Stem Cell Therapy For Treatment Research Articles

Potential Plausible Role of Stem Cell for Treating Depressive Disorder: a Retrospective Review.

Depression poses a significant threat to global physical and mental health, impacting around 3.8% of the population with a rising incidence. Current treatment options primarily involve medication and psychological support, yet their effectiveness remains limited, contributing to high relapse rates. There is an urgent need for innovative and more efficacious treatment modalities. Stem cell therapy, a promising avenue in regenerative medicine for a spectrum of neurodegenerative conditions, has recently garnered attention for its potential application in depression. While much of this work remains preclinical, it has demonstrated considerable promise. Identified mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of stem cell therapy encompass the stimulation of neurotrophic factors, immune function modulation, and augmented monoamine levels. Nonetheless, these pathways and other undiscovered mechanisms necessitate further investigation. Depression fundamentally manifests as a neurodegenerative disorder. Given stem cell therapy's success in addressing a range of neurodegenerative pathologies, it opens the door to explore its application in depression treatment. This exploration may include repairing damaged nerves directly or indirectly and inhibiting neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, significant challenges must be overcome before stem cell therapies can be applied clinically. Successful resolution of these issues will ultimately determine the feasibility of incorporating stem cell therapies into the clinical landscape. This narrative review provides insights into the progress of research, potential avenues for exploration, and the prevailing challenges in the implementation of stem cell therapy for treatment of depression.

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for treatment of osteoradionecrosis of mandible in head and neck surgery patients - A way forward into the future with promising clinical Outcomes.

Managing osteoradionecrosis is an integral part of complication management in head and neck cancer patients. While essentially an infection, the management of this complication has a considerable task for head and neck surgeons. While various measures have been discussed for the management, stem cells injection therapy is a potential management option. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy provides the local tissue with growth factors and proliferative cells that can aid a radiated tissue in the healing process. The article intends to review the bedrock of the pathology, ranging from pathophysiological and the epidemiological concerns to sparking a potential discussion on the use of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in osteoradionecrosis of mandible in head and neck cancer surgery and thus the ensuing future of the regenerative medicine. Moreover, the article has considered the management option in a developing nation thus explaining the procedural as well as the financial pitfalls and has highlighted the potential loop holes to be addressed in the management of osteoradionecrosis with stem cell therapy.

Autophagy regulation combined with stem cell therapy for treatment of spinal cord injury.

Stem cells are a group of cells with unique self-renewal and differentiation abilities that have great prospects in the repair of spinal cord injury. However, stem cell renewal and differentiation require strict control of protein turnover in the stem cells to achieve cell remodeling. As a highly conserved "gatekeeper" of cell homeostasis, autophagy can regulate cell remodeling by precisely controlling protein turnover in cells. Recently, it has been found that the expression of autophagy markers changes in animal models of spinal cord injury. Therefore, understanding whether autophagy can affect the fate of stem cells and promote the repair of spinal cord injury is of considerable clinical value. This review expounds the importance of autophagy homeostasis control for the repair of spinal cord injury from three aspects-pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, autophagy and stem cell function, and autophagy and stem cell function in spinal cord injury-and proposes the synergistic therapeutic effect of autophagy and stem cells in spinal cord injury.

A consolidated review on stem cell therapy for treatment and management of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and affects around 50 million people around the globe. AD is diagnosed mainly through imaging techniques and to date only five drugs are approved for management of AD but no promising treatment is available for AD. So in this review, we are focusing on stem cell therapy for AD. This review will cover all stem cells like mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and neural stem cells. Clinical trials of AD have also been discussed. Finally, limitations of stem cells are discussed with ongoing clinical trials, and in the future stem cell therapy can be used for treatment of AD.

Stem Cell Therapy in Lupus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease with multiple organs and systems involved such as the kidney, lung, brain and the hematopoietic system. Although increased knowledge of the disease pathogenesis has improved treatment options, current immunosuppressive therapies have failed to prevent disease relapse in more than half of treated patients. Thus, the cell replacement therapy approach that aims to overcome adverse events of traditional treatment and improve recovery rate of refractory SLE is considered as an alternative treatment option. A large number of animal studies and clinical trials have shown stem cell therapy to be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of SLE. Since the first transplantation into human patients, several stem cell types have been applied in this field, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this review, we overview different cell sources of stem cells and applications of the stem cell therapy for treatment of SLE, as well as the comparison between HSCs transplantation (HSCT) and MSCs transplantation (MSCT).

