Stem Kale Research Articles

Studi Pembuatan Minuman Serat Alami Yang Kaya β-Karoten

Research on the Study of Natural Fibers Beverage Making Rich Beta Carotene method completely randomized design (CRD) with two (2) replicates. The first factor is the ratio of stem kale and skin melinjo, namely: S1 = 100: 0%, S2 = 75: 25%, S3 = 50: 50%, S4 = 25: 75%, S5 = 0: 100 The second factor is the addition of Carrots juice (W), which consists of three levels, namely: W1 = 30% = 40% W2, and W3 = 50%. The parameters observed: Moisture, Ash levels, Fiber Content, Content Beta carotene, water absorption, oil absorption, organoleptic color, flavor and aroma. The statistical analysis was obtained, that the ratio of water spinach stems and bark melinjo provide highly significant effect (P 0.05) to organoleptic color. And the addition of carrot juice provides highly significant effect (P 0.01) on water content and water absorption Keywords : Stem kale, Caucasian Melinjo, Carrot.

Effect of sink size on growth response to elevated atmospheric CO2 within the genus Brassica

Many plants grown at elevated CO2 concentrations exhibit enhanced photosynthetic rates. However, this increase in photosynthesis is often reduced after prolonged exposure to elevated CO2. This reduction may be related to the capacity of plants to utilize the extra photosynthate produced at elevated CO2. This study examined the effect of source to sink ratio on the capacity of plants to respond to elevated CO2. Seven species or cultivars within the genus Brassica were germinated and grown at either 350 or 1000 ppm CO2. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) and cauliflower (B. oleracea L.) have large carbon sinks in the reproductive structures; Chinese broccoli (Brassica campestris L.) and marrow stem kale (B. oleracea) have carbon sinks in the stem; turnip (B. campestris) stores carbon in the root; rape (Brassica napus L.) and white mustard (Brassica alba (L.) Rabenh.) have no obvious carbon storage structures and were assumed to have a lower sink strength relative to the above cultivars. Plants were harvested at three stages of development and total plant weight, leaf area ratio, and allocation to leaf, root, and stem determined. As young seedlings, all cultivars responded positively to elevated CO2. The long-term growth response of different cultivars to CO2 was independent of sink location, but was dependent on sink size. Cultivars with no obvious carbon storage structures showed no significant growth enhancement by elevated CO2 by the end of the experiment. However, neither leaf area ratio nor biomass allocation pattern were reliable predictors of response to CO2 suggesting that assessing differences in source to sink ratio is not necessarily straightforward.Key words: biomass allocation, sink strength, functional groups, elevated carbon dioxide, leaf area ratio.

Seedling disease of marrow stem kale controlled with combination fungicide seed treatments

Seedling disease of marrow stem kale controlled with combination fungicide seed treatments

Observations on nitrile production during autolysis of kale and swedes, and their stability during incubation with rumen fluid

AbstractA method was modified for quantitatively measuring total nitriles produced from glucosinolate degradation during autolysis of kale and swede plant tissue. Nitrile production from New Zealand Medium Stem kale was less at pH 7.5 (0.28 mol mol−1 glucosinolate) than at pH 5.7 (0.57 mol mol−1 glucosinolate). Lower levels were produced from Maris Kestrel kale, due both to a lower glucosinolate content and to reduced conversion of glucosinolate to nitriles. The amount of nitrile obtained on conversion of glucosinolate tended to be reduced by growing New Zealand Medium Stem kale in soil of low SO4‐S concentration, due to a reduction in plant glucosinolate content. Nitrile production from swede tissue was 0.3–0.5 mol mol−1 glucosinolate. Nitriles produced from swedes were rapidly degraded upon incubation with rumen fluid (4 h), whereas nitriles produced from kale remained stable for incubation periods up to 23 h. The high rate of conversion of glucosinolate to nitriles coupled with their stability in rumen fluid suggests that, in addition to goitrogenic properties, nitrile formation also deserves attention in the nutrition of ruminant animals fed kale diets. Of the four brassica diets tested, New Zealand Medium Stem kale is considered the most likely to cause nutritional problems (depressions in intake and reproduction) from nitrile production, and a method of testing this is suggested.

