Concentrations Of Stem Extracts Research Articles

The Flavonoid Content of Bajakah Honey in Peatlands and Uplands in Kalimantan, Indonesia

The bajakah plant is a type of plant used by the Dayak ethnic community in Central Kalimantan. This plant is used to treat various diseases, especially cancer, and degenerative and supplements to increase stamina. The results of previous research found that bajakah contains phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The research also showed that red bajakah (Uncaria acida) revealed high flavonoid content in its stems, leaves, and twigs. Trigona honey (Heterotrigona itama) also contains high levels of flavonoids. This study aimed to determine whether a mixture of Bajakah stem extract and trigona honey from peatlands and uplands could increase the flavonoid content. The results showed that the flavonoid content increased with increasing red bajakah stem extract concentration with trigona honey from the peatlands and uplands. The highest results were obtained with a mixture of 0.225 mg of bajakah extract and 15 ml of trigona honey from peatlands with a flavonoid content of 29.580 mg/ml and a concentration of 0.150 mg/ml of bajakah extract and 15 ml of trigona upland honey, producing flavonoid content of 32.580 mg/ml.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK KULIT BATANG PULAI (Alstonia scolaris) TERHADAP HAMA Plutella xylostella

The aim of this study is to find out the effectiveness and concentration of Pulai stem extract (Alstoniascolaris) upon the pest of Plutellaxylostella. This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty of Flores University in Ende. A completely random design was employed with five treatments, namely J0 (aquades), J1 (75 ml of Pulai stem extract concentration), J2 (100ml of Pulai stem extract concentration), J3 (125ml of Pulai stem extract concentration), J4 (150ml of Pulai stem extract concentration).The result of study reveals that extract of PulaiAlstoniascolaris stem was influential to the development of Plutellaxylostella pest in contact poison of J0 7,50%, J1 60,00%, J2 67,50%, J3 67,50% and J4 80,00%, while for repellant activity of J0 80,00%, J1 57,50%, J2 22,50%, J3 15,00%, and J4 15,00%, for belly poison of J0 00,00%, J1 57,50%, J2 72,50%, J3 75,00% and J4 80,00%. Extract of Pulai stem is the right plant which is effective to highest mortality of Plutellaxylostellapest, belly poison on80,00% of J4 treatment, repellant activity on 15% of J4 treatment, and contact poison on 70% of J4 treatment.

Chemical characterization, computational analysis and biological views on Daphne gnidioides Jaub. & Spach extracts: Can a new raw material be provided for biopharmaceutical applications?

The scientific world tends to turn to natural products such as medicinal and aromatic plants because of the inadequacy of commercially available synthetic drugs as antibiotics or anticancer, and their adverse effects on healthy tissues. One of these plants is Daphne gnidioides Jaub. & Spach, which belongs to the Thymelaeaceae family, and there is no data in the literature on its biological activity. This study is aimed to elucidate the chemical profiles and in vitro anticancer, antibacterial and DNA protection and enzyme inhibitory properties of methanol extracts of root, stem, and leaf of D. gnidioides Jaub. & Spach. Polyphenolic components of the extracts were characterized by HPLC-MS/MS. The highest phenolic content was detected in the leaf extract (TIPC = 43.5 ± 0.5 mg/g DE), followed by stem (TIPC = 27.3 ± 0.7 mg/g DE) and root (TIPC = 18.3 ± 0.2 mg/g DE) extracts. Vicenin-2 and 3-O-p-coumaroyl-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid were the main identified compounds in leaf and both root and stem extracts, respectively. The extracts did not show any protective effect on DNA against experimental Fenton’s reagent. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration values for the root and leaf extracts against tested bacterial strains ranged from 31.25 to 500 μg/mL. After 48 h interaction of the cancer cell lines with the extracts, only the stem extract had significant cytotoxicity on HeLa cells (IC50 = 86.16 μg/mL). No remarkable activity of the extracts, which was tested against MDA-MB-231, was detected (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL). These data showed that D. gnidioides Jaub. & Spach stem extract inhibited the survival of HeLa cells in a time-dependent manner. After the treatment of IC50 concentration of stem extract with HeLa cells, an increase in LC3-II autophagic gene expression was detected. Also, the extracts exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibitory effects which were confirmed by molecular docking. To sum up, the tested extracts could be used as a starting point for the development of new multifunctional drugs.

