Steel In Sodium Chloride Solution Research Articles

Effect of surface roughness on corrosion behavior of AISI 4340 high-strength steel in sodium chloride solutions

In this work, an AISI 4340 high-strength steel alloy was surface machined to have four different grades of roughness (Ra). The impact of changing Ra on the corrosion of the steel alloy in 3.5% NaCl solutions after 40 min and 24 h was performed using various electrochemical techniques. The cyclic polarization experiments showed that an increase in Ra increases the steel corrosion via enhancing the corrosion current of the alloy. The electrochemical impedance plots also indicated that an increase in Ra reduces the corrosion resistance of the alloy by decreasing the diameter of the semicircle obtained by the Nyquist spectra. The change in potentiostatic current vs time measurements, which were obtained at −350 mV (Ag/AgCl), confirmed that pitting attack occurs and its intensity further increases with increasing Ra for all steel samples. An increase in immersion time also reduces the resistance to corrosion due to the iron dissolution from the surface of the steel alloy. After corrosion, the surface was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy investigations.

Recycled eggshell waste in zinc-rich epoxy coating for corrosion protection of mild steel in a controlled elevated temperature saline environment

Eggshell wastes have attracted interest in the fabrication of anticorrosion coatings due to chemical compositions (high calcite content) and widespread availability. This study presents the use of chemically and thermally treated eggshell nanoparticles as fillers in a zinc-rich epoxy matrix in corrosion protection of mild steel in sodium chloride solution at an elevated temperature. Three samples of zinc-rich coatings containing “as ball-milled” eggshell, chemically and thermally treated eggshell nanoparticles were fabricated to form zinc-rich eggshell nanoparticles epoxy (ZENE) coatings. The structural characterizations indicated that chemical and thermal treatment removed the protein materials from eggshell nanoparticles, leading to a 10-fold increase in electrical conductivities and prolonged the cathodic sacrificial behaviour of the ZENE coatings throughout the immersion period. The electrochemical impedance study of these coatings after immersion in an elevated-temperature corrosive environment showed that chemically-treated eggshells in comparison with thermally-treated ones could effectively remove protein materials from the eggshell nanoparticles. These nanoparticles as fillers in the zinc-epoxy matrix significantly enhanced the anticorrosion performance by improving the cathodic as well as barrier protection properties of the coating. A proposed corrosion protection mechanism of the ZENE coatings in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed that the improved electrical conductivity of the treated eggshell nanoparticles enhanced the galvanic contact at the interstitial spaces between the zinc particles while prolonging the zinc cathodic sacrificial behaviour. Thus, this study demonstrated the sustainable use of eggshell wastes in enhancing the anticorrosion properties of zinc-rich epoxy coatings.

Revealing the influence of zirconium content on the cavitation erosion-corrosion of a wear-resistant steel in sodium chloride solution

Wear-resistant steels with different zirconium contents were prepared to investigate the influence of zirconium on the cavitation erosion-corrosion behaviour in sodium chloride solution. To better understand the behaviour of these steels, the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour were also evaluated. It was found that the addition of appropriate amounts of zirconium to current steel could effectively improve its cavitation erosion-corrosion resistance, mainly attributed to the improved corrosion resistance, impact toughness and work-hardening capacity. However, excessive addition of zirconium caused the precipitation of large-sized zirconium compounds. The interface between the compounds and the matrix could be the origin of damage.

Effect of UV Irradiation on the Alternating Wet and Dry Corrosion Behavior of Galvanized Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution

In this paper, the corrosion performance of galvanized steel was investigated in a simulated marine environment, under UV irradiation coupling with an alternating wet and dry cycle in a NaCl solution. The surface morphology, composition, and corrosion performance of galvanized steel before and after different alternating wet and dry corrosion under UV irradiation were investigated. The results show that the corrosion current density gradually increases and the corrosion resistance decreases as a function of the alternating wet and dry corrosion cycles. Meanwhile, UV irradiation accelerates the increase in the corrosion current density and the decrease in the corrosion resistance. In addition, the corrosion product ZnO shows a semiconductor property, and the photo-induced electrons and holes produced under UV can participate in the corrosion reaction and promote the formation of loose corrosion products Zn(OH)2, Zn5(OH)8Cl2, and Al2Cl3(OH)5·4H2O, thus accelerating the corrosion of galvanized steel in the atmosphere environment.

