Stem And Leaf Research Articles

PSIV-5 High Desert Hemp Varieties Under Varied Nitrogen Fermentation Techniques Effects on Its Utilization as Livestock Feed Through in Vitro Fermentation

Abstract Nitrogen fertilizing of hemp varietals in high the high desert may assist in ensuring that production levels match the demand for growing hemp varietals. However, altering fertilizer levels may differently affect plant biomass and cannabinoid concentrations of plant tissues which changes the potential by-product utilizable for livestock feed. This study aimed to determine the influence of hemp fractions [flower (FL) vs stem and leaves (SL)] under three nitrogen fertilization regimens (0, 100, and 200 kg· ha-1) on in vitro rumen fermentation. Incubations runs consisted of triplicates of 500-mL bottles containing approximately 0.5 g of either ground SL or FL of hemp at the three nitrogen fertilization regimens. Rumen fluid was collected from two ruminally cannulated Angus steers, filtered through four layers of cheesecloth, and diluted to 4:1 with a standard buffer solution. A total incubation volume of 75 mL of the buffer: rumen fluid mix was added to each flask. Flasks were then placed in a rotating incubator (55 rpm) at 39°C, connected to an Ankom RF gas production system (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY), and removed after 24, 48, and 96h. Total gas production (TGP), metabolizable energy (ME), ammonia nitrogen concentration (N-NH3), and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using lmer function in lme4 package in R with treatment and time as a fixed effect and replicates as a random effect. Statistical significance was established at P < 0.05 (Table 1). No differences were observed for N-NH3 (P > 0.05). Overall, SL samples had greater total VFA than FL, with T0SL having the greatest concentration among all treatments (P < 0.01). In congruence, acetate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and the ratio between acetate and propionate concentrations were also greater for T0SL (P < 0.01). Concentrations of butyrate were greater for T200SL (P < 0.01), while T100SL had the greatest concentration of butyrate among all the treatments (P < 0.01). Overall, SL fractions of hemp seem to be more suitable as a ruminant feed source. The greater fat content of the FL compared with SL may detrimentally affect microbial populations and should further be explored. From our results, N supplementation significantly alters fermentation patterns during in vitro, which further warrants the evaluation of these feeds on in vivo experiments.

Antioxidants and antibacterial activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract

This study aimed to examine the antioxidants and antibacterial activity of Glycyrrhiza root, stem and leaf extract. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The antibacterial activity was determined using the paper disc method against two bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Results showed part of the plant effect of the antioxidants and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the root sample had significantly (P <0.05) higher total phenol content and antioxidant activity than leaves and stem samples. The TPC value of leaves extract 211.64mg GAE/g dry extract and DPPH 86.36 % was estimated. The antibacterial activity of MeOH extract against the Staphylococcus aureus zone of inhibition was 21.37 mm for root extracts and 8.30 mm against E. coli. The result showed that Glycyrrhiza root, stem and leaf extract were effective against both the bacteria tested with high concentrations. The Glycyrrhiza root, stem and leaf extract can be used to control infectious diseases and prevent oxidative damage. Keywords: Glycyrrhiza glabra, DPPH, TPC, Antibacterial activity

Geographical Origin Authentication of Edible Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Hangbaiju) Using Stable Isotopes

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., known as Hangbaiju (HBJ), is a high-value edible, medicinal product where the flowers are infused in hot water and drunk as tea. Its quality and efficacy are closely related to its geographical origin. Consequently, it is vulnerable to fraudulent substitution by other lower-value Chrysanthemum products. In this study, cultivation (variety and different growth stages) and isotopic fractionation between the flower, stem, and leaf were studied. Samples from four different HBJ varieties were characterized using stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O, %C, and %N) across three producing regions in Zhejiang province, China. The results showed that there were no significant differences in stable isotopic compositions for different HBJ varieties, but there were significant differences for different plant tissues (flower, stem, leaf, etc.). Furthermore, the stable isotopic composition altered dramatically at different growth stages. The δ15N (r = 0.6809) and δ2H (r = 0.6102) correlations between stems and leaves (SL) and flowers (F) of HBJ were relatively good, the δ13C correlation (r = 0.2636) between SL and F was weak, but δ18O correlation (r = 0.01) had almost no correlation. A supervised multivariate statistical model (partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) was used to discriminate three different producing regions with high accuracy (66.7%, 66.7%, and 100%, respectively). Our findings show that stable isotopes combined with multivariate statistical analysis provide an effective method for the geographical identification of HBJ.