Mesenchymal stem cell therapies for Alzheimer's disease: preclinical studies.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by memory failure, cognitive impairment, as well as behavioral and psychological manifestations. Drugs can only moderately manage, but not alleviate, clinical symptoms. Results, based on animal models, have demonstrated that cell therapy is a promising strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders. The homing effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) replaces damaged cells, while some scholars believe that the paracrine effects play a crucial role in treating diseases. In fact, these cells have rich sources, exhibit high proliferation rates, low tumorigenicity, and immunogenicity, and have no ethical concerns. Consequently, MSCs have been used across various disease aspects, such as regulating immunity, nourishing nerves, and promoting regeneration. Deterioration of public health status have exposed both Alzheimer's patients and researchers to various difficulties during epidemics. In this review, we discuss the advances and challenges in the application of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

INTRAOVARIAN INJECTION OF ALLOGENEIC MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS: FEASIBILITY AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT IN BOVINES

<h3>Background</h3> Ovum pick-up (OPU) is a technique widely used for production of bovine embryos in-vitro. However, continuous OPU can be associated with the appearance of often irreversible ovarian lesions. The possibility of using stem cell therapy for treatment of infertility both in animals and in humans is currently under investigation, but the safety of intraovarian infusion of stem cells in bovines has not been established at this point. Therefore, in the present study we determined the feasibility and safety of intraovarian application of allogeneic MSC derived from adipose tissue of healthy cows. <h3>Methods</h3> Two OPU procedures were executed 15 days apart. Immediately following the second OPU, 2.5 million allogeneic MSCs were injected to the ovarian cortex of healthy nelore (n=5) and girolando (N=5) cows. The animals were subsequently evaluated by ultrasonography and clinical examination at 24, 48 and 72 hs post MSC injection. At 15, 30 and 45 days post MSC injection, new OPU procedures were executed and the number of viable oocytes collected, and rate of embryo production were determined. <h3>Results</h3> No clinical nor ultrasonographic alterations were detected in treated animals. Furthermore, similar numbers of viable oocytes, embryos produced, and rate of embryo production before and after MSC application were observed. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Based on these data, it can be concluded that the intra-ovarian application of 2.5 million adipose-derived MSC is safe. Future steps include the MSC treatment of individuals which present ovarian degeneration or lesions. <h3>Financial support</h3> This work was supported by CNPq, CAPES, FAPDF, FAPESP and Universidade of Brasilia.

Hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia: better models for better therapies.

ABSTRACTBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease caused by exposure to high levels of oxygen (hyperoxia) and is the most common complication that affects preterm newborns. At present, there is no cure for BPD. Infants can recover from BPD; however, they will suffer from significant morbidity into adulthood in the form of neurodevelopmental impairment, asthma and emphysematous changes of the lung. The development of hyperoxia-induced lung injury models in small and large animals to test potential treatments for BPD has shown some success, yet a lack of standardization in approaches and methods makes clinical translation difficult. In vitro models have also been developed to investigate the molecular pathways altered during BPD and to address the pitfalls associated with animal models. Preclinical studies have investigated the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies to improve lung morphology after damage. However, variability regarding the type of animal model and duration of hyperoxia to elicit damage exists in the literature. These models should be further developed and standardized, to cover the degree and duration of hyperoxia, type of animal model, and lung injury endpoint, to improve their translational relevance. The purpose of this Review is to highlight concerns associated with current animal models of hyperoxia-induced BPD and to show the potential of in vitro models to complement in vivo studies in the significant improvement to our understanding of BPD pathogenesis and treatment. The status of current stem cell therapies for treatment of BPD is also discussed. We offer suggestions to optimize models and therapeutic modalities for treatment of hyperoxia-induced lung damage in order to advance the standardization of procedures for clinical translation.

Promising impacts of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

A novel coronavirus named COVID-19 has begun to spread in Wuhan, China from December 2019 and become a global health concern.1 Individuals with underlying diseases are at greater risk and more prone to be critically ill in case of infection so that mortality rate is 49% in subjects entering intensive care units.2 It has been reported that critically ill COVID-19 patients remarkably have elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, G-CSF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα, contributing to outbreak of cytokine storm.

Role of stem cell therapies in treating chronic wounds: A systematic review.

