Steel Slug Research Articles

Utilization of lignite coal ash and steel slag in fly ash brick manufacturing: A review

Brick plays an important role in the construction industry due their excellent properties like compressive strength and durability. From the earliest times they were considered an important factor in the purpose of the building. Considering the different types of bricks, fly bricks are the best in recent times because they are resource intensive and cost effective. This article provides an up-to-date review of current studies of bricks, categorizing these publications according to the materials used and the methods used for the production of invention bricks. In addition, this article makes an important note about coal ash, which may be the focus of future brick products as an alternative to fly-gray bricks with some amount of steel slug, and the main challenge is to go one step further in the properties of the bricks by implementing the respective requirements.

Impact resistant properties of Kagome truss reinforced composite panels

This paper presents an experimental study exploring impact resistant properties of Kagome truss reinforced composite panels. Three types of panels with different materials and reinforcements, i.e., ultra-high-performance mortar, steel fiber, and Kagome truss, were designed and manufactured. High-velocity projectile impact tests were performed to investigate the impact response of panels with dimensions of 200 mmx200 mmx40 mm. The projectile used in the testing was a steel slug with a hemispherical front; the impact energy was 1 557 J. Test results showed that the Kagome truss reinforcement was effective at improving the impact resistance of panels in terms of failure patterns, damaged area, and mass loss. Synergy effects of a combination of Kagome truss and fiber reinforcements for the improvement of impact resistance capacity of ultra-high-performance mortar were also observed.

Focal and diffuse impacts of mild vs. moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI): Temporal assay of hippocampal and cerebellar transcriptomics

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a complex of physiological and psychological deficits. The study described here utilizes a closed‐head injury Marmarou model. The injuries were caused by the release of a 500 gram steel slug on top of the rat skull between lambda and bregma from a height of 100 cm (to induce mild TBI) or 120 cm (to induce moderate TBI). The focal injury at the point of impact of a steel slug triggers a diffuse secondary‐injury cascade. These focal‐to‐diffuse injuries are known to negatively affect a wide range of cerebral functions that involve multiple brain regions. Here, we sought to contrast the molecular and functional dynamics of two brain regions; one is located at the focal point of injury and other one is located at distal site from the focal injury. The hippocampus is at the focal injury and the cerebellum, although distally removed from the injury site, is within the range of receiving the diffused shock (secondary injury). The Barnes Maze behavioral assays were used to assess the efficacy of processing the retained memories and visuomotor integration in these two regions. The Barnes Maze was performed for five consecutive days starting 14 days post‐injury. A significant delay in latency, defined as learning response to a novel spatial challenge, following mild TBI as compared to pre‐TBI was sustained until the third test day. In moderate TBI, the delay in latency remained significant until the fourth day of maze testing, and the significance declined to a p value = 0.08 on the last day of maze testing.Transcriptomic changes in the hippocampus and cerebellum paralleled the focal‐to‐diffuse responses to TBI. Interestingly, a very different set of genes were significantly perturbed in the hippocampus and cerebellum injured by mild vs. moderate TBI. The underlying differences between the focal‐to‐diffuse TBI responses were further highlighted by downstream functional network analyses. Networks linked to cellular functions remained inhibited, and networks linked to skin cell death remained activated in the hippocampus in moderate TBI 14 days post‐injury.In conclusion, we observed networks that can potentially discriminate mild TBI from moderate TBI and this indicated the role of the hippocampal‐cerebellar interaction in response to TBI. These results reinforce the values of carrying out knowledge‐driven categorization assays to stratify the extent of injuries caused by graded TBI models.Disclaimer: Research was conducted in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act, and all other Federal requirements. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Army.Support or Funding InformationFunding support from Military Operational Medicine Research Program, MOMRP is highly acknowledged.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Effect of Weaving Type on Damage Behaviour of Carbon/Epoxy Laminate under Low Velocity Impact Loading

The main purpose of the present investigation was to determine the damages generated by the low velocity impact by mean of the finite element method. The commercial transient finite element package LS-dyna used to model the effect of slug impactor induced damage in composite material subjected to low velocity impact. Four types of weaving were considered; serge (2/2), serge (0/30/-30/0), serge (0/45-45/0) and taffeta. The Texgen package was used to build the laminate pattern weaves. The composite material was subjected to stainless steel slug impactor in the transverse direction dropping the composite laminate at the center with a velocity about of 15m/s. The analysis was carried out using the model 001-ELASTIC for matrix, 002-ORTHOTROPIC_ELASTIC for fibersand a rigid body model MAT20 for the slug impactor. The contact automatic single surface has been used between the yarns and the automatic_surface_to_surface between the matrix and the impactor and the contact automatic_surface_to_surface_tiebreak between the matrix and yarns and the contact automatic_surface_to_surface_tiebreak between layers.The impact load, energy, displacements were reported as function of impact time. The delamination area was represented at the layer interfaces for each material.