Anatomical traits of Artemisia umbelliformis subsp. eriantha (asteraceae) alpine glacial relict from Mt. Durmitor (Montenegro)

In this study, the vegetative anatomy of Artemisia umbelliformis subsp. eriantha, a Central European alpine glacial relict, wild-growing on Mt. Durmitor (Montenegro) was examined for the first time. The aim was to investigate the general anatomy and particular anatomical traits which might have possible taxonomic value. Microscopic slides were prepared according to the standard histological procedures. The adventitious young root showed a primary structure, while the older root showed a secondary structure with a well-developed periderm on its surface. The rhizome showed a primary structure with elements of a secondary structure (periderm). The stem cross section is characterized by a round shape with a well-developed periderm at certain stages, and collateral vascular bundles arranged in a circle. The petiole is concave in shape with a single-layered epidermis and parenchyma tissue with one large and two small vascular bundles. Druses and rhombohedral crystals are observed inside some petiole parenchyma cells. The leaf lobe cross section has an oblong-linear shape and is isolateral and amphistomatous in structure. The anticlinal walls of the leaf epidermal cells are sinuate. Secretory canals are present in the root cortex parenchyma (endodermal secretory canals) and the rhizome cortical parenchyma. The stem, petiole and leaf lack secretory canals. The stem and leaf are covered with T-shaped non-glandular and glandular trichomes. The taxonomic value of the analyzed characteristics is briefly discussed.

Soil macrofaunal activity, microbial catabolic limitations and nutrient cycling in cropping systems amended with woody residues and nitrogen inputs

Agroecological practices are emerging as efficient alternatives to address the challenge of sustainable agriculture. The objective of this study was to examine whether plant residue amendments from stems and leaves (SL) of an agroforestry shrub (Piliostigma reticulatum) enriched with nitrogen (N) sources improve nutrient cycling in Soudano-Sahelian cropping systems. The experimental design was organized into four replicates with six treatments consisting of two treatments of SL residue amendments (amended and non-amended) in combination with three treatments including additional N sources (natural soils, urea, and cowpea as intercrop). The results showed that the activity of termites (Nasutitermes torquatus) and ants (Messor galla and Pachycondyla rufipes) was 12–13 and 2–3 times higher in the SL amended soils than in non-amended soils, respectively. The activity of earthworms (Millsonia inermis) was highest in the SL amended soils associated with the cowpea intercrop, and was significantly lower in the urea enriched soils. SL amendments and N enrichments had no effect on soil basal respiration. The substrate-induced respiration with N substrates (L-alanine and L-argininel) was 25 and 52 % higher in the SL amended soils than in the natural soils without any N inputs, indicating N limitation of microbial activity. This corroborates the higher C/N ratio (14.3) observed in the SL amended soils compared to the natural soils without any inputs (10.3). The N enrichment decreased the C/N ratio of the SL amended soils but was not efficient to alleviate microbial catabolic limitations, likely by switching from N to C limitation. Overall, the SL amendments with or without N enrichments triggered temporarily the soil macrofaunal activity, increased the NH4-N availability compared to that of NO3-N, and improved crop performance.

Isolation and Identification of Symbiotic Bacteria from <i>Brasenia schreberi</i> and Analysis of their Polysaccharide Producing Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity

Brasenia schreberi (water shield), a perennial freshwater aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae, is rich in polysaccharides with positive biological activity and potential application value. As an indicator plant of the environment in wetlands, B. schreberi original and wild water environment faced increasing deterioration and has been listed as a critically endangered species in several countries of East Asia. Seeking an alternative method to produce B. schreberi mucilage polysaccharide is of top priority. The morphological structure of the stem and leaf of B. schreberi was studied. Well-developed glandular cells and aerenchyma tissue were observed in the stem and leaves of water shield, which were related to its aquatic habitat and polysaccharide secretion and then three endophytic bacteria were successfully isolated and purified from its stem and leaf and identified as Micromonospora sp. YG-1, Xylariaceae sp. strain UT-X and Psychrobacter pulmonis strain T-15. Symbiotic bacteria from B. schreberi produced polysaccharides with similar spectral peaks and chemical functional groups to those of B. chinensis. Further, analysis of hydroxyl free radicals showed that symbiotic bacteria in water shield had significant antioxidant activity against hydroxyl free radicals. This study provides a theoretical and practical basis for further study using symbiotic bacteria to produce polysaccharides to overcome the environmental limitations of the growth and development of B. schreberi.