BACKGROUNDThe impairment of cutaneous wound healing results in chronic, non-healing wounds that are caused by altered wound environment oxygenation, tissue injury, and permissive microbial growth. Current modalities for the treatment of these wounds inadequately address the complex changes involved in chronic wound pathogenesis. Consequently, stem cell therapies have emerged as a potential therapeutic modality to promote cutaneous regeneration through trophic and paracrine activity.AIMTo investigate current literature regarding use of stem cell therapies for the clinical treatment of chronic, non-healing wounds.METHODSPubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus were queried with combinations of the search terms “mesenchymal stem cells,” “adult stem cells,” “embryonic stem cells,” “erythroid precursor cells,” “stem cell therapies,” and “chronic wounds” in order to find relevant articles published between the years of 2000 and 2019 to review a 20-year experience. Reference lists from the articles were reviewed to identify additional pertinent articles. Retrieved manuscripts (reviews, case reports/series, retrospective/prospective studies, and clinical trials) were evaluated by the authors for their depiction of clinical stem cell therapy use. Data were extracted from the articles using a standardized collection tool.RESULTSA total of 43 articles describing the use of stem cell therapies for the treatment of chronic wounds were included in this review. While stem cell therapies have been explored in in vitro and in vivo applications in the past, recent efforts are geared towards assessing their clinical role. A review of the literature revealed that adipose-derived stem cells, bone marrow-derived stem cells, bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells, epidermally-derived mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblast stem cells, keratinocyte stem cells, placental mesenchymal stem cells, and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have all been employed in the treatment of chronic wounds of various etiologies. Most recently, embryonic stem cells have emerged as a novel stem cell therapy with the capacity for multifaceted germ cell layer differentiation. With the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, stem cells can enrich existing cell populations in chronic wounds in order to overcome barriers impeding the progression of wound healing. Further, stem cell therapies can be utilized to augment cell engraftment, signaling and activity, and resultant patient outcomes.CONCLUSIONAssessing observed clinical outcomes, potential for stem cell use, and relevant therapeutic challenges allows wound care stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding optimal treatment approaches for their patients’ chronic wounds.

Safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy for treatment of neural damage in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal inflammatory disease that involves the central nervous system and associated with limbs paralysis and serious problems in sensation, limbs, visual and sphincter. This disease is a result of autoimmune mechanism in which autoantibodies target the self-myelin antigens and cause demyelination. Because of the myelin dysfunction, MS is clinically identified with neurological disabilities. Furthermore, it can be entered into the progressive phase because of irreversible neurodegeneration and axons damage. Unfortunately, there is no effective therapeutic method for this disease and current medications have been focused on amelioration of symptoms and chronic inflammation. Although current immunotherapies ameliorate the reactivity of autoimmune anti-myelin and MS relapse rate, there is no approved method for improvement of the disease progression and repairing of the damaged myelin. Therefore, finding an appropriate clinical treatment for improvement of neurological damages in MS patients is essential. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with high proliferative and self-renewal capacities, as well as immunomodulatory and neuroregenerative effects. Bone marrow and adipose tissues derived MSCs have been considered for the treatment of different diseases because not only they can be easily isolated from these tissues, but also a patient can be served as a donor for himself without the risk of rejection. More importantly, autologous MSCs carry a safer pattern without the risk of malignant transformation. Here, we will discuss the effectiveness of MSCs therapy for MS patients by reviewing of clinical trials.

Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson's Disease-Associated Pathology.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of motor control due to a wide loss of dopaminergic neurons along the nigro-striatal pathway. Some of the mechanisms that contribute to this cell death are inflammation, oxidative stress, and misfolded alpha-synuclein-induced toxicity. Current treatments are effective at managing the early motor symptoms of the disease, but they become ineffective over time and lead to adverse effects. Previous research using intracerebral stem cell therapy for treatment of PD has provided promising results; however, this method is very invasive and is often associated with unacceptable side effects. In this study, we used an MPTP-injected mouse model of PD and intravenously administered neural precursors (NPs) obtained from mouse embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells. Clinical signs and neuropathology were assessed. Female mice treated with NPs had improved motor function and reduction in the neuroinflammatory response. In terms of safety, there were no tumorigenic formations or any detectable adverse effect after treatment. Our results suggest that peripheral administration of stem cell-derived NPs may be a promising and safe therapy for the recovery of impaired motor function and amelioration of brain pathology in PD.

Cellular regenerative therapy for acquired noncongenital musculoskeletal disorders.

Stem cells have an inherent capacity to facilitate regeneration; this has led to unprecedented growth in their experimental use in various clinical settings, particularly in patients with diseases with few alternative treatment options. However, their approved clinical use has to date been restricted largely to haematological diseases and epidermal transplantation to treat severe burns. After thorough searching of two databases, this review illuminates the role of stem cell therapy for treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. Research suggests that successful application of stem cells as regenerative mediators is in all likelihood dependent on the ability of endogenous tissue-resident reparative mediators to respond to paracrine signals provided by the applied stem cells. Therefore, an understanding of how the pathological environment influences this process is crucial for the ultimate success of stem cell therapies. The current review presents both the progress and limitations of stem cells as regenerative mediators in the context of musculoskeletal disorders.

Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain: a Comprehensive Review.

Discogenic low back pain (DLBP) stems from pathology in one or more intervertebral discs identified as the root cause of the pain. It is the most common type of chronic low back pain (LBP), representing 26-42% of attributable cases. The clinical presentation of DLBP includes increased pain when sitting, coughing, or sneezing, and experiencing relief when standing or ambulating. Dermatomal radiation of pain to the lower extremity and neurological symptoms including numbness, motor weakness, and urinary or fecal incontinence are signs of advanced disease with disc prolapse, nerve root compression, or spinal stenosis. Degenerative disc disease is caused by both a decrease in disc nutrient supply causing decreased oxygen, lowered pH, and lessened ability of the intervertebral disc (IVD) to respond to increased load or injury; moreover, changes in the extracellular matrix composition cause weakening of the tissue and skewing the extracellular matrix's (ECM) harmonious balance between catabolic and anabolic factors for cell turnover in favor of catabolism. Thus, the degeneration of the disc causes a shift from type II to type I collagen expression by NP cells and a decrease in aggrecan synthesis leads to dehydrated matrix cells ultimately with loss of swelling pressure needed for mechanical support. Cell-based therapies such as autologous nucleus pulposus cell re-implantation have in animal models and human trials shown improvements in LBP score, retention of hydration in IVD, and increased disc height. Percutaneously delivered multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been proposed as a potential means to uniquely ameliorate discogenic LBP holistically through three mechanisms: mitigation of primary nociceptive disc pain, slow or reversal of the catabolic metabolism, and restoration of disc tissue. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into cells of all three germ layers in vitro, but their use is hindered related to ethical concerns, potential for immune rejection after transplantation, disease, and teratoma formation. Another similar approach to treating back pain is transplantation of the nucleus pulposus, which, like stem cell therapy, seeks to address the underlying cause of intervertebral disc degeneration by aiming to reverse the destructive inflammatory process and regenerate the proteoglycans and collagen found in healthy disc tissue. Preliminary animal models and clinical studies have shown mesenchymal stem cell implantation as a potential therapy for IVD regeneration and ECM restoration via a shift towards favorable anabolic balance and reduction of pain.

Stem cell therapy for treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease).

Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger's disease, is a non-atherosclerotic, segmental inflammatory pathology that most commonly affects the small- and medium-sized arteries, veins, and nerves in the upper and lower extremities. The etiology is unknown, but involves hereditary susceptibility, tobacco exposure, immune and coagulation responses. In many cases, there is no possibility of revascularization to improve the condition. Stem cell therapy is an option for patients with severe complications, such as ischemic ulcers or rest pain. To assess the effectiveness and safety of stem cell therapy in individuals with thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Vascular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and AMED databases and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov trials registers to 17 October 2017. The review authors searched the European grey literature OpenGrey Database, screened reference lists of relevant studies and contacted study authors. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of stem cell therapy in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). The review authors (DC, DM, FN) independently assessed the studies, extracted data and performed data analysis. We only included one RCT (18 participants with thromboangiitis obliterans) comparing the implantation of stem cell derived from bone marrow with placebo and standard wound dressing care in this review. We identified no studies that compared stem cell therapy (bone marrow source) versus stem cell therapy (umbilical cord source), stem cell therapy (any source) versus pharmacological treatment and stem cell therapy (any source) versus sympathectomy. Ulcer healing was assessed in the form of ulcer size. The mean ulcer area decreased more in the stem cell implantation group: from 5.04 cm2 (standard deviation (SD) 0.70) to 1.48 cm2 (SD 0.56) compared with the control group: mean ulcer size area decreased from 4.68 cm2 (SD 0.62) to 3.59 cm2 (SD 0.14); mean difference (MD) -2.11 cm2, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.49 to -1.73; 1 study, 18 participants; very low-quality evidence. Pain-free walking distance showed more of an improvement in the stem cell implantation group: from mean of 38.33 meters (SD 17.68) to 284.44 meters (SD 212.12) compared with the control group: mean walking distance increased from 35.66 meters (SD 19.79) to 78.22 meters (SD 35.35); MD 206.22 meters, 95% CI 65.73 to 346.71; 1 study; 18 participants; very low-quality evidence.Outcomes such as rate of amputation, pain, amputation-free survival and adverse effects were not assessed.The quality of evidence was classified as very low, with only one study, small numbers of participants, high risk of bias in many domains and missing information regarding tobacco exposure status. Very low-quality evidence suggests there may be an effect of the use of bone marrow-derived stem cells in the healing of ulcers and improvement in the pain-free walking distance in patients with Buerger's disease. High-quality trials assessing the effectiveness of stem cell therapy for treatment of patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) are needed.