Assaying the Stability and Inactivation of AAV Serotype 1 Vectors.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are a commonplace tool for gene delivery ranging from cell culture to human gene therapy. One feature that makes AAV a desirable vector is its stability, in regard to both the duration of transgene expression and retention of infectivity as a viral particle. This study examined the stability of AAV serotype 1 (AAV1) vectors under different conditions. First, transducibility after storage at 4°C decreased 20% over 7 weeks. Over 10 freeze-thaw cycles, the resulting transduction efficiency became variable at 60-120% of a single thaw. Using small stainless steel slugs to mimic a biosafety cabinet or metal lab bench surface, it was found that an AAV1 vector can be reconstituted after 6 days of storage at room temperature. The stability of AAV is a desired feature, but effective decontamination procedures must be available for safety and experimental integrity. Multiple disinfectants commonly used in the laboratory for ability to inactivate an AAV1 vector were tested, and it was found that autoclaving, 0.25% peracetic acid, iodine, or 10% Clorox bleach completely prevented AAV-mediated transgene expression. These data suggest that peracetic acid should be used for inactivating AAV1 vectors on metal-based surfaces or instruments in order to avoid inadvertent transgene expression in human cells or cross-contamination of instruments.

Relationships between Soil Properties and Rice Growth with Steel Slug Application in Indonesia

<p>In the presence study representative rice producing sites in Lampung, Central Java and West Java Province was presented, the relationships between soil properties, rice growth and yield, and further evaluated the effect of Si application on rice growth and yield in different soil types were carried out using local steel slug, which was the most common material as the Si amendment. The soil samples were acidic to neutral with textural classes were clayey, loam and sandy clay loam. Mean nitrogen and available P content was below the value in tropical Asia. Silica availability has been decreasing in rice fields in Indonesia and Si deficiency in rice is now recognized as a possible limiting factor rice production. Steel slug, which has a high Si content and locally available, was selected as a potential source of Si in the present study. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of steel slug on rice growth in different soil types. Steel slug was applied at the rates of 0, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 300 kg Si/ha. Steel slug application increased plant height at 300 kg Si/ha. Grain yield of soils that contained low available Si was increased with steel slug application. In contrast, some soils with high available Si content did not respond to Si application and other soil properties affected rice growth.</p>

Soil improvement of tsunami sediment soil by steel slug and concrete sludge

The most powerful earthquake, the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, occurred on March 11, 2011. The north-eastern region of Japan have been most seriously damaged by the tsunami waves devastated the Pacific coast. Total amount of tsunami sediment was estimated around ten million ton in Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima prefectures. It is necessary to use the tsunami sediment soil by construction materials in reconstruction works in north-eastern area in Japan. In this paper, an author proposed a reuse method of tsunami sediment soil by mixing with stabilizers, such as steel slug and concrete sludge. To improve strength of tsunami sediment, the blast furnace slug was used, however, a long time is necessary to enhance the strength of soft soil improved by blast furnace slug alone. To accelerate the hardening time, the author added concrete sludge as an alkaline irritant to awake the potential hardening effect of blast furnace slug. The strength of tsunami sediment soil improved by blast furnace slug rapidly increased by adding the concrete sludge. The improved tsunami sediment achieved the target strength for construction materials within short period and it was applicable for the construction of embankment or fill material.

Characterization of the Mechanical Behaviour of Carbon Fiber Composite Laminate under Low Velocity Impact

The main purpose of the present investigation was to determine the damages generated by the low velocities with the help of the experimental method (Impact by a drop test) and the finite element method. The commercial transient finite element package LS-dyna used to model the effect of slug impactor and circular notch induced damage in composite material subjected to low velocity impact. The studied composite material was T800S/M21 made of carbon/epoxy. The effect of circular notch was examined. The composite material was subjected to stainless steel slug impactor in the transverse direction dropping the composite laminate at the center with three different velocities (2.85 m/s, 3.47 m/s and 4.17 m/s). The analysis was carried out using the model MAT59 for laminate and a rigid body model MAT20 for the slug impactor. The automatic_surface to_surface has been used to model the contact between the impactor and the laminate and the contact_automatic_surface_to_surface_tiebreak to simulate delamination between layers. A good agreement had been shown between the finite element results and the experimental values obtained from the drop tower test. The impact load, impact energy, displacements and the maximal were reported as function of the impact time. The delamination area and the layer impact energy were represented as function of layer orientations. By increasing the impact velocity, the displacement, the delamination area, the contact load and the impact energy increases respectively. The circular notch had an effect on the displacement values; this values increases in respect of the impact velocities. At the reverse, the contact load decreases respectively in function of the velocities. The main purpose of the present investigation was to determine the damages generated by the low velocities with the help of the experimental method (Impact by a drop test) and the finite element method. The commercial transient finite element package LS-dyna used to model the effect of slug impactor and circular notch induced damage in composite material subjected to low velocity impact. The studied composite material was T800S/M21 made of carbon/epoxy. The effect of circular notch was examined. The composite material was subjected to stainless steel slug impactor in the transverse direction dropping the composite laminate at the center with three different velocities (2.85 m/s, 3.47 m/s and 4.17 m/s). The analysis was carried out using the model MAT59 for laminate and a rigid body model MAT20 for the slug impactor. The automatic_surface to_surface has been used to model the contact between the impactor and the laminate and the contact_automatic_surface_to_surface_tiebreak to simulate delamination between layers. A good agreement had been shown between the finite element results and the experimental values obtained from the drop tower test. The impact load, impact energy, displacements and the maximal were reported as function of the impact time. The delamination area and the layer impact energy were represented as function of layer orientations. By increasing the impact velocity, the displacement, the delamination area, the contact load and the impact energy increases respectively. The circular notch had an effect on the displacement values; this values increases in respect of the impact velocities. At the reverse, the contact load decreases respectively in function of the velocities.