Comparative Anatomical Survey on the species of Iberis L. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey

Iberis taxa natively found in Turkey are represented by 8 species and are annual and/or perennial herbs or subshrubs. In this study we provide a detailed anatomical description of Turkish Iberis taxa for the first time and try to solve the complexity of taxonomical uncertainties of the genus. Root, stem and leaf anatomies are investigated and stomatal index of Iberis is indicated. Our results provided valuable evidence on doubtful circumstance of species in this genus. I. attica is the only species that has winged stem structure and branched trichomes. I. carica, one of the endemics, is the only species with its continuous vascular cambium in stem that forms a vascular bundle circle. I. sempervirens is the only species without indumentum which has also a subshrub habit. I. odorata is the only annual species. There are two types of leaf anatomy as bilateral and isolateral. Iberis taxa found in Turkey are amphistomatic. Myrosin cells that are the characteristic of the order Brassicales are observed in all examined species. Anatomical results support that I. attica and I. spruneri are two separate taxa instead of as combined I. carnosa.

Anatomical properties of four Pilosella Vaill. (Asteraceae) taxa from Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey

Anatomical features of four Pilosella Vaill. taxa (P. officinarum Vaill., P. piloselloides (Vill.) Sojak subsp. bauhini (Schult.) S. Bräut. & Greuter, P.× hypeurya (Peter) Sojak, P. densiflora (Tausch) Sojak) collected from Black Sea Region of Turkey were investigated. Anatomical studies include transverse sections of root, stem and leaf with their illustrations. Although the anatomical properties are similar to the typical anatomy of dicotyledons, some differences were observed among them. While root anatomy of P. officinarum, P. piloselloides subsp. bauhini and P. densiflora consist of a single layer exodermis, there is 2-3 layer exodermis in the natural hybrid P. × hypeurya. Additionaly the root pith of this hybrid taxa completely composed of schlerenchyma cells in contrast to other investigated taxa. The stem anatomy of the investigated taxa is similar to each other except the number of the tracheidal elements. The numbers of the stomata per µm2 disticltly differ in P. piloselloides subsp. bauhini from the rest examined taxa.

Research progress on the anticancer components from plants stem and leaf in recent five years

Research progress on the anticancer components from plants stem and leaf in recent five years

Growth of potato genotypes under different silicon concentrations

The aim of this work was to verify the beneficial potential of Silicon on the growth of potato genotypes in order to select potato genotypes that best respond to Si application. Four potato genotypes were used: SMIJ319-7, Dakota Rose, SMIF212-3 and SMINIA793101, grown in hydroponic system. The plants were transferred to nutrient solutions with four Si concentrations: 0; 0.5; 2.5; and 5.0 mM as NaSiO3. After seven days of exposure to treatments, leaf area, leaf number, shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of roots, stem and leaves were determined. The application of 0.5 mM Si promoted an increase in growth parameters of plants used in this work, mainly in leaf area, leaf number, and leaf and stem dry weight. However, the application of higher concentrations of Si (2.5 mM) promoted reduction in the growth parameters, mainly in leaf area. It was also possible to observe a genotypic variation with respect to Si, SMIJ319-7 and SMIF212-3 genotypes being the most responsive to Si. Therefore, the concentration of 0.5 mM Si is considered optimal for potentiating the growth of potato plants, and SMIJ319-7 and SMIF212-3 genotypes are the most responsive to Si.

