings are the subject of an exceptional group of ceramics produced by the Paracas (c. 800–200 BCE) of south coastal Peru. Masterfully executed in patterned detail, these designs encapsulate a moment in pictorial history that parallels innovation in building design and public acts of display. This essay considers how these architectonic features were pictured and demonstrates the significance of the forms. I examine specific features, such as the step and stepped pyramid, in the context of their architectural history. Modeling in portable objects is shown to be guided by design conventions that emphasize simultaneous, multidimensional perspectives. The objects’ value in ritual activity is also considered. Ideas about the built environment are discussed in relation to sacred geography. I propose a narrative for the interrelated ideas, motifs, and monuments that inform Paracas ceremonialism and sacred places.

Micro Eddy Current Facilitated by Screwed MoS2 Structure for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

AbstractEddy current is a magnetic field effect generated in alternating magnetic field (AMF), which could trigger continuous local heating, reducing the energy consumption without impairing the life of the catalyst or reactor. Unfortunately, the investigation of eddy current effect on transition metal disulfides (TMDs) electrocatalysis is still in its infancy, and its actual electrocatalytic applications has been impeded by the multilayered structure of traditional layered TMDs. Typically, the step pyramid MoS2, with a layer‐by‐layer stacking structure just like the silicon steel plate in the transformer, showing an inevitable interlayer potential barrier will suppress the generation of eddy current and cause low efficiency of magnetic heating. In this work, the designed screw pyramid MoS2 can facilitate the formation of micro eddy current and maximize utilization of magnetic heating to boost electrocatalytic activity, benefiting from its eliminated interlayer potential barrier. This work provides a new thinking for the design of field‐assisted electrocatalytic reactions and development of the advanced catalyst technology.

The invention of twill tapestry points to Central Asia: Archaeological record of multiple textile techniques used to make the woollen outfit of a ca. 3000-year-old horse rider from Turfan, China

Ancient knowledge of the textile arts production and weaving techniques belong to the world's intangible cultural heritage and shape the appearance of most people worldwide when used for clothing. However, their ancient roots can be seldom studied because archaeological textiles and looms on which they were produced decay in most environments without trace. This article presents technical details of fabric and finishing techniques of eight wool garments of a horseman buried ca. 1200–1000 BCE at Yanghai, located in the Turfan oasis in Northwest China. They show an unprecedented diversity and a free combination of three weaving techniques and one type of weft twining supplemented by at least three different braiding methods to finish and fasten the clothes. All techniques were validated by reproduction. The most complex piece of the costume, the man's trousers, known as one of the oldest preserved to date, was made with four different textile techniques on one device, two of them are new discoveries and termed “Yanghai dovetailed twill tapestry” and “Yanghai weft twining”. The studied textiles are local products showing advancements of wool technologies developed in the southern (tapestry) and northern (twill) parts of West Asia, which were transferred and further refined by wool-workers via as yet unknown areas in central and northern Eurasia. A specific inclined T-hook pattern zone at the trousers' knees finds close correspondence with patterns on ritual bronze vessels of the late Shang dynasty in the Chinese Central Plains, ca. 1300–1100 BCE, and on pottery of the Andronovo-Federovo archaeological complex in southwest Siberia and Central Asia, ca. 1800–1000 BCE. Since the appearance of this pattern in Northwest and Central China coincides with the arrival of domesticated horses and associated technologies, the horse breeders likely were the mediators. The stepped pyramid or merlon pattern might refer to architectural features of Eastern Iran and the middle Bronze Age Oxus civilisation. To verify the possible connections, however, is subject to future studies.