97. Stability and Inactivation of AAV Serotype 1 Vectors

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have become a commonplace tool for gene delivery ranging from cell lines to human gene therapy. One feature that makes AAV desirable for gene delivery is its relative safety owing to no known disease associated with wild-type AAV. For this reason, it is often used with BSL1 practices negating the need for dedicated BSL2 facilities. Another useful property of AAV is its stability, both the duration of transgene expression and retention of infectivity as a viral particle. In the current study, we examine the stability of AAV serotype 1 vectors which are capable of transducing human cells and are routinely produced and used in our facility. First, we examined stability at 4° C for up to 7 weeks and found <10% decrease in transduction efficiency compared to a freshly-thawed aliquot. After 10 freeze-thaw cycles, 25% loss in transduction efficiency was observed. These data indicated that AAV serotype 1 is a highly stable viral particle with regards to retaining infectivity. Using small stainless steel slugs to mimic a biosafety cabinet or metal lab bench surface, we demonstrate that infectious AAV vector expressing Cre-recombinase can be reconstituted and used up to 7 days at room temp, although there was a clear decrease in transgene expression over time. The stability of AAV is a desired feature as a tool; however, it is important that the vector can be inactivated to avoid transgene delivery to end users or cross-contamination of non-disposable instruments. AAV decontamination procedures can vary. We tested multiple disinfectants commonly used in the laboratory for their ability to inactivate an AAV serotype 1 vector. The vector was added directly into solution for 5 or 30 minutes at a 1:10 ratio. It was then diluted, dialyzed, concentrated, and tested for transduction on primary neurons. Of the decontamination procedures tested, only autoclaving, 3.9% peracetic acid, iodine or 10% Clorox bleach completely prevented the subsequent detection of transgene expression. Although the nature of the transgene (e.g. proto oncogene or toxin) can elevate an AAV vector to BSL2, our data show that when working with AAV serotype 1 vectors, it's important that safety procedures for handling and decontaminating AAV are effective to avoid inadvertent transgene expression in human cells or cross contamination of AAV vectors used in non-disposable instruments. Other serotypes have not yet been tested.

Determination of Quantity and Localization of Liquid in the Semi-Solid State Using both 3D X-Ray Microtomography and 2D Techniques for Steel Thixoforming

The distribution of liquid at the semi solid state is one of the most important parameters for steel thixoforging. It has a great influence on the viscosity of the material, on the flows and finally on the final shape and mechanical properties of the thixoforged parts. Both ex situ and in situ 3D X-ray microtomography characterizations have been carried out to determine the quantity and localization of liquid at high temperature of M2 steel slugs. Microtomography was first performed ex situ at room temperature on samples heated and quenched from semi-solid state. The specimens were also scanned in situ directly at high temperature. The obtained results have been compared to 2D observations using EDS technique in SEM on heated and quenched specimens. They showed a good correlation making both approaches very efficient for the study of the liquid zones at the semi-solid state

Advanced Gun System Gun and Projectile Dynamic Model Results and Correlation to Test Data

BAE Systems is currently developing and testing a 155 mm advanced gun system (AGS) and a long range land attack projectile (LRLAP) as a part of the DDG-1000 ship development program. For this development, it is important to understand the barrel and projectile dynamics, including the interaction of the barrel and the projectile in the bore as well as the projectile tip-off parameters at exit. An abaqus explicit dynamic finite element model has been developed to compare results with test data that were taken on June 18, 2003, at the BAE Systems site at the Alliant Techsystems Proving Ground (ATPG) during AGS propellant testing. The abaqus model includes the gun barrel, the projectile used for propellant testing (a steel slug), the M110 gun mount, and the recoil system. Features of the model incorporate settling of the barrel due to gravity, gun recoil, in-bore interaction of the projectile and the barrel using contact surfaces, and the initial flight of the projectile after bore exit. The abaqus model results have been compared with gun firing test data acquired during propellant testing at Elk River, MN. These comparisons include barrel and projectile displacements, angular velocities, and axial accelerations. The abaqus model results are also compared to similar models of the test conditions with the simulation of barrel dynamics (simbad) gun dynamics code and the ibhvg2 interior ballistics code.