مطالعۀ تشریحی جنس Psephellus از تیرۀ مرکبان متعلق به ایران

در پژوهش حاضر تشریح برگ و ساقۀ 10 گونه از جنسPsephellus (تیرۀ مرکبان) متعلق به فلور ایران بررسی شد. پس‌از جمع‌آوری و شناسایی نمونه‌های گیاهی، از برگ و ساقۀ آنها به روش دستی برش عرضی تهیه شد و بهترین برش‌ها برای رنگ‌آمیزی و مطالعه با میکروسکوپ نوری انتخاب شدند. صفت‌های مختلف تشریحی ازجمله تعداد دستجات آوندی ساقه، تعداد دستجات کلرانشیم و کلانشیم ساقه، شکل کلی مقطع عرضی ساقه، شکل سلول‌های اپیدرمی، تیپ روزنه در برگ، انواع کرک در ساقه و برگ، وجودداشتن و یا نداشتن کوتیکول و مغز بررسی شد. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان دادند صفت‌های تشریحی برگ و ساقه در این جنس دارای ارزش تاکسونومیکی‌اند و طبقه‌بندی‌های پیشین این جنس را تا حد درخور توجهی تأیید می‌کنند؛ بر این اساس مشخص شد تعداد دستجات آوندی و نوع کرک مهم‌ترین صفت‌ها برای تفکیک گونه‌ها و بخش‌های ‌این جنس‌اند. درنهایت، برای نخستین‌بار کلید شناسایی گونه‌ها و بخش‌های این جنس بر اساس صفت‌های تشریحی ارائه شد.

Comparison of morphology and structure of stem and leaf of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. under different soil conditions.

Comparison of morphology and structure of stem and leaf of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. under different soil conditions.

Circulatory Management of Nutritional Substance Growing Sunflower and Extracting Nutrition by Hot-compressed Water Treatment

Sunflowers are grown as an ornamental plant and a catch crop beside an oilseed crop in Japan. Seed residues after oil milling are recycled as a feed for livestock and a fertilizer. After harvesting, crop residue such as stem and leaves are returned to the soil by the tillage in conventional cultivation. This report discusses the appropriate circulatory management of crop residues and plant nutrition considering them as a new commodity and plant nutrients resource for activating small agriculture. To study the characteristics of the nitrogen uptake from soil, sunflower cultivar named Hybrid Sunflower was grown with fixed row distance of 70 cm and varying hill distance of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm in a 5 m * 5m plot at a university farm, Tokyo, Japan. Growth survey was carried out every week. Sunflower whole crops sampled at each plot were dried in the oven at 70 °C for 1 day soon after the blanching treatment and stored until the extraction experiment. Sunflower sample at the growth stage of after flowering had the largest mass compared with the stage of before flowering and seed harvesting. Total dried matter of whole crop in 10cm-plot was the largest among the planting density conditions for each growth stage. The dried matter of crop residue at the growth stage of seed harvesting was 613, 408, 323, 281 and 279 g/m2 for the plot of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm, respectively. Nitrogen contained in sunflower stem was 2.5 to 5.5 g-N/m2 and that in seed was almost double, 5.9 to 7.5 g- N/m2. Sunflowers were processed to extract nitrogen by the hot-compressed water (HCW) treatment. Ground sample of sunflower stem mixed with water was heated at temperature of 180, 200 and 220 °C with gas pressure of 2 MPa in a pressure tight reactor for 5 and 30 min to release nitrogen from the solid fibre. Sample was separated into the solid matter fraction and the liquid matter fraction after the treatment. Extracted nitrogen as liquid matter was 37.9, 45.5 and 49.4 % at temperature of 180, 200 and 220 °C, respectively. Approximately 40 to 50 % of nitrogen contained in sunflower stem was recovered as the liquid matter. The liquid matter can be returned to the soil as a fertilizer while the solid matter containing cellulose and hemi- cellulose can be used as a raw material for bioethanol production.

Effects of dormancy-breaking treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks using as rootstock for pistachio trees

