Steel Nails Research Articles

A sustainable recycling approach for construction: A case of remanufacturing waste rebar into steel nails

Minimizing waste in the construction industry provides economic and environmental benefits. Since steel has high embodied energy and many applications, recycling rebar waste contributes to a circular economy. This study proposes remanufacturing rebar into nails as a valuable by-product. In an experimental case-study to prove the technical feasibility of the process, short pieces of rebar waste were stripped to remove the ribs, welded into a coil, drawn to reduce the diameter, and formed into nails. The costs and technology of four alternative remanufacturing process portfolios were analyzed, giving an average profit of 576 USD/t of waste rebar. A cement consumption database was constructed based on literature data and regression analysis was applied to analyze the consumption of concrete and new rebar. The potential rebar waste was calculated assuming 3 %, 5 %, 8 %, or 10 % of the total new rebar consumption. Cement consumption data at the global and country scales were used to calculate the consumption rates of new and waste rebar to derive profit–remanufacturing potential curves. Regression analysis of these curves was performed to determine the economic sustainability degree of satisfaction (DSes). A second approach to find DSes applied regression analysis to the remanufacturing profits for the four rates of rebar waste together. The mean DSes values (0.62–0.87) and economic sustainability index (0.33) exceed the literature threshold of 0.6 and 0.26, respectively, indicating that remanufacturing rebar waste into steel nails is an economically sustainable business. The nails can be used in the construction industry to contribute to a circular economy, thereby reducing the environmental impact of steel waste and the production of new steel nails. The overall sustainability was considered by introducing Okun's Law to ensure that profitability is not achieved at the expense of development, and weighting the importance of economic sustainability based on literature averages. Rebar is used as a standard construction material globally, so these findings have broad significance. The proposed remanufacturing process is especially relevant for less-developed economies with higher rebar waste rates to stimulate small businesses and a circular construction industry.

Experimental study on the thermal runaway and flame dynamics of NCM811 lithium-ion batteries with critical thermal load under variable penetration condition

With the diversification of lithium-ion battery (LIB) application scenarios, the thermal runaway (TR) mechanism of LIBs under complex nail penetration conditions has become increasingly complex, becoming one of the key bottlenecks restricting the safe prevention and control of TR of LIBs. In this paper, an experimental platform for coupled stimulations of heat-penetration on LIBs was built, aiming to study the effects of penetration depth (4.5 mm, 9 mm, 13.5 mm, 18 mm), penetration diameter (3.3 mm, 5.3 mm, 7.3 mm), and nail material (steel, ceramic) on TR under 100 °C. The results showed that with the increase of penetration depth, the maximum temperature of cell will decrease. From 4.5 to 18 mm, the maximum temperature of cell with 100% SOC decreased from 867.6 °C to 711.1 °C, a decrease of 18.04%. When penetration depth is 4.5 mm, and the diameter of steel nail is 7.3 mm, the temperature of cell is the highest and the thermal hazard is the highest. The maximum temperature of TR jet flame, the propagation speed of TR flame, and the area of TR jet flame all increase with the increase of penetration depth. When penetration depth is 18 mm, and the diameter of ceramic nail 7.3 mm, the flame temperatures of the 75% SOC and 100% SOC cells were 952.4 °C and 913.4 °C, respectively, which were higher than those of 932.0 °C and 906.5 °C when induced by a steel nail. The ceramic nail increased the fire risk of TR in LIBs. The mass loss increases with the increase of penetration depth and penetration diameter, and the mass loss under ceramic nail stimulation is greater than that under steel nail stimulation. More than 60% of particles with a diameter less than 10 μm are found to contain toxic substances (such as LiF) in the ejected particles, which can enter the human and cause damage the human body. The research results have important guiding significance for the intrinsic safety design of LIBs.