Surface modification of Cu electroplated layers for Cu–Sn transient liquid phase bonding

Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding technology attracts great attention as it can produce a full intermetallic compound (IMC) bonding structure for high-temperature applications. In this study, the Cu–Sn TLP bonding is investigated based on the microstructural and mechanical analyses of a sandwiched structure of Cu/Sn-3.5 wt% Ag/Cu under thermal compression at 260 °C for 20 min. Electroplating is used to prepare the Cu base with various surface structures to investigate the topographical effect on the TLP bonding technology. The microstructural analysis indicates that two IMCs, Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn, are formed at the bonding interface. The shear strength test shows that the Cu base with a dome and step pyramid shaped surface structure benefits the TLP bonding and increases the shear strength as compared to common faceted Cu base. The improvement of shear strength is attributed to the riveting and interlocking effect of the Cu domes and pyramids which disadvantages the propagation of fracture.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUGUNG RAHARJO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE WITH GEOPARK AND ASTROTOURISM CONCEPT


 
 
 
 Pugung Raharjo Archaeological Park is an archaeological site covering a 30 hectares area in East Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. There is some evidence of the megalithic era, also called the stepped pyramid of Pugung Raharjo discovered in 1957. There are other megalithic buildings from the 12th to 16th centuries AD, including menhirs and dolmen and prehistoric remains dating back to 2500 BC. From a geological perspective, Pugung Raharjo Archaeological Park was built on the extent of vesicular basalt lava of the Sukadana Formation, which is situated above the top of the Sukadana Basalt Plateau. These stones even have a local designation referred to as 'curly stones' because of their rough texture and vesicular holes. Due to its good strength and adhe-sion, the people of East Lampung use this stone as their house foundation. These stone is also used to make pundan berundak, menhirs, dolmen and others. The use of local stone for buildings and daily life tools shows a strong connection between geological and cultural aspects. The Pugung Raharjo Site area is also a very suitable location for astronomical observations because of the low level of light pollution. Moreover, according to history, people have been familiar with astronomy in their daily lives, such as wor-ship, time markers, navigation, or directions. This gives reach to a hypothesis about the possibility of this ancient society's astro-nomical knowledge manifested in determining each object's position in an area with specific constellation patterns. Based on its potential, Pugung Raharjo Archaeological Park is very suitable for developing the Geopark concept, which integrates geological, biological, and cultural aspects.
 
 
 

The Discovery of the Sarcophagus of Djoser and the Restoration of the Step Pyramid