Investigation of corrosion inhibition by Cassava leaf DNA on AISI 1015 low carbon steel in sodium chloride solution

Investigation of corrosion inhibition by Cassava leaf DNA on AISI 1015 low carbon steel in sodium chloride solution

Cavitation erosion-corrosion behaviour of Fe-19Cr-15Mn-0.66 N high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel in sodium chloride solution

In this work, the cavitation erosion (CE)-corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (HNSS) Fe-19Cr-15Mn-0.66 N were investigated under both static and CE conditions in 0.5 mol l−1 NaCl solution. For the sample after 8 h CE, the cumulative mass loss increased by 15% in 0.5 mol l−1 NaCl solution compared to distilled water, indicating that the corrosive media promoted mass loss. The corrosion behavior of the samples under static and CE conditions was evaluated using electrochemical techniques. The results showed that compared with the samples under static conditions, the samples under CE had a higher corrosion rate, and the corrosion resistance of the samples gradually decreased with the prolongation of C E time.The open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization tests showed a higher corrosion rate under CE conditions. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results revealed a decrease in corrosion resistance with increasing CE time. The XPS results showed that CE has a significant effect on the composition of the passive film, promoting a notable increase in Cr2O3 and Fe2O3.

Plant Extracts: An Overview of Their Corrosion Mitigation Performance against Mild Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution

Plant Extracts: An Overview of Their Corrosion Mitigation Performance against Mild Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution

Evaluation of Nicotinic Acid As a Corrosion Inhibitor of Galvanized Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution

Zinc coatings are commonly used to protect steel from different types of corrosion. However, zinc is an electrochemical reactive metal; applying surface treatment to galvanized materials is usually necessary to increase the system's lifetime. An alternative method for improving the service life of these coatings is the use of corrosion inhibitors. Nicotinic acid, chemically formulated as C5H4NCO, is a water-soluble vitamin. It is part of the B complex, which has been effectively tested in Zn and Zn-Al alloys in an acid medium, so it was proposed as a possible galvanized steel inhibitor as a pretreatment. Outstanding results determined a maximum efficiency in 20 ppm of nicotinic acid as a corrosion inhibitor for galvanized steel in NaCl 3%wt solution per 66.6% efficiency. In addition, nicotinic acid exhibits activity as a corrosion inhibitor to prevent the formation of pitting for galvanized steel in saline environments.

Corrosion inhibition properties of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves extract and zinc cations on mild steel in sodium chloride solution

In this study, the impact of various quantities of the inorganic inhibitor Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) and the extract of the green inhibitor of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf (ZiZi) on the effectiveness of corrosion protection of steel samples were evaluated in 3.5 wt % NaCl via electrochemistry methods and surface characterization. The interactions of the ZiZi components with zinc cations were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultra-violate visible (UV–Vis) analyses. Visual inspections, open circuit potential (OCP) measurements, polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GXRD) analyses were used to investigate the inhibitory impact of ZiZi and ZnSO4 in protection against corrosion of metal samples. The electrochemical study findings collected proved that adding zinc ions to ZiZi extract prevented corrosion of steel samples. According to the results of the polarization test, the solution containing 600 ppm ZiZi +200 ppm ZnSO4 had the highest anti-corrosive power of 91.52%. SEM/EDS and GXRD analysis findings verified the successful formation of the Fe+2-Zn+2-ZiZi compounds on the metal surface.