Rooted leaf cuttings as an aid in screening for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae

SUMMARYRooted leaf cuttings were used to screen a range of genotypes and cultivars from Brassica spp. and Raphanus sativus for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae. The optimum conditions for obtaining equivalent disease incidence and disease severity on leaf cuttings and on seedlings were investigated.In the method used leaves were cut near the base of the petiole before the lamina was fully expanded. They were kept in a mist propagator for 6 to 18 days and then transferred to a clubroot test bench and individually inoculated with a suspension of resting spores. There was an optimum period for each cultivar between cutting and inoculation which gave the maximum incidence of infection: c. 15 days for Doon Major (swede); 10–15 days for Civasto (stubble turnip) and Giant Rape (forage rape); c. 22 days for Maris Kestrel (marrow stem kale) and c. 10 days for Slobolt (fodder radish). Gall size on rooted leaf cuttings gave a quantitative measure of disease severity equivalent to that on seedlings in tests using the European Clubroot Differential host set, the five above‐mentioned cultivars and four swede cultivars. There was little callus production except on some B. campestris hosts and on cuttings with shoot tissue; microscopic examination was used to confirm the presence or absence of infection in galls.Hormone rooting powder did not increase the rate of root production in two cultivars of forage rape. Root development was less extensive in B. campestris than in B. oleracea or B. napus. Apparently normal shoots developed on 96% of leaf cuttings (inoculated and uninoculated) in which a fragment of axillary bud tissue was included. The results are discussed in relation to screening for resistance in whole plants and in tissue culture.

Experimental and cytological studies of the « Brassica oleracea » group

Summary All Brassica forms with the n = 9 genome characteristic of the cultivated cabbages are included. The group should be given taxonomie rank as soon as its taxonomy and nomenclature have been sufficiently investigated. Some changes in infrageneric and generic taxonomy may be necessary when the results of this and other similar investigations are at hand. The following units are to be included in the B. oleracea group: Cultivars, the best-know being: Cauliflower, broccoli, kale, stem kale, head cabbages, brussels sprouts, kohlrabbi and the Chinese « alboglabra » forms. Wild taxa: 1. Brassica cretica Lam., with ssp. cretica and ssp. nivea (Boiss. & Spr.) Onno, in S Greece and the Aegean area. 2. The B. rupestris complex, of Sicilia, S to C Italy, W Yugoslavia and the Crimea, including forms described as B. incana Ten., B. villosa Biv., B. rupestris Rafin., B. drepanensis (Car.) Dam., B. tinei Lojac., B. mollis Vis., B. botteri Vis., B. cazzae Ginzb. & Teyb. and an unnamed form of the Crimea. 3. B. macrocarpa Guss from Isole Egadi. 4. B. insularis Moris, from Sardinia, Corsica and Tunisia, including B. atlantica (Coss.) O. E. Schulz. J. B. hilarionis Holmb. from Cyprus. 6. B. oleracea from S Britain and W France. 7. B. robertiana Gay from S. France and N Italy. The final taxonomie arrangement must wait until the results of our crossing programme are available and some further nomenclatural questions solved. Problems treated: 1. What wild taxa really do belong to the group, and how should they be treated taxonomically? 2. What are the relations between the different wild taxa and the different cultivars? 3. Which wild plants can be used as sources of diversity for each cultivar? Main results: 1. Within the B. cretica complex interfertility is good between most combinations of populations and fertility is well retained in most F2 families. Two regional subspecies can be recognised. There is wide random variation between isolates in the S Aegean morphologically and in fertility relations, but this cannot lead to the recognition of further taxa. 2. Any combination of wild and cultivated forms produce hybrids. The fertility of F1 families is variable. 3. The n = 9 genome is almost identical throughout the group as shown by meiotic pairing in the F1 material. Further investigations: all crossing combinations must be analysed in F1 and F2 generations. The critical B. incana complex is the subject of a more detailed crossing programme. Material wanted: Seeds and herbarium specimens from more wild populations, esp. of B. hilarionis from Cyprus and of the wild or introduced forms in Lebanon.

Callus formation from protoplasts of marrow stem kale

Enzymatically isolated protoplasts of marrow stem kale ( Brassica oleracecea L. var. acephala DC. subvar medullosa Thell. cv. Maris Kestral) were induced to divide and form colonies. The regeneration of roots from such colonies was obtained under suitable conditions. A prerequisite for reproducible protoplast division was the pre-culture of peeled leaves on a callus inducing medium prior to protoplast isolation. The increased ability to divide and the change in morphology of these pre-cultured protoplasts is described.

Regeneration of Diploid and Polyploid Plants from the Stem Pith Explants of Diploid Marrow Stem Kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Regeneration of Diploid and Polyploid Plants from the Stem Pith Explants of Diploid Marrow Stem Kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Ploidy chimeras in plants regenerated from the tissue cultures ofBrassica oleracea L

Two plants which were sectorial chimeras in the two tested characters,i.e. in the length of stomata and their frequency, were found among the 17 individuals regenerated from the stem pith of the same marrow stem kale plant. The chimeral character was also expressed in the size and variability of pollen grains and in the number of colpae in their exine. The different ploidy of sectors (2n, 4n) was confirmed cytologically.