Super tough, electrochemical stability and puncture resistant electrolyte for lithium‐metal batteries

AbstractPolymer electrolytes (PEs) are widely used in the field of flexible energy storage due to their high safety, good flexibility, and ease of processing. Developing PEs with both high mechanical properties, high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window (ESW) for lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) is an urgent issue to be addressed. In this work, we designed and synthesized the poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)‐polyacrylic acid (PAA)‐LiCl electrolyte for LMBs with a high ionic conductivity, wide ESW, high modulus and puncture resistance simultaneously. Through the construction of dual cross‐linking networks, the PVA‐PAA‐LiCl exhibits a wide ESW (6.2 V), achieves a notable ionic conductivity (1.08 × 10−4 S cm−1) at room temperature and can realize a high cycle stability of Li symmetric battery more than 300 h at 1 mA cm−2/1 mA h cm−2. Furthermore, it demonstrates exceptional puncture resistance, capable of withstanding pressures up to 5.73 × 108 Pa exerted by a steel nail, while simultaneously exhibites a commendable tensile strength of 4.9 MPa. Hence, this conceptual framework featuring dual‐crosslink network structure offers profound implications for the progression of next‐generation flexible energy storage.

Numerical and experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement in double tube heat exchanger using nail rod inserts

The Double-tube heat exchanger (DTHX) is widely favored across various industries due to its compact size, low maintenance requirements, and ability to operate effectively in high-pressure applications. This study explores methods to enhance heat transfer within a DTHX using both experimental and numerical approaches, specifically by integrating a nail rod insert (NRI). A steel nails rod insert, 1000 mm in length, is introduced into the DTHX, which is subjected to turbulent flows characterized by Reynolds numbers ranging from 3200 to 5700. Three different pitches of NRI (100 mm, 50 mm, and 25 mm) are investigated. The results indicate a significant increase in the Nusselt (Nu) number upon the insertion of nail rods, with further improvements achievable by reducing the pitch length. Particularly noteworthy is the Nu number enhancement ratio for the 25 mm pitch NRI, which is 1.81–1.9 times higher than that for the plain tube. However, it is observed that pressure drop increases in all configurations with NRI due to heightened turbulence and obstruction by the NRI. Among the various pitch lengths, the 25 mm pitch exhibits the highest pressure drop values. Moreover, exergy efficiency is found to improve across all cases with NRI, corresponding to increased heat transfer, with the 25 mm pitch length showing a remarkable 128% improvement. Numerical analysis reveals that the novel insert enhances flow turbulence through the generation of secondary flows, thereby enhancing heat transfer within the DTHX. This study provides a comprehensive analysis, including temperature, velocity, and pressure drop distributions derived from numerical simulations.

Developed concrete reinforced by waste of lead fishing weights and steel nails as gamma rays and neutrons shields for nuclear power reactors

Wastes of steel nails WSN and wastes of lead fishing weights WLFW were successfully recycled in concrete to enhance its ability to attenuate neutrons and gamma rays. A series of studies on the effect of partially replacing coarse aggregates of concrete with different percentages (5, 10, and 20%) of WSN or WLFW on the density, slump, compressive strength, and attenuation of neutrons and gamma rays were implemented. The compressive strength of WSN-reinforced concrete ranged between 36.2 and 45.2 MPa, while that of WLFW-reinforced concrete ranged between 28.6 and 45.1 MPa. The ability of WSN- or WLFW-reinforced concrete to attenuate neutrons and gamma rays was tested by using two types of neutron energies; slow and total slow neutrons; and three gamma rays energies 661.64, 1173.23, and 1332.51 keV. Slow and total slow neutrons macroscopic cross-section, linear and mass attenuation coefficients of gamma rays, and half value layer for both types of nuclear radiation were obtained. The results showed that there is a significant improvement in the slow and total slow neutron attenuation efficiency of the considered concrete when reinforced by WSN or WLFW. On the other hand, due to the increase in the atomic number and density of both Fe present in WSN and Pb in WLFW, the attenuation ability of the studied gamma ray energies increased. The WLFW-reinforced concrete showed better value in the gamma rays and neutrons attenuation parameters compared to the WSN-reinforced concrete. Hence, the considered concretes reinforced by WSN or WLFW are a distinguished choice as radiation shields in nuclear power reactors, in addition to their adaptability to high concentrations of waste.

Non-destructive method for determining the strength of concrete based on immersion and extraction of steel nails

Introduction. The method of concrete strength control based on immersion of a steel dowel into concrete due to the energy of a powder charge has been used since the 60s of the last century. Since the early 2000s, the method has been supplemented by the definition of the dowel pullout force from concrete and the definition of an indirect characteristic in the form of the ratio of the pullout force to the depth of immersion of the dowel.
 
 The object of the present research was a method for determining the strength of concrete based on measuring the depth of immersion and the pulling force of a dowel nail installed in concrete.
 