Feasibility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

This review of iPSCs to treat T1D provides a current assessment of the challenges and potential for this proposed new therapy.

Chronic Niche Inflammation in Endometriosis-Associated Infertility: Current Understanding and Future Therapeutic Strategies.

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease that affects up to 10% of women of reproductive age and accounts for up to 50% of female infertility cases. It has been highly associated with poorer outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART), including decreased oocyte retrieval, lower implantation, and pregnancy rates. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated infertility is crucial for improving infertility treatment outcomes. Current theories regarding how endometriosis reduces fertility include anatomical distortion, ovulatory dysfunction, and niche inflammation-associated peritoneal or implantation defects. This review will survey the latest evidence on the role of inflammatory niche in the peritoneal cavity, ovaries, and uterus of endometriosis patients. Nonhormone treatment strategies that target these inflammation processes are also included. Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies are highlighted for potential endometriosis treatment because of their immunomodulatory effects and tropism toward inflamed lesion foci. Potential applications of stem cell therapy in treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility in particular for safety and efficacy are discussed.

Safety and efficacy of hematopoietic and mesanchymal stem cell therapy for treatment of T1DM: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

IntroductionInsulin standard treatment of T1DM cannot cure the patients as different chronic complications occurred subsequently. Investigations on a curative treatment in T1DM propose cell replacement or maintenance instead of exogenous insulin therapy, but different dimensions of this novel treatment are not clarified.Methods and analysisWe will include all clinical trials which have evaluated the efficacy MSC or HSC transplantation in T1DM treatment; electronically search bibliographic databases, country registration data banks, and gray literatures; and hand-search two key journals, two experts’ article, and references of the included articles with no language restriction. Primary outcome is the extent of reduction in insulin requirement and secondary outcomes are safety of MSC and HSC therapy, effect of this therapy on diabetic parameters, effect of the rout of transplantation and origin of the MSC or HSC on efficacy of treatment, studies heterogeneity and potential reasons of it. Heterogeneity and its severity will be calculated with Q Cochrane test, P value, and I2 index. STATA software version 12 will be used for meta-analysis. PROSPERO Registration number: CRD42016047176.Ethics and disseminationWe will publish the systematic review in a peer review journal; as it presents an analysis of published literature, the study does not require ethical approval.Strengths and limitations of this studyThis systematic review and meta-analysis will investigate the efficacy of MSC and HSC transplantation in T1DM treatment with no language restriction. Also we will evaluate gray literatures after hand searching.This protocol is prepared according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P).Two reviewers will evaluate screened full texts, extract data, and asses risk of bias of eligible primary studies independently.As there is the possibility that we miss some unpublished primary studies due to negative results, we will use funnel plot to detect this and correct it with fill and trim method.

Stem Cell Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by demyelination and neuronal loss that is induced by attack of autoreactive T cells to the myelin sheath and endogenous remyelination failure, eventually leading to functional neurological disability. Although recent evidence suggests that MS relapses are induced by environmental and exogenous triggers such as viral infections in a genetic background, its very complex pathogenesis is not completely understood. Therefore, the efficiency of current immunosuppression-based therapies of MS is too low, and emerging disease-modifying immunomodulatory agents such as fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate cannot stop progressive neurodegenerative process. Thus, the cell replacement therapy approach that aims to overcome neuronal cell loss and remyelination failure and to increase endogenous myelin repair capacity is considered as an alternative treatment option. A wide variety of preclinical studies, using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of MS, have recently shown that grafted cells with different origins including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural precursor and stem cells, and induced-pluripotent stem cells have the ability to repair CNS lesions and to recover functional neurological deficits. The results of ongoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell therapy studies, with the advantage of peripheral administration to the patients, have suggested that cell replacement therapy is also a feasible option for immunomodulatory treatment of MS. In this chapter, we overview cell sources and applications of the stem cell therapy for treatment of MS. We also discuss challenges including those associated with administration route, immune responses to grafted cells, integration of these cells to existing neural circuits, and risk of tumor growth. Finally, future prospects of stem cell therapy for MS are addressed.

Stem cell therapy for treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)

Stem cell therapy for treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)