Comparative responses of botanical varieties ofBrassica oleracea L. (brussels sprouts, sprouting broccoli and marrow stem kale) to inbreeding and hybridisation

The effects of inbreeding and hybridisation inBrassica oleracea L. were studied in diallel crosses within four varieties of Brussels sprouts three varieties of sprouting broccoli and one kale variety. In addition to each intra-varietal diallel within the two horticultural brassicas, plants of one of the other varieties were also included so that the first diallel analysis could be compared with an intra-plus-intervarietal analysis.

Distribution of thioglucosides in different parts of Brassica plants

Paper- and thin-layer chromatography were used in qualitative investigations on thioglucosides in vegetative parts of Brassica napus, B. campestris and several forms of B. oleracea. The various morphological parts i.e. root, stem, petiole and midvein, lamina excluding midvein, and “head” were analysed separately. Spectrophotometric methods were used for semi-quantitative determinations. It was shown that the thioglucoside pattern may be rather complex. A rape variety which originated from a cross between a turnip rape and marrow stem kale also investigated showed the same pattern as the turnip rape variety. In B. oleracea thioglucosides with 4-carbon aglucones are very common while the B. napus and B. campestris varieties investigated essentially contain thioglucosides with 5-carbon aglucones. A CH 3SO-group often occurs as a terminal substituent in the 4- and 5-carbon aglucone in the thioglucosides of B. oleracea and B. napus-B. campestris respectively. Glucobrassicin was found in all plants investigated. The variation in thioglucoside pattern within the species B. oleracea is fairly wide. The thioglucoside progoitrin seems to be quite absent from the vegetative parts of several B. oleracea types.

Influence of the Level of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on the Yield and Dry Matter Content of Marrow Stem Kale at Various Sowing Dates

ALTHOUGH nitrogen, appears to be the major element affecting the yield of kale1, there is marked variation in response2, which depends on the level of soil fertility3, rainfall4 and the dates of harvesting4,5 and sowing, some authors finding a greater response to nitrogen when sowing occurs after early June2. It is also known that higher rates of nitrogen reduce the dry matter content4,5 and increase the number of lodged and rotted plants in marrow stem kale, especially with very late harvesting5. In 1962, 1963 and 1964 the effects of nitrogen level and plant population on the yield and dry matter content of Cannells marrow stem kale were investigated in respect of varied dates of sowing and two dates of cutting (Table 1). Five levels of nitrogen were used: (a) no nitrogen, 1963 and 1964; (b) 2 cwt. nitro-chalk (21 per cent nitrogen) per acre, late sowing 1964; (c) 4 cwt. nitro-chalk/ acre, 1962, 1963 and 1964; (d) 6 cwt. nitro-chalk/acre, early sowing 1964; (e) 8 cwt. nitro-chalk/ acre, 1962, 1963 and 1964. All nitrogen was broadcast immediately after drilling and each treatment received a basal dressing of 5 cwt./acre of a 20 per cent phosphorus pentoxide compound, 20 per cent potassium monoxide compound which contained no nitrogen. Graded seed was precision drilled at 1 and 2 in. spacings in rows 8, 16 (1962) and 24 in. apart.

The effects of advancing season on the chemical composition of marrow stem kale

1. Four varieties of marrow stem kale in the first season, and thirteen in the second, were sampled on three occasions during the first half of the winter. Intervals between samplings were up to 1 month. The plants in the samples were divided into leaf, top half of the stem, and bottom half. The levels of dry matter, proximate constituents and minerals were determined in each sample.2. The differences in composition between the three main fractions of the plant were highly significant for all the chemical constituents, except magnesium. The values for the chemical constituents in the top half of the stem were intermediate between those of the leaf and the bottom half of the stem for most constituents; it had the lowest values for dry matter and the highest for potassium and phosphorus. The distribution of chemical constituents between the whole stem and the leaf were similar to those reported previously.

Influence of Spacing and Level of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Stem Cracking and Lodging in Marrow Stem Kale

SEVERE water shortage, particularly in the early stages of tuber development, results in secondary growth of potato tubers1,2. The resultant crop may then contain a high proportion of misshapen and cracked tubers3–5. These conditions are often aggravated by a low plant density5,7. Work here shows a marked similarity in the development of the stems of marrow stem kale when water shortage occurs during the early stages of growth.