 Aim: to develop requirements for testing by the proposed method, allowing its use as a non-destructive method for testing the strength of concrete.
 
 Materials and methods. The following research methods are used in this work: analysis of available regulatory documents and technical literature on this issue; collection and analysis of the results of previously conducted research using mathematical statistics methods, development of a research program and assignment of parameters, the value of which must be controlled when performing research; performance of own tests and research; analysis of the obtained results of the performed research using methods of mathematical statistics; analysis of the influence of various factors on the result of research, exclusion of non-influencing factors; development of recommendations for the use of the studied control method.
 
 Results. The limitations for the application of the investigated method and the factors that have the most significant impact on the accuracy of the method are revealed: the power spread of the powder charge, the parameters of the indenter (plugged dowel), the criteria for the quality of the dowel installation; a method for rejecting of low-quality results and processing test results has been developed. The factors that do not have a significant impact on the test results have been identified.
 
 Conclusions. Taking into account the identified limitations, a method has been developed for determining the strength of concrete by the magnitude of the local destruction force of concrete when pulling out a dowel nail immersed in concrete, and proposals have been made for inclusion in the State Standard R "Concretes. Determination of the strength by the depth of immersion of the dowel-nail".

Comparison of nail-holding performance of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata dimension lumber based on round steel nails

In this study, the influence of the diameter of round steel nails, the guiding bores, and the wood sections on the nail holding performance of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata dimension lumber was explored. The results showed that the nail-holding power of round steel nails mainly came from their friction with wood fibers, while the radial and tangential sections were also affected by the shearing action of wood fibers. The tangential section reached the largest nail-holding power, followed by the radial section and cross section. Greater wood density was associated with higher nail holding power. Under a large nail diameter, however, high-density wood was prone to plastic cracking, which influenced the nail holding power greatly. Prefabricated guiding bores could prevent plastic cracking in wood to some extent and improve the nail holding power of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata dimension lumber when diameter of round steel nails was more than 3.0 mm. For Cunninghamia lanceolata characterized by low density and rigidity, the wood fiber was in close contact with the round steel nail and internal cracking could not be easily generated under a large diameter of round steel nails.

Influence of repeated wetting and drying on withdrawal capacity of wooden nails and metal nails

Metal nails pose inherent safety risks to wood structures due to their susceptibility to moisture-induced rusting. Currently, densified wooden nails create an opportunity to replace metal fasteners with renewable materials, so the durability of wooden nail joints is crucial for the stability of wood structures. This study investigated the withdrawal resistance and corrosion resistance of densified wooden nails (gun-driven and manual-driven) and low-carbon steel nails (smooth shank and helical shank) when inserted on Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) specimens following repeated wet-dry cycles, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the engineering application of densified wooden nails. The results demonstrated that among the untreated samples, gun-driven wooden nails exhibited the highest withdrawal strength, surpassing manual-driven nails by factors of 4.16 (wooden nails), 3.19 (smooth nails), and 1.24 (helical nails). However, following the wet-dry cycles, the withdrawal strength and withdrawal energy of gun-driven wooden nails experienced significant reductions, but no obvious corrosion traces were found on the nail surfaces. Although the mechanical properties of smooth nails were obviously increased, the degree of corrosion was the most serious. In contrast, the mechanical properties of manual-driven wooden nails and helical nails remained relatively stable. Except for cycle-0, all types of nails displayed small stiffness fluctuations throughout the wet-dry cycles.

Simple method for quantification of metal-based particles in biopsy samples of patients with long bone implants – Pilot study

The presence of particles fixed in tissue samples due to implant degradation or disintegration plays an important role in post-operative complications. The ability to determine the size, shape, chemical composition and, above all, the number of these particles can be used in many areas of medicine. This study presents a novel, simple metal-based particle detection method using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). The presence of metal particles in biopsy specimens from long bone nail-fixated implants (10 patients with titanium steel nails and 10 patients with stainless steel nails) was studied. The samples were analysed using automated area analysis based on image binarization and brightness to 255 grayscale. The results were supplemented with histological data and statistically analysed. The method based on the software used was found to be accurate and easy to use and, thus, appears to be very suitable for particle detection in similar samples.