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different dormancy-breaking treatments including stratification, sulphuric acid scarification, dehulling (removing the mesocarp and exocarp from the nut) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination and seedling development of two different Pistacia khinjuk genotypes (A and B) using as rootstock for pistachio cultivars. Seed dormancy-breaking treatments were shelled (control), shelled + GA3, dehulled, dehulled + GA3, sulphuric acid scarification and sulphuric acid scarification + GA3 applications in the present experiment. The seeds of both genotypes were stratified at 4 oC for 50 days after the dormancy-breaking treatments. Stratified seeds were sown in the vials filled with peat in the greenhouse to determine the germination percentage. Plantlets were transplanted to plastic containers to determine the vegetative growth. The highest germination rate was obtained from sulphuric acid scarification in both P. khinjuk genotypes. In P. khinjuk-A seedlings, the highest stem growth was obtained from scarification and dehulled applications, whereas the poorest development was observed from dehulled + GA3 application. The best growth in the P. khinjuk-B seedlings was obtained from scarification + GA3 application. The effect of the dehulled application on the root development of P. khinjuk-A seedlings was better than the other applications; however the effect of dormancy-breaking applications on root development of P. khinjuk-B seedlings was found to unsteady. Scarification increased the number of leaves in both genotypes. As a result, dormancy-breaking applications have been found to be effective on seed germination and seedling growth of P. khinjuk. It was determined that GA3 applications negatively affected both seed germination and root, stem and leaf growth of P. khinjuk-A.

Metabolism of Ibuprofen by Phragmites australis: Uptake and Phytodegradation.

This study explores ibuprofen (IBP) uptake and transformation in the wetland plant species Phragmites australis and the underlying mechanisms. We grew P. australis in perlite under greenhouse conditions and treated plants with 60 μg/L of IBP. Roots and rhizomes (RR), stems and leaves (SL), and liquid samples were collected during 21 days of exposure. Results show that P. australis can take up, translocate, and degrade IBP. IBP was completely removed from the liquid medium after 21 days with a half-life of 2.1 days. IBP accumulated in RR and was partly translocated to SL. Meanwhile, four intermediates were detected in the plant tissues: hydroxy-IBP, 1,2-dihydroxy-IBP, carboxy-IBP and glucopyranosyloxy-hydroxy-IBP. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase was involved in the production of the two hydroxy intermediates. We hypothesize that transformation of IBP was first catalyzed by P450, and then by glycosyltransferase, followed by further storage or metabolism in vacuoles or cell walls. No significant phytotoxicity was observed based on relative growth of plants and stress enzyme activities. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that P. australis degrades IBP from water and is therefore a suitable species for application in constructed wetlands to clean wastewater effluents containing IBP and possibly also other micropollutants.

Biological and molecular characterisation of Pilidium lythri , an emerging strawberry pathogen in Iran

Strawberry production is hampered by numerous biotic factors including fungal pathogens. Symptoms of dark brown necrotic lesions on fruits, stems and leaves were observed in a survey of strawberry fields in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Symptomatic plant tissues were collected and several fungal isolates were recovered from these tissues. Based on a combination of morphological characteristics and sequence data for ITS and LSU ribosomal DNA, the isolates were identified as Pilidium lythri (previously named P. concavum or Hainesia lythri ). A pathogenicity assay confirmed that all new isolates induced symptoms resembling those observed in the field, as well as two P. lythri isolates from olive included in the assay; no significant disease incidence or severity differences were detected between isolates. This is the first report of P. lythri on strawberry in Iran. Genetic diversity between Pilidium lythri isolates from strawberry (18 isolates) and olive (two isolates) was evaluated using RAPD and M13 markers. No polymorphism was detected within and among the isolates, indicating limited genetic variability probably due to lack of recombination events and/or recent introduction. Given recent outbreaks and the presence of the pathogen in most strawberry growing areas in the Kurdistan province, quickly applied and appropriate management programmes are necessary to prevent spread of the disease.

Antiadipogenic Effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. Extracts by Extraction Conditions in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes

*YD Life Science Research Institutes, YD Life Science Co. Ltd., Seongnam 462-807, Korea.**Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan 340-802, Korea.ABSTRACT : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. ethanolic extract with differentaspects (stem/leaf and whole plant) on differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The morphologicalchanges and the degrees of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were measured by Oil Red O staining and intra-cellular trig-lyceride (TG) assay. The mRNA expressions of special peroxisome proliferation activated receptor- genes (PPAR), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were detected by reverse tran-scriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The 50% ethanolic extracts (100μg/mL) of stem and leaf (SALE) and 30%ethanolic extracts (100 g/mL) of whole plant (SAE) from Salvia plebeia R. Br. were significantly attenuated lipid accumula-tion during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Ethyl acetate-soluble fractions (50μg/mL) significantly inhibited lipid dropletaccumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, SALE induced down-regulation of specific adipogenic transcriptional factors (C/EBPα and PPARγ) and target genes (FAS and LPL) during adipogenesis. Salvia plebeia R. Br. may be used as a safe and effi-cient natural substance to manage obesity.Key Words : Salvia plebeia, 3T3-L1, Adipogenesis, C/EBP α, PPARγ, FAS, LPL