Agri-food wastes extract as sustainable-green inhibitors corrosion of steel in sodium chloride solution: Aclose look at the mechanism of inhibiting action

The inhibition performance of agri-food wastes(AFWE) for carbon steel in neutral medium was evaluated by several methods like gravimetric and electrochemical tests, surface analysis. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency (about ∼98.0%) was obtained in the presence of 500 ppm AFWE after 48 h immersion. The polarization results also revealed that by the addition of AFWE, the corrosion current density of the mild steel significantly decreased from 20.1 μA/cm2 for the sample without inhibitor to 2.91 μA/cm2 for the sample containing 500 ppm of AFWE). LPR method assesses the time-dependent effect of inhibitors during OCP corrosion. It was demonstrated that the polarization resistance with a higher concentration (500 ppm) enhanced from ∼6 to ∼10 × 10−3 Ohm after 48 h of immersion. In this paper AFWE was tested as a green “pro-inhibitor” for mild steel in sodium chloride solution. This extract contains mostly phenolic acids and flavonoids according to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC-DAD-MS). The steel surface is acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The chemistry the formed film/ or compounds on the steel were probed via the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). First-principles calculations proposed that the polymerization products have much more carbon atoms in the skeletal structure, arranged in an aromatic pattern, plus some hydroxyl groups and additional of aromatic groups that enhances the adsorption on the steel surface. Such structures of compounds have a large ability of being strongly bonded to metal surfaces via oxygen heteroatom and π-π interactions. In addition, the obtained adsorption free energy (ΔG˚) of –32.01 kJ/mol indicates that the AFM interaction with the MS surface was a mix of physical and chemical adsorptions.

Novel anticorrosive coatings based on nanocomposites of epoxy, chitosan, and silver

To improve the resistance to corrosion of epoxy resin for steel in sodium chloride solution, new Chitosan-Ag nano-composite coating was synthesized. FTIR, X-ray Diffraction, Raman and TEM all supported the new nano-characterizations composite. A study using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated that composite coatings had a corrosion rate that was lower than that of pure epoxy coating. Chitosan-Ag nanocomposite-coated carbon steel demonstrated greater coating resistance (396 kohm cm2) than neat epoxy (124 kohm cm2). Our findings support the concept that chitosan and silver nanoparticles can enhance the epoxy coating's anticorrosion characteristics.

Anti-Corrosive Efficiency of Mild Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution Using 5-Acetyl-3-Phenyl-2, 6-Dipyridin-2-Yltetra-Hydropyrimidin-4(1H)-1 Compound as an Inhibitor

Anti-Corrosive Efficiency of Mild Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution Using 5-Acetyl-3-Phenyl-2, 6-Dipyridin-2-Yltetra-Hydropyrimidin-4(1H)-1 Compound as an Inhibitor

Insight of development of two cured epoxy polymer composite coatings as highly protective efficiency for carbon steel in sodium chloride solution: DFT, RDF, FFV and MD approaches

• EP/AlA and EP/ArA present higher protective efficiency compared with 3.5% NaCl only. • 3D, AFM and SEM analysis showed that EP/AlA and EP/ArA act by chemisorption on the CS surface. • DFT, MDs, RDF, FFV and experimental data lead to investigate EP/AlA and EP/ArA as potential anticorrosive coating for CS in 3.5% NaCl medium. Cured epoxy polymers namely 3.3′-(phenylazanediyl) bis(1-((6-aminohexyl)amino)propan-2-ol) (EP/AlA) and 3.3′-(phenylazanediyl) bis(1-((4-(4-aminobenzyl)phenyl)amino)propan-2-ol) (EP/ArA) were used as potential protection coatings for carbon steel (CS) in 3.5% NaCl solution. The protection coatings of EP/AlA and EP/ArA on CS were investigated through, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization curves (PC), atomic force microscope (AFM), scaning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle (CA), natural bond orbitals (NBO), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), fractional free volume (FFV), radial distribution function (RDF) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. PC and EIS data indicated that the two cured epoxy polymers investigated have excellent protective efficiencies. Further, protective efficiencies of EP/ArA (92 and 94.6% for EIS and PC, respectively) are higher than that of EP/AlA (86.3 and 88.7% for EIS and PC, respectively) in 3.5 %NaCl solution. SEM and AFM results displayed the protective layer formed on CS coated through EP/AlA and EP/ArA could be stopped the chloride ions attack. Also, the quantum chemical analyzes of cured epoxy polymers EP/A1A and EP/ArA were employed at DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level to appraise the reactivity behaviors and possible regions via using the FMO and NBO methods. The results disclosed that the dominant interactions for both molecules were determined as the resonance (n → Π* and Π → Π*) interactions. FFV value of EP/ArA film (20.22%) is lower than compared to EP/AlA (28.02%), due to the most condensed film by the EP/ArA on CS surface. Experimental results combined with theoretical approaches were used to investigate the proction coatings.