Potential Productivity of Marrow Stem and Thousand-headed Kale

SEED of marrow stem kale was sown in August and the plants transplanted to permanent quarters in October. Approximately half of the plants flowered in the following spring. The non-flowering plants continued their vegetative growth and were sampled by the ‘perfect plant method’ in the following October. Dry-matter production (excluding roots) was equivalent to 9.7 (from an August 4 sowing) and 7.6 (from an August 19 sowing) tons per acre. If we neglect the weight of the plants at transplanting time this represents a complete year's production of dry matter. Plants from later August and September sowings, transplanted in April, produced by October 8.6 and 6.2 tons of dry matter (excluding roots) per acre. Comparable production figures for thousand-headed kale from these later sowings were 7.7 and 6.2 tons. These figures represent a production of dry-matter two or three times as great as that obtained when the kales are sown in the traditional manner in April, and much in excess of that obtained with other agricultural crops. They may be compared with the annual dry matter production of 7.6 for the evergreen Pinus1, 3.2 for birch2, and 1.6–5.6 tons per acre for natural herbaceous vegetation3.

Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes III. The minor elements

1. Four varieties of marrow stem kale, three of thousand headed kale, Hungry Gap Kale, Rape-Kale and five other rape varieties were sampled at two centres in mid-Wales and separate leaf and stem samples analysed for manganese, molybdenum and boron. Similar samples of four varieties of marrow stem kale, two of thousand headed kale, Hungry Gap Kale, Rape-Kale and two other varieties of rape were taken from two further centres and prepared with the most stringent precautions to prevent contamination. Iron, copper, zinc and lead were determined in these samples.

A germination inhibitor and root-growth retarder in chou moellier (Brassica oleracea var.).

INVESTIGATIONS are being undertaken at this Station into local problems associated with the establishment of new pastures. Such pastures are commonly sown in the autumn following a summer crop of chou moellier (marrow stem kale), Brassica oleracea var. A frequent outcome of such sowings is that the grass components of the seeds mixture germinate and grow apparently normally, while the legume component may or may not germinate. If the seeds of the legume component (chiefly white clover) do germinate, and seedlings emerge, they frequently die off in four to six weeks.

Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes. I. The kales

1. Four varieties of marrow stem kale, three of thousand headed kales, Hungry Gap Kale and Rape-Kale were grown at three centres in mid-Wales. They were sampled in the early winter period and separate leaf and stem samples analysed for the proximate constituents and minerals.2. Leaf to stem ratios were measured on both a green and dry matter basis and the latter values used to calculate whole plant values for the chemical constituents.3. The leaves of the marrow stem kales were higher in dry matter than the stems, except in the case of the Purple Stem Kale. This variety resembled the thousand headed and rape-type kales in having a higher dry matter in the stems. On a dry matter basis, the leaves of all the varieties were richer than the stems in ether extract, crude protein, total ash and all the minerals except potassium and sodium. These elements occurred to a greater extent in the stems of the fleshy stemmed marrow stem kales than in the leaves. The stems were higher in crude fibre and nitrogen-free extractives.4. The leaves of the rape-type kales were higher than those of the other varieties in silica, phosphorus and potassium. They were the best source of phosphorus on a whole plant basis. The marrow stem kales had considerably higher leaf and stem values for sodium and were markedly superior to the other varieties as a source of the element.

The free amino-acids present in fresh and in fermented marrow stem kale

1. An investigation has been made into the changes that take place in the free amino-acid pattern when kale-water slurries are allowed to ferment under conditions of (a) aeration, (b) anaerobiasis and (c) partial sterilization with sulphur dioxide.2. It has been found that, with aerated mixtures, the loss of free amino-acids is virtually complete within 2 weeks, while there is only a slight loss with the anaerobic mixtures. With mixtures containing sulphur dioxide no loss of amino-acids occur.3. The formation of α-amino butyric acid possibly from threonine has been noted.

The composition and nutritive value of marrow stem kale and thousand head kale

The paper records the results of an investigation into the composition, digestibility and nutritive value of marrow stem kale (both unthinned and singled-out) and thousand head kale. A number of the main findings are recorded below.The average dry-matter content of unthinned marrow stem kale during September and October was 13·3 per cent. During the following January it had reached a slightly higher level, namely, 14·2 per cent. Singling out of the marrow stem kale appeared to exercise little effect on the dry-matter content of the crop. Thousand head kale, with an average dry-matter content of 15·8 per cent., is significantly richer in dry matter than the marrow stem kale, although this advantage was offset by the lower yield, in terms of green matter, given per acre by the thousand head kale.