Steel In NaCl Solution Research Articles

Variation in Synergy of Corrosion Inhibition, on Mild Steel in NaCl Solution, Due to Rare Earth: Ce, Y, La, Nd in Rare Earth Tartrates

Variation in Synergy of Corrosion Inhibition, on Mild Steel in NaCl Solution, Due to Rare Earth: Ce, Y, La, Nd in Rare Earth Tartrates

Evolution of the Corrosion Products around MnS Embedded in AISI 304 Stainless Steel in NaCl Solution.

The characterization and evolution of corrosion products deposited on/around MnSs, a typical kind of inclusive particle embedded in AISI 304 stainless steel, was analyzed using a quasi-in-situ method in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. On/around the MnS inclusion, a corrosion product layer with spinel Fe3-xCrxO4 as the main component was formed, with a thickness of several hundred nanometers. Below the layer, there was a cavity layer in which part of the MnS remained, forming secondary pitting along the MnS/matrix boundary. The mechanism of corrosion product deposition and evolution accompanied by MnS dissolution, as well as the characteristics of the corrosion products, are discussed.

Effect of pre-filming potential on the electrochemical characteristics of 2205 duplex stainless steel in NaCl solution

Effect of pre-filming potential on the electrochemical characteristics of 2205 duplex stainless steel in NaCl solution

Self-forming barrier layer for carbon dioxide corrosion protection of mild steel in NaCl solution containing hydroxychavicol isolated from Piper betle L. leaf

Hydroxychavicol compound was isolated from Piper betle L. leaf and identified via preparative high performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Hydroxychavicol compound was demonstrated to be a potential inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in carbon dioxide-containing environments due to the formation of a barrier layer on the steel surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results indicated that the inclusion of hydroxychavicol in the aggressive environment made steel surfaces more homogeneous and smoother with a rough mean square roughness of 7.78 nm, whereas the steel surface was severely corroded in the blank solution. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed an enrichment of hydroxychavicol species combined with iron oxides and hydroxides on the mild steel surface. This can lead to the creation of a protective layer on the mild steel surface, thereby enhancing corrosion protection and localized inhibition. The work suggested a novel approach to isolate corrosion inhibitors from natural products, particularly agricultural by-products for mild steel in carbon dioxide and chloride ion environment with high inhibition performance.

Crevice Corrosion Behavior of 201 Stainless Steel in NaCl Solutions with Different pH Values by In Situ Monitoring.

Crevice corrosion (CC) behavior of 201 stainless steel (SS) in 1 M NaCl + x M HCl/y M NaOH solutions with various pH was investigated using SECM and optical microscopic observations. Results show that the CC was initiated by the decrease in pH value within the crevice. The pH value near the crevice mouth falls rapidly to 1.38 in the first 2 h in the strongly acidic solution, while the pH value was observed to rise firstly and then decrease in the neutral and alkaline solutions. It indicates there is no incubation phase in the CC evolution of 201-SS in a pH = 2.00 solution, while an incubation phase was observed in pH = 7.00 and 11.00 solutions. Additionally, there appeared to be a radial pH variation within the gap over time. The pH value is the lowest at the gap mouth, which is in line with the in situ optical observation result that the severely corroded region is at the mouth of the gap. The decrease in pH value inside results in the negative shift of open circuit potential (OCP) and the initiation of CC of 201-SS. The increased anodic dissolution rate in the acidic solution accelerates the breakdown of passive film inside, reducing the initiation time and stimulating the spread of CC.

Improvement of nitrogen ion implantation on the wear and corrosion resistance of bearing steel in NaCl solution

Nitrogen ion implantation has been used to improve the wear and corrosion resistance of bearing steel. A comprehensive investigation was carried out to study the changes in chemical state, microstructure, nanohardness, and surface free energy after ion implantation. The wear and corrosion properties were investigated in the study. The results showed that a metal nitriding layer and an amorphous layer were formed on the surface of the N-implanted sample. The nanohardness of the N-implanted sample increased by 70.28 %, and the surface free energy decreased by 28.39 %, indicating an increase in hydrophobicity, compared to the untreated sample. In the tribological test, the coefficient of friction increased slightly, but the volume loss rate decreased by 55.2 % after ion implantation. The wear mechanism changed from adhesion and abrasive wear of the untreated samples to abrasive wear of the N-implanted samples. Electrochemical corrosion tests showed that the polarization resistance increased and the corrosion current density (icorr) decreased from 6.506 × 10−6 A/cm2 to 1.718 × 10−6 A/cm2 after ion implantation. The improvement in corrosion resistance was attributed to the increase in surface hydrophobicity and the formation of an amorphous layer. The amorphous layer effectively reduced surface defects, protected the substrate, inhibited local pitting, and improved corrosion resistance.