Effects Of 25%, 37.5% and 50% Musa Acuminata Extract as a Denture Cleanser on the Flexural Strength and Surface Roughness of Acrylic Resin

Mauli banana (Musa acuminata) stem extract contains potential bioactive compounds against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in which can be used as an alternative for synthetic denture cleanser. The use of denture cleanser may weaken flexural strength and surface roughness of heat-cured acrylic resin. This study was subjected to analyse the effect of 25%, 37.5% and 50% Mauli bananas stem extract immersion as a denture cleanser to surface roughness and flexural strength of heat-cured acrylic resin. Seventy specimens of heat-cured acrylic resin were fabricated in rectangular shape with 65 mm × 10mm × 3.3 mm in size according to ISO standard 1567. Treatment groups comprised of Mauli banana stem extract at the concentration of 25%, 37.5%, 50% while 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and aquadest were used as control groups. Heat-cured acrylic resin immersion was performed for 5 days. Thirty-five specimens were tested for flexural strength using universal testing machine and other 35 specimens were tested for surface roughness using surface roughness tester SJ-30. Analyzing results with one-way ANOVA test, no significant differences (p=0.986) of surface roughness was obtained from Mauli banana extract of 25% (0.158±0.020 μm), 37.5% (0.160±0.030 μm) and 50% (0.162±0.037 μm), 0.2% CHX (0.155±0.020 μm), aquadest (0.157±0.022 μm). The result flexural strength was significantly differed between 0.2% CHX (79.05±3.10MPa) and aquadest (94.36±6.31MPa) (p=0.003) with no significant differences (p>0.05) between Mauli banana stem extract concentration group 25% (85.30±8.65MPa), 37.5% (84.91±6.60MPa) and 50% (83.60±8.36MPa). No effects of 25%, 37.5% and 50% mauli banana stem extract immersion was presented upon flexural strength and surface roughness of heat-cured acrylic resin therefore it can be used as an alternative for denture cleanser material.

THE EFFECT OF MAULI BANANA STEM EXTRACT GEL (Musa acuminata) APPLICATION IN CONCENTRATION OF 37.5% ON EPITHELIAL THICKNESS (Research report)

Background: Injury is a state of damage or loss of tissue that can be caused by physical action. Plants that can be used in wound healing is mauli banana stem. Mauli banana stem extract gel concentration of 37.5% contains tannins and saponins which have potential as immunomodulators. Previous research has stated that mauli banana stem extract gel concentration of 37.5% can cure traumatic ulcers. Purpose: To prove the effect of mauli banana stem (Musa acuminate) extract gel application in concentration of 37.5% on epithelial thickness in wistar rat’s (Rattus novergicus) oral mucosa lesions on the 7th day of wound healing process. Method and material: This research was a true experimental research with posttest only control group design. It used 3 treatment groups consisted of a group which was given mauli banana stem (Musa acuminata) extract gel concentration of 37.5%, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel (HPMC) and patent drug containing Aloe vera extract gel. Results: The mean of epithelial thickness in the wound healing process on the 7th day in treatment group, negative control group, and positive control grou were 119.1857 μm, 82.4563 μm, and 90,5937μm respectively . One-way Anova's test showed that there is a difference between the result of the treatment groups. Post hoc LSD test showed significant difference of epithelial thickness between mauli banana stem extract concentration of 37.5% group and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel (HPMC) group. There is no significant differerence between mauli banana stem extract gel concentration of 37.5% group and the patent drug containing Aloe vera extract gel group. Conclusion: The application of mauli banana stem extract gel in concentration of 37.5% can increase epithelial thickness in oral mucosa on the 7th day of wound healing process

Enhanced chemocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds by biosynthesized gold nanoparticles

A novel and eco-friendly green procedure was developed for the synthesis of Au nanoparticles using stem extract of Salvadora persica. This plant stem extract provides a favorable environment for the formation of small size and well dispersed Au nanoparticles within 15–30 nm diameter. The Au nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, HRTEM, SEM, EDX and FT-IR. The particle size and morphology of Au nanoparticles were also investigated at different stem extract concentrations. The results showed that lesser the concentration of stem extract, spherical and small will be the size of Au nanoparticles. The present research indicated that the green synthesized Au nanoparticles can be used as an effective catalyst for the chemocatalytic reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP. Various factors i.e. catalyst amounts and particle size and shape that affect the chemocatalytic reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP were also studied. The results showed that Au nanoparticles synthesized at 15 vol.% extract's concentration have strong chemocatalytic activity and reduced 4-NP only within 3 min. It may be due to the single spherical shape and small size of Au nanoparticles.