Early Shrinkage Modeling of Complex Internally Confined Concrete Based on Capillary Tension Theory

This paper evaluates the shrinkage performance of concrete under complex internal constraint environments comprising steel plates, studs, and reinforcement to investigate their respective influence laws on the shrinkage performance of concrete. An early shrinkage model of concrete under complex internal constraints was established based on the theory of capillary tension, and the effects of steel plate, nails, and steel reinforcement on the shrinkage performance of concrete were theoretically analyzed. Six sets of concrete-constrained shrinkage tests and pore structure tests were then performed under different internal constraint conditions with the steel plate thickness, reinforcement diameter, and stud-related parameters (stud diameter, height, and spacing) as research variables. The test results demonstrate that the pore structure of concrete increases with the increase in the constraint coefficient, and that the increase in the pore structure will cause a decrease in the capillary pore stress, which is the driving force of concrete shrinkage. Its decrease will inevitably lead to a decrease in concrete shrinkage. By comparing the calculated values of the shrinkage model with the measured values, it is found that the average value of the prediction error is less than 15%, which reveals that the predicted values of shrinkage are in good agreement with the measured values and proves that the model can effectively predict the shrinkage of concrete that is restrained by steel plates, pins, and reinforcing bars.

A non-destructive method for fixing placards with masonry structures

It is common practice for government agencies to fix signs – and indeed even official temporary notices – onto masonry structures using steel nails. This method of fixing is destructive; it causes irreversible damage to the material fabric, which has a bearing on the overall aesthetic of the building, a scenario which is more acute if the site is of cultural heritage significance. Stones and concrete blocks (locally referred to as concrete bricks), the latter introduced in the 1950s, are the main materials used in masonry construction in Malta. Clay bricks are not utilized, as in Malta there is a blanket prohibition on the extraction of local clay. The main building material used in Malta since time immemorial is Lower Globigerina Limestone. This article puts forward the case for a non-destructive, reversable method to fix notices to building which respects the integrity of the dimension stones. Instead of being hammered into masonry blocks, the proposed removable plugs are installed in the mortar. Their size is relative to the thickness of the mortar bed and the load they are designed to carry, the latter being of negligible importance in the case of lightweight placards. The proposed solution applies equally to other masonry structures, whether erected in dimension or randomly placed stones, concrete blocks or clay bricks, as long as the construction in question uses mortar in the joints between the units.

Technical aspects that may affect the outcomes of pediatric patients with both-bone forearm diaphyseal fractures treated using elastic stable intramedullary nails.

We assessed the radiological and functional results of pediatric both-bone forearm diaphyseal fractures treated using elastic stable intramedullary nails (ESINs), as well as factors affecting the results. In total, 36 patients (33 males and three females; mean age, 11.6 years) were included. The mean follow-up time was 41.5 (18-96) months. Patient demographic characteristics and the details of the surgical techniques were analyzed retrospectively. In addition to standard radiographic evaluations, the ratio between the nail diameter and medullary canal diameter (ND/MCD) was measured, as well as the maximal radial bowing. According to the criteria of Price and Flynn, 28 (77.8%) and eight (22.2%) patients had excellent and good results, respectively. There were no cases of nonunion or delayed union. There was no significant difference in functional or radiological results according to whether titanium nails (24 patients) or stainless steel nails (12 patients) were used (all P > 0.05). Nail prebending (performed in 19 patients) did not affect the functional or radiological results ( P > 0.05). Loss of reduction was observed in four patients with an ND/MCD ratio <40%. The maximal radial bowing improved in all patients. The mean change was significantly greater in patients with diastases and 22D/4.1 fractures. Regardless of nail type or prebending status, surgery using ESIN placement effectively treats both-bone forearm diaphyseal fractures; radial bow remodeling outcomes are excellent. We recommend that the ND/MCD ratio should be 40-70%.

A comparative study between stainless steel and titanium elastic nails in the surgical management of canine juvenile femoral fractures

This prospective clinical study included 16 dogs presented with femur fracture, with no dog more than 12 months of age and were randomly divided into two groups; Group 1 (n=9) treated with stainless steel elastic nails and Group 2 (n=7) treated with titanium elastic nails. Signalment (breed, age, gender, body weight) and history (aetiology, duration of fracture and limb involved) were recorded on the presentation of patient, which was followed by clinical and radiographic examination to record fracture characteristics (site and type of fracture). Post-operatively, functional outcome was assessed on the basis of weight bearing status which improved in both the groups without significant difference. However, a few complications were observed in both the groups which included distal migration of implant (n=3) and osteoarthritis and quadriceps contracture (n=1) in Group 1 and distal migration of implant (n=2) and delayed union (n=1) in Group 2. One case in Group 1 and two cases in Group 2 needed implant removal. The functional outcome and rate of complication at the end of the study, however, was found to be comparable in both the groups and hence, it was concluded that both the implants provide comparable stability for the repair of femoral fractures in growing dogs.