Effect of organic component (tartrate) addition on cerium nitrate's ability to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in NaCl solution

Cerium tartrate (CeTar), produced in this study by precipitating cerium nitrate with potassium sodium tartrate (KNaTar), was examined as a corrosion inhibitor. Weight loss tests show inhibition efficiency of 71.7% with Ce(NO3)3 and 88.7% with CeTar inhibitor for one-month exposure to mild steel in 7 g/L NaCl solution. The inhibition efficiency drops to 28.6% with the former and remains around 87% with the latter inhibitor after six months of exposure. Similar results from electrochemical testing indicate that the inhibition efficiency decreases by adding cerium nitrate. Still, the cerium tartrate inhibitor demonstrates a nearly constant inhibition efficiency for up to 30 d, i.e., ≈90%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) performed in these cases shows the following results: (i) with cerium nitrate, a film of iron and cerium oxide, which on prolonged exposure diminishes, and (ii) with cerium tartrate, the formation of a bimetallic film (Fe-tartrate-Ce) and a mixture of cerium hydroxide and iron oxide that protects steel for a longer duration. These inferences are based on the analyses of scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy results.

Comparative study of performance of temiki (Melastomacandidum) and rubek (Calotropis gigantea) extract inhibitors for carbon steel in corrosive media

The use of synthetic inhibitors that negatively affect the environment is still used. Organic inhibitors are the best and most environmentally friendly solutions such as Temiki plants (MelastomaCandidum) and Rubik (Calotropis Giganteen) which have good corrosion cell inhibitor properties and have the potential to be used as corrosion inhibitors. This study analyzed Temiki and Rubik extracts as corrosion inhibitors in carbon steel using the weight loss method in 3.5% NaCl solution and analyzed the efficiency of the inhibitors. Temiki and Rubik's are extracted by drying the leaves, stems and flowers under the sun. Then the material is mashed together and distilled by the solid-liquid method with the Soxhlet tool. Identification of plant components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Density and viscosity were analyzed following ASTM D 4052 and ASTM D 445 standards. Weight loss method testing was carried out at inhibitor concentrations of 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm, with soaking time for 15 weeks and data collection was carried out every week. The results of the analysis showed the highest corrosion rate in Temiki extract with a concentration of 500 ppm reaching 1,569 mpy and the lowest at a concentration of 500 ppm reaching 0.157 mpy. In Rubik's extract inhibitors, the highest corrosion rate occurred in 500 ppm inhibitors reaching 1,268 mpy, while the lowest occurred at 200 ppm concentrations reaching 0.331 mpy. The highest efficiency value is the 400 ppm Temiki inhibitor with efficiency reaching 82.89% and the lowest at 500 ppm reaching 19.55%. while for the efficiency of Rubik's extract inhibitors, the highest value was 62.71%, at a concentration of 200 ppm. While the lowest is 28.40%, at 500 ppm inhibitors. These results show that Temiki and Rubik's extracts can still function well as corrosion inhibitors in low-carbon steels in NaCl solution.

Corrosive-Wear Performance of Grade 316 Stainless Steel Sliding Against Grade 316 Stainless Steel in NaCl Solution

Corrosive-Wear Performance of Grade 316 Stainless Steel Sliding Against Grade 316 Stainless Steel in NaCl Solution

Analysis of inhibitory properties of neodymium tartrate and comparison with neodymium chloride for mild steel in neutral sodium chloride solution

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the eco-friendly neodymium tartrate (NdTar) inhibitor for mild steel in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution.Design/methodology/approachThe mild steel 1010 coupon was considered for the current study. Weight loss and the electrochemical methods were used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of neodymium chloride (NdCl3) and NdTar on mild steel in NaCl solution. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements were carried out to study the morphology and composition of the film, nature of deposits and corrosion products formed in test media on the corroded steel, with the objective of further analyzing the observed behavior of the two inhibitors.FindingsOf the two, NdTar performs better than NdCl3 because it shields mild steel surfaces for longer. According to the results, when NdCl3 is present in a corrosive solution, the protective film only comprises Nd/Fe oxide/hydroxide/carbonate. However, when neodymium is coupled with the tartrate group (an organic group) and then added to the NaCl solution, the inhibitor film comprises both bimetallic complexes (Fe-Tar-Nd) and metal oxide/hydroxide/carbonate, which results in a more compact film and has higher inhibition efficiency.Originality/valueThis study evaluated the combined effects of inorganic and organic inhibitors with those of an inorganic inhibitor used alone for mild steel in NaCl solution.