Antiplasmodial Test of Tinospora crispa Stem Extract against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Strain In Vitro

This study aimed to prove the existence of anti-plasmodial activity from Tinospora crispa (T. crispa) stem extracts and to determine the IC50 values as well as the best T. crispa stem extract concentration in inhibiting the growth of P. falciparum 3D7 strain in vitro. The degree of parasitemia was observed by counting the number of infected red blood cells in Giemsa stained blood films under a light microscope with a magnification of 1000x. The Plasmodium DNA concentration was measured using flow cytometryc with Propidium Iodide (PI) staining. Analysis of fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer showed that the methanol extracts of T. crispa stem contained tinocrisposide compound. From the quantitative test results of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), it was obtained 0,22 % alkaloids that might contain compounds of berberine and palmatine. One way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that the degree of parasitemia and the concentration parasite DNA of treatment group of dose of 2,0mg/ml was significantly lower compared to the control group after 48 hours (p=0,001) and 72 hours (p=0,001) of incubation. The T. crispastem methanol extract has anti-plasmodium activity, with IC50 values between 0,27 mg/ml and 0,29mg/ml, and the effective dose to inhibit the growth of P. falciparum 3D7 strain is 2,0 mg/ml with reducing parasitemia degree by 47,12% and 56,83% after 72 hours of incubation. From this study shown the methanol extract of T. crispastem was able to reduce the parasitemia degree of P. falciparum 3D7 strain in vitro and could to be a potential candidate for anti malarias.Keywords: Antiplasmodium, methanol extract, T. crispa, Plasmodium falciparum

Newbouldia Laevis ( Seem ) as an Entomocide against Sitophilus Oryzae and Sitophilus Zeamais Infesting Maize Grain

This study was conducted under laboratory conditions at temperature of 28±2 o C and relative humidity 75±5% to investigate the entomocidal flurry of Newbouldia laevis against Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais infesting maize grain in storage. The powders of stem and root of N. laevis were prepared at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5g dosages, while their extracts were prepared at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% concentrations. The control experiments were also set up. None of the powders of stem and root of this plant was able to achieve complete mortality of the two insects within 96h of application, except for the root powder which was able to achieve 100% mortality of S. oryzae at 0.5g dosage only. Only the root extract at 4% was able to achieve complete weevils mortality within 96h and its effect was significantly different (p<0.05) from the extracts of the stem except at 4 and 5% concentration of stem extract. The fiducial limits showed that a lower concentration of root extract was needed to cause 50% mortality in S. zeamais (0.00-1.64 %) when compared to the concentration needed for S. oryzae (0.10-1.72 %). Both the stem and root extracts of the plant were more effective than their powders. The powders and the extracts of this plant either reduced or prevented the emergence of adult weevils and inhibit the developmental period of the insects. The powders and the extracts of N. laevis also reduced or prevented the weight loss of the treated maize grains. Therefore, with the result obtained in this research, both the powder and extract of N. laevis root and stem could go a long way in the quest of providing alternative wherewithal to the use of chemical insecticides for protecting maize grain in storage. Root extract of N. laevis could, however, offer more protection against S. oryzae and S. zeamais infesting maize grain than its stem extracts.

Allelopathic effects of Paeonia decomposita on seed germination and protective enzymes activities of wheat

The root, stem and leaf aqueous extracts of Paeonia decomposita were assayed at 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.1 g ml-1 for their seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat. All aqueous extracts at all concentrations inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of wheat compared with the control, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. Protective enzymes unfolded different trends with increasing concentrations of aqueous extracts. Compared to the control, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity increased at first but then dropped with increasing concentrations of root extracts, but increased with increasing concentrations of stem extracts. Catalase (CAT) activity increased with increasing concentrations of all the aqueous extracts. It was concluded that P. decomposita extracts, especially in root, have significant herbicidal effects on the germination and growth of wheat, and the mechanisms of antioxidative enzymes under allelopathic effects of P. decomposita on wheat are not yet clear. Key words: Paeonia decomposita Hand.-Mazz., allelopathic effects, wheat, protective enzyme.