Tomato pomace extract as a novel corrosion inhibitor for the steel in industrial media: The role of chemical transformation of the extract and proinhibition effect

Corrosion inhibition has been a continuous study in attempt to mitigate the corrosion process of metals in genera. In this paper, tomato pomace extract (TPE) was tested as a green “pro-inhibitor” for mild steel in sodium chloride solution. The composition of extract phytochemicals was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC-DAD-MS). The inhibition properties were investigated by electrochemical methods (polarization curves and linear polarization technique (LPR)) and weight loss assay. The steel surface is acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The TPE exhibits a sufficient protection of the surface of mild steel in sodium chloride solution. Immersion time on the solution NaCl with contained tomato pomace extract is a key factor to assess adequate inhibition efficiency. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 98% is achieved on 48 h exposure time in the NaCl solution with 500 ppm of the tomato pomace extract. The outcome showed that the compounds formed as a result of chemical conversion in the electrolyte volume and then adsorbed on the metal surface or adsorbed on the metal/electrode surface and also undergone various chemical transformations was causes secondary inhibition of the corrosion process and therefore act as pro-inhibitors. Such structures of compounds have a large ability of being strongly bonded to metal surfaces via oxygen heteroatom and π-π interactions. Quantum-chemical calculations were used to predict the adsorption/inhibition properties of some of the main molecules of the extract and molecules formed as a result of chemical conversion. Construction of a shielding film on the steel was proved.

Synergistic Protection of Mild Steel in Sodium Chloride Solutions Using Mixtures of Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors

Mild steel material has broad application in marine construction, due to their availability, low cost, and high tensile strength. Nevertheless, the major limitation of mild steel is its low corrosion resistance. The use of eco-friendly inhibitors in protecting mild steel from aggressive media is one of the cheap and practical means competing with conventional phosphate and chromate inhibitors. Herein, the synergism corrosion inhibition effects between key lime and chlorpheniramine drug were examined as sustainable inhibitors for mild steel in 24.5 M NaCl solutions through electrochemical measurement, and morphology of the same was characterized using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The electrochemical investigations revealed that in the presence of 2ml key lime and 8ml chlorpheniramine drug the optimum inhibitive efficiency of 81.82% was achieved, this is connected to the protecting layer build-up on the surface of the mild steel, thus, blocking the harsh ion diffusion pathway. The polarization plot shows that the inhibitors complex the deposition led to the corrosion inhibition mixed-type mechanisms. The films formed on the mild steel surface were proved by the SEM/EDX result. The adsorption result shows that the inhibitors fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Keywords: Synergistic effect, sustainable corrosion inhibition, NaCl solution, electrochemical techniques, mild steel

Study the Inhibition Effect of Amoxicillin Drug for Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Saline Media

Potentiostatic polarization and weight loss methods have been used to investigate the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in sodium chloride solution at different concentrations (0.1, 0.4 and 0.6) M under the influence of temperatures ( 293, 298, 303, 308 and 313) K. The inhibition efficiency of the amoxicillin drug on carbon steel in 0.6 M NaCl has also been studied based on concentration and temperature. The corrosion rate showed that all salt concentrations ( NaCl solution) resulted in corrosion of carbon steel in varying ratio and 0.6 M of salt solution was the highest rate (50.46 g/m².d). The results also indicate that the rate of corrosion increases at a temperature of 313 K.. Potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that the examined inhibitor suppress both anodic and cathodic process and behave as mixed type inhibitor. The adsorption of amoxicillin was found to obey Langmuir isotherm model. Arrhenius equation and transition state theory were used to calculate kinetic and thermodynamic parameter. Results obtained showed that corrosion reaction of carbon steel in NaCl is spontaneous and there is a good agreement between the data got from the both techniques employed. SEM analysis was performed to study the film persistency of the inhibitor.