Anatomical characteristics of Turkish endemic Stachys rupestrıs Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham (Lamiaceae)

Stachys rupestris Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham, is an endemic species that show deploying at Middle Taurus and Amanos mountains in Turkey. In this study, the stem and leaf anatomy of the individuals that were collected from Mersin-Aslankoy were investigated. The obtained data from the anatomical studies shows that S. rupestris represents the anatomical characteristics of Lamiaceae family. The stem in primer structure is quadrangular, with a vascular bundle at each corner and it has collenchyma layer in rich. The leaf and stem epidermises are covered by long and short glandular trichomes. Leaves are amphistomatic and dorsiventral; and the mesophyll are formed of 3-4 layered palisade parenchyma at the upper part and 3-4 layered spongy parenchyma – at the lower part.

FIRST REPORT OF A 16Sr IV GROUP PHYTOPLASMA ASSOCIATED WITH LETHAL YELLOWING IN AGAVE TEQUILANA

Mexico, which is considered the origin and the biodiversity center of the family Agavaceae, hosts 117 of the 155 known species. Agave tequilana Weber cv. Azul is a national icon and the most widely cultivated species for the production of tequila, a widely known alcoholic beverage. In spring 2013, a disease of A. tequilana was observed in Tala, (Jalisco, Mexico) which greatly reduced its availability for tequila production. Affected plants showed extensive chlorosis, followed by yellowing and necrosis of stem and leaf tissues. As the disease progressed, leaves collapsed and hung downwards around the central head. To investigate the possibility of a phytoplasma infection, DNA was extracted according to Lee et al. (1993) from 25 symptomatic and 25 symptomless plants. A nested PCR was performed using two universal primer sets specific for the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene, i.e. R16mF2/R16mR1 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (Gundersen and Lee, 1996). The expected 1,200 bp product was obtained from 88% of the symptomatic plants. The PCR products were cleaned with a Wizard kit (Promega, USA) and cloned in Escherichia coli using a TOPO-TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, USA) in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. When nucleotide sequences of the amplified products (accession Nos KJ156364, KJ156365) were compared with those available in GenBank, it was found that the agave phytoplasma was most similar (99.98%) to the Texas phoenix palm phytoplasma (USA, JF791816) and Sabal mexicana decline phytoplasma (Mexico, GU473588). Phylogenetic and putative restriction site analysis of 16Sr DNA indicated that the phytoplasma associated with A. tequilana is closely related to the lethal yellows 16SrIV group. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a 16SrIV group phytoplasma associated with a disease of A. tequilana.

黄瓜( Cucumis stavius L.) CSEBF1 基因的克隆及其表达特性分析

通过对乙烯利诱导黄瓜茎尖SSH文库的筛选，采用RT-PCR和电子克隆技术，从黄瓜中克隆到一个EIN3-Binding F boxprotein l基因，命名为CSEBFl基因（GenBank登录号为KF366911）。结果表明：CSEBFl基因的cDNA全长1964bp，编码640个氨基酸，含有F-box蛋白保守区域和蛋白质泛素化作用底物识别必需结构-LRRs（1eucine—richrepeats），氨基酸序列与拟南芥的同源性为60．47％。实时荧光定量RT-PCR法分析了CSEBFl基因在乙烯利诱导后植株不同部位的表达情况，表明该基因在叶片和根部处理8h达到最高值，而在茎部16h达到最高值。同时通过RT-PCR方法检测茎、叶部乙烯信号转导相关基因的表达情况发现，CSEIN3基因于处理4h在茎、叶诱导表达；CSCTR1基因在处理后8h的茎和16h的叶片有表达量；CSACS2基因在处理后2h的叶片被诱导表达，并且表达量随后增加。CSACSlG基因（即F基因）于处理后4h的叶片增强表达，随后持续较微弱的水平。