The Effect of Construction Wastes in Concrete Bricks for Load Bearing Wall

Natural disasters, demolition projects, and construction projects generate massive waste. Materials from demolition, roadwork, and excavation were included in the “construction wastes” category, and more complicated wastes, including cardboard, plastic, metal, and ceramic. The objective of this study focused on the possibility of utilizing construction wastes such as plastic wastes such as reinforcing steel bars, tiles, tie wires, and nails in making effective concrete bricks for the load-bearing wall. Construction wastes such as 10%, 15%, and 20% were used to replace aggregates in concrete. Laboratory tests, such as compressive strength and water absorption tests, were carried out to evaluate replacements on the properties of ordinary Portland cement mixes. Results showed that as the amount of construction waste increases, the compressive strength of brick significantly increases. Also, as the percentage of construction wastes increases, with decreasing sand percentage, the water absorption decreases. Thus, this study on creating sand bricks from construction wastes as a replacement for aggregate is an excellent possibility for utilizing as building and construction material and a workable solution in combating the waste problem.

Effects of fastener type, end distance, layer arrangement, and panel strength direction on lateral resistance of single shear lap joints in cross-laminated timber (CLT)

This research investigated the effects of the fastener type, end distance, layer arrangement, and panel strength direction on the lateral resistance of nailed and screwed single shear lap joints in CLT panels. Three-ply CLT panels were made out of poplar wood (Populus alba) with two layer arrangements: 0/90/0 ° and 0/45/0 °. The lateral resistance of nine types of fasteners with end distances of one, two, and three centimeters in two major and minor strength directions of CLT panels was measured by Instron (model 4486) testing machine. The major axis of CLT panels with the 0/45/0° arrangement showed the highest lateral resistance; however, its minor axis showed the lowest one. Among fasteners, Lag screws (10 mm) had the highest lateral resistance, while steel nails had the weakest. In all CLT samples, by changing the fastener type, end distance, layer arrangement, and panel strength direction, the lateral resistance changed 155.8 %, 72.1 %, 3.3 %, and 19.6 %, respectively. Furthermore, changing the failure mode of the fasteners from Im to IV, and CLT members from shear to bearing mode due to the increase in the end distance enhanced lateral resistance, leading to ductile behavior. The NDS, Eurocode 5, and CSA 086 theoretical models were applied to predict the yield lateral loads of the connections. The results showed that Eurocode 5, and CSA 086 better predicted the lateral load of connections with MAPE of 33.8 % and 34.24 %.

Influences of the strengthening methods on axial and eccentric compressive behaviors of circular concrete-filled double-skin tubular columns

This study presents a comprehensive investigation on the compressive behaviors of concrete-filled double-skin tubular (CFDST) columns with two different types of strengthening methods (installations of reinforcement rings and steel nails). A total of five specimens were tested under axial and eccentric compression, and their damage patterns, load-displacement curves, and strain developments were studied. Results revealed that under axial compression, the ultimate load bearing capacity could be enhanced by around 15% by installing the reinforcement rings, and the occurrence of peak load could be postponed after the yielding of steel tube. This is because the reinforcement rings restrained the steel tube buckling at the loading ends. The steel nails had more contributions in ductility performance, when the column was under eccentric compression. The steel nails helped maintain the integrity of steel tubes which could provide confinement to the annular concrete to delay or alleviate the concrete deterioration and crushing failure, ultimately reducing the lateral deflection of the column. A finite element model has been developed and verified against the test results with less than 10% error in predicting the peak load capacities. The model may be used in future studies in the behavior of CFDST columns with less investigation costs.