Localized corrosion of 15–5 PH and 17–4 PH stainless steel in NaCl solution

Localized corrosion of 15–5 PH and 17–4 PH stainless steel in NaCl solution

Multi-channel preparation and high-throughput screening of coating fillers with optimized corrosion sensing and inhibition properties for smart protective coatings

A high-throughput method was proposed to screen coating fillers with both good corrosion-sensing and inhibition performances. SiO2 nanoparticles loaded with different percentages of phenanthroline (Phen) and 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HDMIC) were prepared (Ph-HD@SN) using a multi-channel synthesis instrument. The corrosion-sensing ability of different Ph-HD@SN to detect Fe2+ ions can be determined by spectrophotometric method within 30 s. The corrosion inhibition effect of Ph-HD@SN was evaluated by visual assessment and quantification of iron dissolution from carbon steel in NaCl solutions containing different nanoparticles. The optimized Ph-HD@SN was incorporated into epoxy coating to achieve the corrosion-sensing and self-healing properties.

Investigation of triazole derivatives as corrosion inhibitors on Q235 steel in NaCl solution: Experimental and theoretical studies

Triazole derivatives were synthesised as a new eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor, called C207, which was used in NaCl solutions to protect Q235 steel from corrosion. Electrochemical measurements verified its excellent performance. It was an anode corrosion inhibitor and maintained over 96 % (50 mg/L) inhibition within 48 h. Surface morphology and structure analysis showed that coordination bonds were formed between C207 and Q235 steel. As a result, C207 strongly adsorbed on the surface of steel and made it smooth. Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed these experimental studies. It was suggested that C207 could be a potential corrosion inhibitor for applications in harsh seawater environments.

The inhibition performance of anionic surfactant and zwitterionic surfactant toward the corrosion of carbon steel in NaCl solution

AbstractCarbon steel suffers from serious corrosion in NaCl solution, the development of effective inhibitor has become a hot issue. The corrosion inhibition performance of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (AES) and lauryl betaine (BS‐12) and the mixture of the two inhibitors were studied using electrochemical and weight‐loss methods. Results showed the corrosion inhibition efficiency order is AES + BS‐12 > BS‐12 > AES, the inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor increases with the increasing of concentration and the maximum inhibition efficiency is 95.9% in the solution with 200 mg L−1 AES + BS‐12. Inhibitor can adsorb on Q235 surface through physical and chemical interactions and the adsorption obeys Langmuir isotherm. The migration of the corrosive ions to the metal is hindered and the metal is protected.

Effect of alternating current and Cl- ions on corrosion behavior of X70 steel in NaCl solution

The combined effect of alternating current (AC) and Cl- on the corrosion behavior of X70 steel was studied by conducting electrochemical experiments and evaluating corrosion morphology characteristics. The results show that the effect of AC on the corrosion behavior of steel was related to Cl- concentration. The extent of potential that negatively shifted when AC was applied decreased with increasing Cl- concentration. The corrosion rate enhanced as AC increased when the Cl- concentration within 0.3 mol/L, but decreased with AC current density as the concentration of Cl- further increased. The double-layer capacitance increased with the increase in Cl- concentration. When the concentration of Cl- exceeded 0.3 mol/L, the charge-transfer resistance increased with AC current density. When the concentration of NaCl was below 0.3 mol/L, the corrosion process was mainly controlled by AC, and when the concentration of NaCl increased to 0.5 mol/L, the corrosion process was mainly controlled by dissolved oxygen. AC may inhibit the diffusion of oxygen when the concentration of NaCl solutions exceeded 0.3 mol/L. This reduced the progress of cathodic reaction, resulting in a decrease of the corrosion rate. Therefore, with the increase in Cl- concentration, the effect of AC on the corrosion process of X70 steel was weakened. In addition, the effect of Cl- concentration and AC on the dissolution and diffusion of oxygen in the solution affected the corrosion process. Moreover, the corrosion morphologies indicate that the pitting of X70 steel was aggravated by both Cl- and AC, but the effect of AC on pitting is more significant than Cl-.