Study on the effect of imidazolium ionic liquid as a modulator of corrosion inhibition of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on mild steel in sodium chloride solution

Present paper reports investigation done on two organic compounds to test them as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel exposed to neutral NaCl solution. Organic compounds capable of corrosion inhibition must form a protective film over the metal surface. This is usually possible since many of these organic compounds possess strong interaction properties with metal and get adsorbed over its surface. These organic compounds contain electronegative functional groups and atoms like S, N, P, and O, which form center for establishment of adsorption process. Accordingly, SDS and DMImCl were chosen as organic compounds to test as corrosion inhibitors. Electrochemical polarization tests, performed in this study, reveal decrease in corrosion rate of mild steel in NaCl solution by 14.3 to 6.08 mpy (mils per year) corresponding to increased inhibition efficiency of 57.3% on addition of up to 200 ppm SDS. On mixing 200 ppm of DMImCl in NaCl + SDS solution, the inhibition efficiency enhances to 85.1%. Similar outcome is also noticed from Electrochemical impedance and weight loss test results. Analysis of results obtained through FTIR, SEM/EDAX indicate adsorption of SDS/DMImCl mixture on the mild steel surface.Tensiometry tests, on ionic solution, reveal decrease in surface tension on addition of inhibitors with consequently increased surface activity and hydrophobic interaction between chains of the two inhibitors. Calculation done on the adsorption process indicates it to be ‘Langmuir adsorption isotherm’. This inference suggests that binding sites on steel surface are identical and homogeneously distributed. This layer is covered with a monolayer of adsorbed molecules i.e. DMImCl and SDS which is responsible for corrosion inhibition.

Corrosion behaviour of polymer‐laminated steel in sodium chloride solution

AbstractThe corrosion behaviour of polymer‐laminated steel in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was studied. The iron migration amount was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). The result indicated that the migration of iron increased with time and a turning point occurred in 3 wt.% NaCl solution when polymer‐laminated steel cans containing NaCl solution soaked at different temperatures for 240 h. In addition, the changes of the PET/TiO2 composite film after soaking were analysed by the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The crystallinity of the composite film decreased, the porosity increased and the surface cracks formed. Moreover, the composition and morphology of the corrosion products were characterized by the X‐ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and EDS, indicating that the corrosion products were Fe3O4 and Fe2O3. Based on the results, a schematic diagram of the corrosion mechanism of polymer‐laminated steel cans was given.

Laminarin and sodium molybdate as efficient sustainable inhibitor for Q235 steel in sodium chloride solution

It is of great significance to develop high-efficiency and sustainable inhibitors for Q235 steel under neutral saline conditions. In this study, laminarin (LA) and sodium molybdate (SM) were developed as sustainable corrosion inhibitor for Q235 steel, their inhibition effect and synergistic mechanism in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was studied by experimentally and theoretically. The results indicated that the complex inhibitor has the highest inhibition efficiency (i.e., 92.75% versus 72.68%) when LA concentration is 0.3 g/L and SM is 0.7 g/L. Electrochemical measurements showed that the LA–SM mixture was anode mixed inhibitor, and confirmed that LA and SM inhibitor have a good synergistic effect. SEM and SECM were conducted to explore the corrosion morphology of Q235 steel surface with LA–SM in NaCl solution. Synergistic mechanism revealed the composite inhibitor could produce multilayer surface protective film presumably leading to an enhanced corrosion inhibition.

Electrochemical behaviour of carbon steel in sodium chloride solution by using thiophenol derivative inhibitor

The corrosion inhibition performance of thiophenol has been evaluated for carbon steel immersed in sodium chloride solution by weight loss method. As a results of weight loss method, it gives the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency. The increase of corrosion inhibition efficiency with increase in concentration of thiophenol derivative inhibitor. When increase in concentration of inhibitor, the corrosion rate decreases. It is because of the higher concentration of inhibitor solution which arrest the active site of a carbon steel by the way of forming protective layer on the surface of carbon steel. The mechanistic aspects of corrosion inhibition has been assessed by electrochemical studies such as potentio dynamic polarisation studies and AC impedance spectra. The decrease of corrosion current and double layer capacitance value, increase in linear polarisation resistance values and impedance values obtained from electrochemical studies suggest that the formation of protective layer on the carbon steel surface. Surface analysis of polished, corroded and inhibitor carbon steel surface has been evaluated by SEM.