Study on Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of Stem Alkaloid Extract of Different Varieties of Holy Basil on Aluminium in HCl Solution

Corrosion inhibition efficiencies of holy basil on Al in HCl solution were studied by weight loss and thermometric methods in presence and in absence of stem extract of three different varieties of holy basil viz. ocimum basilicum (<TEX>$E_B$</TEX>), ocimum canum (<TEX>$E_C$</TEX>) and ocimum sanctum (<TEX>$E_S$</TEX>). Inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing concentration of stem extract and decreases with increases in acid strength. Results show that all varieties under study are good corrosion inhibitors, among which, <TEX>$E_B$</TEX> is most effective. Maximum inhibition efficiency was found 97.09% in 0.5N HCl solution with 0.6% stem extract. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm indicates that surface coverage also increases with increasing in the concentration of extract of stem in HCl solution.

Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol using Biogenic Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Derived fromBreynia rhamnoides

A simple, green method is described for the synthesis of Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) from the stem extract of Breynia rhamnoides. Unlike other biological methods for NP synthesis, the uniqueness of our method lies in its fast synthesis rates (~7 min for AuNPs) and the ability to tune the nanoparticle size (and subsequently their catalytic activity) via the extract concentration used in the experiment. The phenolic glycosides and reducing sugars present in the extract are largely responsible for the rapid reduction rates of Au(3+) ions to AuNPs. Efficient reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in the presence of AuNPs (or AgNPs) and NaBH(4) was observed and was found to depend upon the nanoparticle size or the stem extract concentration used for synthesis.

温州ミカンの着果負担に関する研究 (第2報)

Stems and leaves from satsuma mandarin trees bearing different crop loads were sampled during the year and analyzed for osmotic concentration, soluble solids and water content in the expressed sap. Seasonal fluctuation in the specific gravity and concentration of water extract of tissue powder in leaves and stems were also examined. The following results were observed.1) With respect to leaves, high positive simple and partial correlations were established between osmotic value and soluble solids content, while conversely, a negative but high simple correlation was found between osmotic value and water content. Hence, it seems that osmotic value of the sap is dominantly affected by the soluble solids content. Higher correlation ship was detected between these variables in alternate bearing trees than in annual bearers.2) With stems, positive simple and partial correlations were found between the osmotic concentration and soluble solids content in the expressed sap in the annual bearing trees but not in the biennial bearers. Their values were lower for stems than for leaves from the same trees. No correlation existed between the osmotic value of stem sap and the water content.3) Comparison between water and soluble solids contents of leaves revealed a negative simple correlation, whereas in stems, both negative simple and partial correlations existed. Thus, it is concluded that the soluble solids content of the sap in the stem is greatly influenced by the water content.4) Evaluation of environmental factors revealed that high negative correlations existed between osmotic value of leaf sap and both dry and wet-bulb temperatures (°C), the latter being higher than the former. This finding indicates that the osmotic value of the leaf is governed in part by the vapor pressure deficit or relative humidity of the atmosphere. Although no such distinct correlation was found in the stem samples, a negative one was recognized between the osmotic value and the amount of precipitation. Hence, it appears that humidity in the soil or atmosphere affects the osmotic values of the sap in the stem.5) Comparison of seasonal changes in specific gravity of tissue powder obtained from bearing and non-bearing shoots revealed that no difference existed between leaves from these shoots collected on the same dates, whereas the specific gravity of non-bearing stems was consistently higher than that of bearing ones especially in the summer and fall months.6) The seasonal trends in total carbohydrate and nitrogen contents in young satsuma mandarin shoots expressed as percentage dry weight were paralleled to those in specific gravity of the powdered tissue. Hence a high positive correlation was found to exist between these variables.7) In the leaves, a low positive simple correlation was found between the specific gravity of tissue powder and the solute ratio, but not in the stems.8) Slight differences of the concentrations of water extracts obtained from powdered leaves were observed between non-bearing and bearing shoots. However, the concentrations of stem extracts from non-bearing shoots were noticeably higher than those from bearing ones from summer to winter.