Influence of the chemical composition on the Thixoformability of steels

This work deals with the qualification of a variety of steels for their shaping by the thixoforging process. This technology requires setting up a globular microstructure inside the material during reheating to a temperature between the solidus and liquidus. As the evolution of the liquid fraction is strongly connected to the steel composition, it is useful to understand how low carbon steel could be alloyed and still thixoformable. The most critical parameter for this is the carbon content. In this study, a theoretical analysis of the phase evolution during the reheating has been performed on the MT Data software to investigate the influence of alloying elements. These first results have been confirmed by Differential Thermal Analysis and by inductive heating experiments on steel slugs. Finally, some parts have been shaped using a thixoforming tool mounted on a hydraulic press. Micrographs of reheat ed slugs as well as of actual parts are also presented in this paper.

A slug calorimeter for evaluating the thermal performance of fire resistive materials

AbstractThe utilization of a slug calorimeter to evaluate the thermal performance of fire resistive materials (FRMs) is presented. The basic specimen configuration consists of a ‘sandwich’, with a square central stainless‐steel plate (slug) surrounded on two sides by the FRM. This sandwich configuration provides an adiabatic boundary condition at the central axis of the slug plate that greatly simplifies the analysis. The other four (thin) sides of the steel plate (and FRM specimens) are insulated using a low thermal conductivity fumed‐silica board. Two metal plates manufactured from a high temperature alloy provide a frame for placing the entire sandwich specimen slightly in compression. The entire configuration is centrally placed at the bottom of an electrically heated box furnace and the temperatures of the metal slug and exterior FRM surfaces are monitored during multiple heating and cooling cycles. Knowing the heat capacities and densities of the steel slug and the FRM, an effective thermal conductivity for the FRM can be estimated. The effective thermal conductivity of the FRM will be influenced by its true thermal conductivity and by any endothermic or exothermic reactions or phase changes occurring within the FRM. Preliminary tests have been conducted on two commonly used FRMs and on a non‐reactive fumed‐silica board to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. Published in 2005 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Influence of die variables on cavity press forging loads

SUMMARY Slug, die and process parameters largely determine the load requirements when forging any given part. An earlier report (Balogun 1974) has indicated the effects of flash dimensions on deformation forces during cavity press forging of round mild steel slugs. The current paper discusses the influences of three main die variables—die friction, extrusion ratio and flash land shape on press forging loads. The effects of die corner radii, draft angles and die complexity are also briefly mentioned to give a balanced outlook.

Determination of deformation forces in cavity press forging

Abstract This paper contains the results of press forging tests on En 3B steel slugs. Several axisymmetric parts differing in shape and size were forged. A resistance strain gauge load cell fitted under the lower die insert recorded the deformation forces, and job parameters were measured off the billets and off the forged parts. Multiple regression analyses of the data obtained showed that within the temperature range of 1125°–1260°C, die loads increase significantly with the weights and parting areas of the press forged En 3B steel components and with the width to thickness ratios of flashes formed, but diminish with increasing slug temperatures. The analyses also demonstrate that complicated parts require greater loads to forge them. Parting area has also been shown to be the most significant geometric factor influencing cavity press forging load.

First Paper: The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Ductility of Alloy Steel Wires in a Cold Heading Process

Longitudinal grooves of various depths ranging from 0.001 in to 0.011 in were machined on the cylindrical surface of steel slugs prior to carrying out an automatic two-stage transfer heading operation. The longitudinal grooves were used to estimate the ‘critical groove depth’, which was defined as the depth of longitudinal groove that contained a ductile fracture crack just on the point of ‘opening out’ at the end of the heading process, thus giving a measure of the ductility of the wire. A half-replicate of a two-level factorial experiment was carried out to assess the effects and interactions of annealing temperature, annealing time, cooling rate and ageing temperature on the ductility of four different types of 1/2 in diameter cold heading steel wire. The results show that certain types of steel wires have optimum ductility in the ‘as-received’, cold-drawn, state. Other types of steel are shown to respond favourably to process annealing treatments, in which case annealing at 700°C for 1 hour followed by air cooling should give optimum ductility. It is shown that there is no general correlation between decreasing hardness and increasing ductility for steel wire.