AbstractThe Step Pyramid of Netjerikhet (also known as Djoser) is the oldest monumental stone structure in Egypt. Much of the pyramid’s facade has suffered significant damage. Moreover, previous restoration works on the south facade destroyed some of the pyramid’s original design. The restoration team Led by Zahi Hawass worked since 2006 on removing the accumulated dust and sand that covered the blocks. The team was able to collect all blocks that were loose under the sand, treated them immediately, and chose the best of them to be placed back onto the pyramid after filling the gaps with mortar. In addition to the restoration of the pyramid, the project studied and confirmed the different construction phases of the Step Pyramid such as the tunnels under the pyramid, The south entrance of the pyramid, The room of the faience tiles and the wall stela, The fifth level of the pyramid. In addition to the discovery of the sarcophagus of Netjerikhet and some additional important discoveries inside the pyramid. The paper also discussed the issue of the search for the discovery of the tomb of Imhotep, the hope of all archaeologists who have worked or are working at Saqqara, as Hawass chose the area west of the Step Pyramid as a likely area to search for the tomb of Imhotep.The paper also discussed the issue of the search for the discovery of the tomb of Imhotep, the hope of all archaeologists who have worked or are working at Saqqara, as Hawass chose the area west of the Step Pyramid as a likely area to search for the tomb of Imhotep.ملخص يعد هرم الملک نتري خت المدرج والمعروف أيضا باسم زوسر، أقدم بناء حجري ضخم في مصر. ولکن تعرضت واجهات الهرم للکثير من الأضرار الجسيمة. علاوة على ذلک، أدت أعمال الترميم السابقة للواجهة الجنوبية إلى تدمير بعض جوانب التصميم الأصلي للهرم. وقد تم تشکيل فريق ترميم برئاسة زاهي حواس بداية من عام ٢٠٠٦ للعمل على ترميم الهرم وإزالة الأتربة والرمل المتراکم الذي يغطي الکتل، حيث تمکن الفريق من جمع کل الکتل التي کانت مفکوکة تحت الرمال ومعالجتها على الفور واختيار أفضلها لإعادتها إلى الهرم بعد ملء الفراغات بالملاط. بالإضافة إلى ترميم الهرم، قام المشروع بدراسة مراحل البناء المختلفة للهرم المدرج مثل الأنفاق الموجودة أسفل الهرم، المدخل الجنوبي للهرم، حجرة الفاينس والمستوى الخامس للهرم. بالإضافة إلى اکتشاف تابوت الملک نتري خت وبعض الاکتشافات الهامة داخل الهرم. کما يناقش البحث قضية البحث عن مقبرة إيمحوتب المهندس العظيم، والتي تعتبر أمل جميع علماء الآثار الذين عملوا أو مازالوا يعملون في سقارة في العثور عليها، بينما اختار حواس المنطقة الواقعة غرب الهرم المدرج کمنطقة محتملة للبحث عن مقبرة إيمحوتب.کما يناقش البحث قضية البحث عن مقبرة إيمحوتب المهندس العظيم، والتي تعتبر أمل جميع علماء الآثار الذين عملوا أو مازالوا يعملون في سقارة في العثور عليها، بينما اختار حواس المنطقة الواقعة غرب الهرم المدرج کمنطقة محتملة للبحث عن مقبرة إيمحوتب.کما يناقش البحث قضية البحث عن مقبرة إيمحوتب المهندس العظيم، والتي تعتبر أمل جميع علماء الآثار الذين عملوا أو مازالوا يعملون في سقارة في العثور عليها، بينما اختار حواس المنطقة الواقعة غرب الهرم المدرج کمنطقة محتملة للبحث عن مقبرة إيمحوتب.

The Imitation Phenomenon The Imitation Phenomenon During the Thinite Age

The most important evolution in the royal architecture of Ancient Egypt was probably the emergence of pyramidal architecture. This revolutionary new concept, started with Netjerkhet’s step pyramid, does not have a clear architectural explanation in the Egyptological context. Most scholars argue that the emerging solar cult was the only clue to this transformation. The present work shows that pyramidal architecture was the result of mixing the clear importance that the solar cult was growing in this historical context and the necessity of the pharaohs to stop the imitation phenomenon that their buildings were suffering by the upper classes during the Early Dynastic Period.

On the Pairs of Shafts in the Pyramid of Khufu as Means for the Ascent to the Akhet

The shafts in the pyramid of Khufu have been investigated by robots in several projects. Mason’s marks in red ink at the end of the southern shaft of the “Queen’s Chamber” can be read as the hieratic number 121 (cubits), which would indicate the shaft’s length. Precise measurements were planned for the pyramid superstructure and its architectural elements. This paper shows that the shafts represent paths of the solar circuit, which would have led the king’s immaterial components to the akhet. The model is highly coherent, and all of its features are discussed, as the shape of the inner step pyramid, the sharp turns of 45° in the northern shafts, and the two metal pins inserted into a blocking slab at the end of each lower shaft.
 
 
 
 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jarce.56.2020.a008
 
 

Worldview and aesthetic principles of the artistic culture of ancient Mesoamericans