Performance on Special Concrete Using Steel Nail

Abstract: Steel nails are essential in securing wood, timber, and building materials together and are used often in daily life. This essay investigates the potential instructions for utilising steel nails in composite concrete structures. To determine the compressive strength, samples are cast. Strengthening and flexural strength by incorporating steel nails into a physical matrix. Five distinct ratios were examined in this experiment. Various percentages of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% of steel nails were applied. The outcomes demonstrated that the steel nail's impact enhances the compressive and flexural strength of concrete substantially. The purpose of the study is to steel concrete nails.

Withdrawal Performance of Nails and Screws in Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Made of Poplar (Populus alba) and Fir (Abies alba).

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) can be used as an element in various parts of timber structures, such as bridges. Fast-growing hardwood species, like poplar, are useful in regions where there is a lack of wood resources. In this study, the withdrawal resistance of nine types of conventional fasteners (stainless-steel nails, concrete nails and screws, drywall screws, three types of partially and fully threaded wood screws, and two types of lag screws), with three loading directions (parallel to the grain, perpendicular to the surface, and tangential), and two layer arrangements (0-90-0° and 0-45-0°) in 3-ply CLTs made of poplar as a fast-growing species and fir as a common species in manufacturing of CLT was investigated. Lag screws (10 mm) displayed the highest withdrawal resistance (145.77 N), whereas steel nails had the lowest (13.13 N), according to the main effect analysis. Furthermore, fasteners loaded perpendicular to the grain (perpendicular to the surface and tangential) had higher withdrawal resistance than those loaded parallel to the grain (edge). In terms of the layer arrangement, fasteners in CLTs manufactured from poplar wood (0-45-0°) had the greatest withdrawal resistance, followed by CLTs manufactured from poplar wood in the (0-90-0°) arrangement, and finally, those made from fir wood in the (0-90-0°) arrangement. The fastener type had the most significant impact on the withdrawal resistance, so changing the fastener type from nails to screws increased it by about 5–11 times, which is consistent with other studies. The results showed that poplar, a fast-growth species, is a proper wood for manufacturing CLTs in terms of fastener withdrawal performance.

Biomechanical Assessment of Cannulated Nails for the Treatment of Proximal Femur Fractures

This article focuses on a type of surgical implant used in orthopaedics and traumatology—cannulated femoral nails. Femoral nails are used in medical treatment for purposes of osteosynthesis, i.e., when treating various types of complicated fractures, in this case fractures of the femur. The article investigates cases in which a nail has been implanted in the proximal part of the femur for a short time (with the fracture still not healed), compared with cases in which the bone has already healed. According to AO classification, examined fractures are described as AO 31B3 AO 32A3. The main focus is on strength-deformation analysis using the finite element method (FEM), which makes it possible to determine the behaviour of the femur-implant system. FEM analysis was used to compare 1.4441 steel nails made by two manufacturers, Medin (Czech Republic) and Tantum (Germany). Boundary conditions including external loading, prescribed supports and elastic foundation are defined. There were solved FEM analyses for five cases of healed femur and five cases of broken femur both including implants with prescribed collo-diaphyseal angles. The results of the analysis were used to assess stress-deformation states from the perspective of appropriateness for clinical treatment, biomechanical reliability and safety. All examined femoral nails are compared, safe and suitable for patient treatment.

Time Motion Study on Soil Protection Works

Soil protection works have become popular due to their immense contribution to protecting the building from land sliding. A building structure requires a stable foundation to ensure best construction and durability. There are various engineering techniques in soil protection works, this paper consists of the Soil nailing procedure adopted in the Northwest Commercial multi-use (NWCM) Project of Karle Infra Pvt. Ltd Company, currently executed by the vendor Geoengineering Pvt. Ltd. Soil nailing technique is used to stabilize the existing slope and construct retaining walls from top down. Steel nails are used as a reinforcement of soil which are drilled and grouted into the soil to create a compound mass similar to a gravity wall. The Soil nailing procedure is an alleviative measure to handle unstable natural soil slopes or unstable filled slopes. Soil protection works include multiple activities that occur in a systematic and sequential manner. The critical activities influencing the duration, schedule and progress of soil protection works are identified and a time-motion study is used as a tool to identify the difference in productivity to improve the progress of the soil protection work. Each activity of grouted nailing for one lift of excavation is carefully analyzed to record the time spent for that activity and to identify areas to reduce time and increase efficiency. The study can improve planning work based on the actual duration of activities identified and help to minimize delays at the construction site.