Validating Agar as an Analog of Soil to Monitor Corrosion of Pipeline Steel

Aqueous electrolyte traditionally used for electrochemical characterization of soil‐related corrosion in laboratories fails to represent the soil physical features, such as pore structure, soil heterogeneity, soil compaction, and saturation levels, in the diffusion‐controlled corrosion process. This article introduces a semi‐solid agar system to reproduce the physical structure of soil for corrosion study. For feasibility validation of the agar system, direct comparison regarding electrochemical activity, diffusion characteristics, and corrosion mechanisms has been performed on pipeline steel in aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution (5 g L−1), 5 g L−1 NaCl‐containing agar, and 5 g L−1 NaCl in sand, respectively. The results indicates that oxygen diffusion in agar and sand media is similar, which significantly weakens the cathodic activity of steel specimens, but leads to distinct corrosion characteristics from those identified in aqueous NaCl solution counterparts. The high diffusion rate of chloride ions in aqueous solution also accelerates corrosion of pipeline steel in NaCl solution through extensive attack at defect sites, but the limited chloride ion movement and the diminished driving force for anodic corrosion activity reduce such attack in their agar and sand equivalents. The solid nature of agar outperforms aqueous electrolytes as soil replicate to explore soil‐related corrosion responses at laboratory scale.

Corrosion inhibitive effects of calcium-modified zinc phosphate coating on A36 mild steel

In this work, the corrosion inhibitive performance of calcium modified zinc phosphate coating on A36 mild steel was studied. Treated A36 mild steel samples were subjected to coating through immersion in phosphating bath containing varied concentrations of calcium oxide (0–2.5 g/L) at different operating temperatures (60–80 °C) and immersion time (30–60 min). The coated samples were then subjected to corrosion tests (weight loss and inhibition efficiency determination) in 3.5% NaCl solution, to examine the anticorrosion behaviour of the coated mild steel in NaCl solution. The calcium modified phosphating process which was carried out at 80 °C with calcium concentration of 2.5 g/L gave a better and more uniform coating on A36 mild steel surface, as confirmed by visual inspection and SEM/EDS analysis. Also, Freundlich adsorption isotherm was found suitable for the prediction of the adsorption of both calcium and zinc particles on A36 mild steel, as indicated by the coefficient of determination (R2) values of approximately one. The adsorption of both the zinc and calcium particles on A36 mild steel was found to be spontaneous and physical process, as revealed by the values of Kads and ΔGads.

The Effect of Cacao Leaf Extract as An Inhibitor with A Concentration Variation of 0%, 3%, 5%, And 7% on The Corrosion Rate of St 37 Steel with Immersion Time of 3 Days And 6 Days in NaCl Corrosive Medium 3%

This study aims to determine the effect of adding inhibitors of cacao leaf extract with concentrations of 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% in 3% NaCl corrosive medium on the corrosion rate of St 37 steel, knowing the effect of cacao leaf extract in inhibiting the corrosion rate of St 37 steel in NaCl solution and knowing the microstructure, phase, and corrosion products on St 37 steel after immersion in NaCl solution. The weight loss method was carried out to determine the value of the resulting corrosion rate. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed the presence of tannins in the cacao leaf extract. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) result shows that the formed phase is pure Fe. It is reinforced by the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) result, which shows that the more lumps on the steel surface, the fewer Fe elements, and the more FeO corrosion product. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results show the presence of lumps of various sizes and black holes resulting from corrosion.

Synthesis and application of molybdate-doped mussel-inspired polydopamine (MI-PDA) biopolymer as an effective sustainable anti-corrosion substance for mild steel in NaCl solution

Synthesis and application of molybdate-doped mussel-inspired polydopamine (MI-PDA) biopolymer as an effective sustainable anti-corrosion substance for mild steel in NaCl solution

Effect of crevice gap on crevice corrosion initiation and development of 2205 duplex stainless steel in NaCl solution

The crevice geometry has an important influence on the initiation and development of crevice corrosion. The crevice gap size determines the volume of the crevice solution and the cross-sectional area of the material exchange channel between the crevice solution and bulk solution, and it is the dominant factor of the initiation and development mechanism of crevice corrosion. In this paper, the effect of crevice gap size on the crevice corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) in NaCl solution was investigated by electrochemical method combined with modeling. The quantitative contribution of the volume effect of crevice solution and the diffusion effect of H+ on the crevice corrosion initiation period, as well as the corrosion characteristics and mechanism at initiation and development periods of crevice corrosion, were discussed. Results show that the initiation process of crevice corrosion of 2205 DSS in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution follows the critical crevice solution mechanism. The crevice gap size affects the acidification rate of the crevice solution and the initiation period time of crevice corrosion through the volume effect and the diffusion effect. The influence of diffusion effect on the initiation period time was more significant than volume effect. The corrosion development process is mainly determined by the potential and current density distribution within the crevice, and thus follows the IR drop mechanism (I refers to the current and R refers to the resistance). The crevice gap size is the dominant factor for the development mechanism of crevice corrosion.