The article is devoted to the philosophic and culturological analysis of the artistic culture of ancient Mesoamerica that gives the basis for the reconstruction of spiritual and aesthetic messages as well as artistic and figurative significance and in general the unique mythological worldview of ancient Mesoamericans. The priority is given to the special meaning of the Olmec civilization which founded spiritual, aesthetic, artistic and stylistic basics of Mesoamericans’ cultural and spiritual life further evolution. The conception of reincarnation based on the spiritual boundaries with the genus ancestors has become the main idea of this evolution. Implementation of this conception was observed in the art of all the following civilizations of the region. The exploration of the genuine Olmec, Teotihuacan and Maya ethnical and art cultures gave the possibility to generalize three types of architectural constructions such as stepped pyramids, palaces, playgrounds for cult ball games which are characteristic for Mesoamerican art. Rich iconography of religious, mythological, spiritual, aesthetic and soon social and historical meaning is common for these architectural forms and gave them artistic identity and content-informational significance.Focus on those times’ knowledge of geography and astronomy was another characteristic feature of Mesoamerican culture. All the settlements were built in distinct orientation to the parts of the world or to the certain celestial bodies and constellations. In this way the symbolic horizontal axis of being was formed. The vertical axis was symbolized by the pyramids, which acted as a kind of "guide" of souls from the underworld to the earthly world, and later to the heaven. A ball-playing area, which could also be a special ritual field for sacrifices was the place where earthly life ended, and the soul passed from the dead body to the heavenly world.Thus, the world-aesthetic principles of modern Mesoamericans’ artistic culture harmoniously combine two levels of universalism: human such as dualism and conflicts of contradictions, cyclicity and recurrence, rhythmicity, order and harmony, interdependence of everything that exists, and local ethnocultural spiritual and cultural universals such as reincarnation of the soul, constant spiritual and soul connection with ancestors, synchronicity, the possibility of simultaneous presence of the soul in three different worlds-dimensions, human sacrifices, affirmation of the sublime, heroic through the ugly and mean. This unique symbiosis of ideas, knowledge and values found its powerful expression in the highly artistic art of ancient Mesoamerica, determining its identity and originality.

A 3D Iris Scanner From a Single Image Using Convolutional Neural Networks

A 3D model of the human iris provides an additional degree of freedom in iris recognition, which could help identify people in larger databases, even when only a piece of the iris is available. Previously, we reported developing a 3D iris scanner that uses 2D images of the iris from multiple perspectives to reconstruct a 3D model of the iris. This paper focuses on the development of a 3D iris scanner from a single image by means of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The method is based on a depth-estimation CNN for the 3D iris model. A dataset of 26,520 real iris images from 120 subjects, and a dataset of 72,000 synthetic iris images with their aligned depthmaps were created. With these datasets, we trained and compared the depth estimation capabilities of available CNN architectures. We analyzed the performance of our method to estimate the iris depth in multiple ways: using real step pyramid printed 3D models, comparing the results to those of a test set of synthetic images, comparing the results to those of the OCT scans from both eyes of one subject, and generating the 3D rubber sheet from the 3D iris model proving the correspondence with the resulting 2D rubber sheet and binary codes. On a preliminary test the proposed 3D rubber sheet model increased iris recognition performance by 48% with respect to the standard 2D iris code. Other contributions include assessing the scanning resolution, reducing the acquisition and processing time to produce the 3D iris model, and reducing the complexity of the image acquisition system.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AT PELABUHAN RATU SITE AND CILETUH SITE, SUKABUMI, WEST JAVA: REVEALING THE POSSIBILITY OF MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND THE GOLDEN PATH ON PREHISTORIC PERIOD

Research on Prehistoric Era, especially megalithic culture, has been conducted many times in Indonesia. Generally, the results of the study show that megalithic culture produces structures and buildings of large stones. These remains are often found in mountains or hills. However, the results of the research that the author did in Sukabumi, West Java show different outcome. The author conducted a survey at Pelabuhan Ratu Site and Ciletuh Site. These two sites can be said as newly discovered sites. The method used was an archaeological survey by visiting the site and carefully observing the structure and megalithic buildings on both sites. The results of the study found statues and stepped pyramid in the coastal area. The two sites are located near the sea, so it is more appropriate if we consider that the community developed maritime cultural landscape. Then, the two sites are close to the source of gold. The factor of proximity to valuable mineral resources seems to be a consideration of this site selection. Easy access to interact with the community from other sites, even from other islands, may also be a consideration of location selection.KEYWORDS: