Steel In Aqueous Chloride Solutions Research Articles

Adsorption and corrosion inhibition performance of rice bran extract on carbon steel in aqueous chloride solution: Experimental, computational and theoretical studies

In this study, an ecofriendly corrosion inhibitor made of waste rice bran was produced to reduce corrosion caused by chloride on reinforcement. Electrochemical results revealed that with increasing inhibitor concentration the inhibition efficiency of the rice bran extract (RBE) reached the maximum value of 98% at an optimum concentration of 4.5%. The existence of carbonaceous passive film over the steel surface was established by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Quantum mechanics and Molecular simulations evidenced the adsorption of phytochemicals onto the steel surface thus, affirming the inhibition action of the rice bran extract.

Estimation of the Critical Potential for Crevice Corrosion by Measuring Metastable Pitting Potential of Stainless Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solution

Estimation of the Critical Potential for Crevice Corrosion by Measuring Metastable Pitting Potential of Stainless Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solution

The Role of Micro Pit in the Initiaion Process of Crevice Corrosion of SUS304 Stainless Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solution

The Role of Micro Pit in the Initiaion Process of Crevice Corrosion of SUS304 Stainless Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solution

Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Rice Bran Extract on Carbon Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solution: Experimental, Computational and Theoretical Studies

Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Rice Bran Extract on Carbon Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solution: Experimental, Computational and Theoretical Studies

An amino‐based protic ionic liquid as a corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in aqueous chloride solutions

AbstractProtic ionic liquids (PILs) have shown to be promising substances as corrosion inhibitors (CIs). In line with this, the aim of this study is to study the performance and propose the corrosion inhibition mechanism of N‐methyl‐2‐hydroxyethylamine (M‐2HEAOL) and bis‐2‐hidroxyethylamine (B‐HEAOL) oleate, for mild steel, in a neutral chloride solution. Electrochemical characterization was conducted under static and hydrodynamic conditions, and it was revealed that M‐2HEAOL and B‐HEAOL worked as mixed‐type CIs with more interference on the anodic reaction. Inhibition efficiency depended on the concentration reaching 97% of inhibition efficiency in 5 mmol/L concentration. Scanning electron microscopy, optical interferometry, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy are used to elicit the chemical composition of the surface film and corrosion morphology of steel in the presence of CIs, the adsorption processes of which involved physical and chemical adsorption between metal and different parts of ionic liquids. The results allowed the proposition of a corrosion inhibition mechanism.

Corrosion inhibition performance of novel eco-friendly nanoreservoirs as bi-component active system on mild steel in aqueous chloride solution

Abstract An organic/inorganic couple based on halloysite nanotubes (HNT) was employed to provide active corrosion protection on mild steel in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution. The HNT impregnated with green aqueous extract of Basil (BNC) was used as active host of corrosion inhibitors. The chemical characterization of BNC was done by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Also, the time-dependent release of corrosion inhibitors was confirmed through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis). The significant corrosion inhibition efficiency of the active system (about 98%) was proved by electrochemical analyses. The synergistic effect based on formation of chelate between inhibitor molecules and Zn2+ cations, leading to surface film formation, was proposed as the main mechanism for considerable long-term corrosion protection of bi-component system.

A study on the mixed corrosion inhibitor with a dominant cathodic inhibitor for mild steel in aqueous chloride solution

Abstract Lanthanum diphenylphosphate compound (La(dpp)3) has been developed as an effective corrosion inhibitor system for controlling the dominant cathodic process of the electrochemical reaction on mild steel surface immersed in an aqueous chloride solution. The study has clearly demonstrated that less corrosion attack has been shown on the steel surface of steel coupons immersed in solutions containing La(dpp)3 compound even at low concentrations. This research has also proved that the La(dpp)3 compound improves the inhibition effectiveness with an increase in inhibitor concentrations, resulting in the superior protective film and charge transfer resistances, as well as protective film and double layer CPE magnitude values.

Synthesis and characterization of an effective green corrosion inhibitive hybrid pigment based on zinc acetate-Cichorium intybus L leaves extract (ZnA-CIL.L): Electrochemical investigations on the synergistic corrosion inhibition of mild steel in aqueous chloride solutions

Mild steel structures are widely used in many applications ranging from oil and gas pipelines to cooling water system and storage tanks. The search for highly effective inhibitors based on sustainable and environmentally friendly compounds for the protection of steel in corrosive environments i.e marine condition, has attracted considerable attention and interest of researchers.In this study a new generation of corrosion inhibitive pigment based on zinc acetate-Cichorium intybus L leaf extract (ZnA-CIL.L) has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Then, the corrosion inhibition performance of the ZnA-CIL.L hybrid pigment was studied by open circuit potential (OCP) measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization studies in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution on mild steel substrate. The surface morphology and chemistry of the steel panels dipped in the solutions without and with ZnA-CIL.L pigment extract was studied by SEM/EDS and FT-IR analyses. Results obtained from XPS, SEM/EDS, FT-IR, TGA and UV–visible analyses confirmed the successful complex formation of ZnA-CIL.L. The CIL.L extract consists of many corrosion inhibitive molecules i.e Flavone, Caffeic acid and Chicoric acid, that are full of electron-rich groups with high capability of sharing their lone pairs with Zn2+ cations, that have empty 3d orbital. Results obtained from OCP, EIS and polarization tests confirmed that the ZnA-CIL.L hybrid pigment, in its extract form in saline solution, could remarkably retard the steel sample from corrosion. Due to the synergistic effect between CIL.L and Zn2+ cations both the anodic and cathodic reactions were noticeably suppressed and inhibited in the presence of ZnA-CIL.L extract. The CIL.L molecules adsorption on the anodic sites occurred through chelation with zinc/iron cations, and the zinc cations deposited on the cathodic sites in the form of zinc hydroxide, providing proper inhibition performance for this hybrid green corrosion inhibitive pigment.

Synergistic Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solutions by an Imidazolinium Carboxylate Salt

Mild steel infrastructure is constantly under corrosive attack in most environmental and industrial conditions. There is an ongoing search for environmentally friendly, highly effective inhibitor compounds that can provide a protective action in situations ranging from the marine environment to oil and gas pipelines. In this work an organic salt comprising a protic imidazolinium cation and a 4-hydroxycinnamate anion has been shown to produce a synergistic corrosion inhibition effect for mild steel in 0.01 M NaCl aqueous solutions under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions; an important and unusual phenomenon for one compound to support inhibition across a range of pH conditions. Significantly, the individual components of this compound do not inhibit as effectively at equivalent concentrations, particularly at pH 2. Immersion studies show the efficacy of these inhibitors in stifling corrosion as observed from optical, SEM, and profilometry experiments. The mechanism of inhibition appears to be dominated ...

Effects of concentration of sodium chloride solution on the pitting corrosion behavior of AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel

The pitting corrosion behavior of the austenitic stainless steel in aqueous chloride solution was investigated using electrochemical technique. Corrosion potential (Ecorr) measurement, potentiodynamic experiments, potential-hold experiments in the passive range, and microscopic examination were used for the evaluation of corrosion characteristics. The experimental parameters were chloride ion concentration, immersion time and anodic-hold potential. Ecorr measurements along with microscopic examinations suggest that in or above 3.5 % NaCl at pH 2 pitting took place on the surface in absence of applied potential after 6 hour immersion. The potentiodynamic experiment reveals that Ecorr and pitting potential (Epit) decreased and current density in the passive region increased with the increase of chloride ion concentrations. A linear relationship between Epit and chloride ion concentrations was found in this investigation. The analysis of the results suggests that six chloride ions are involved for the dissolution of iron ion in the pitting corrosion process of austenitic stainless steel.

Prediction of time to failure in stress corrosion cracking of 304 stainless steel in aqueous chloride solution by artificial neural network

Despite the numerous researches in Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) risk of austenitic stainless steels in aqueous chloride solution, no formulation or reliable method for prediction of time to failure as a result of SCC has yet been defined. In this paper, the capability of artificial neural network for estimation of the time to failure for SCC of 304 stainless steel in aqueous chloride solution together with sensitivity analysis has been expressed. The output results showed that artificial neural network can predict the time to failure for about 74% of the variance of SCC experimental data. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis also demonstrated the effects of input parameters (Temperature, Applied stress and Cr concentration) on SCC of 304 stainless steel in aqueous chloride solutions.

Electrochemical studies of the corrosion behavior of a low-carbon steel in aqueous chloride solutions simulating accident conditions of radioactive waste disposal

The fine-grained structural steel DIN W.Nr. 1.0566 was exposed to various sulfate and chloride-containing aqueous solutions, the latter ones simulating the potential accidental environment of water intrusion into a salt mine. By electrochemical measurements in salt brines, the following results were achieved: (1) The corrosion rate is highly dependent on salt brine composition, pH and temperature. (2) Active metal dissolution led to formation of shallow pits as surface corrosion phenomenon. Thus, the application of electrochemical techniques — under non-polarized as well as under potentiodynamic conditions — proved to be suitable for fast qualitative testing of the influence of various environmental parameters on steel corrosion.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized AISI 304 Stainless Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solutions Containing Sulfur Species at 50 through 200 C

Abstract Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of sensitized AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) was studied in aerated pure water and in chloride solutions with and without sulfide and thiosulfate anions at temperatures ranging from 50 to 200 C using the slow strain rate technique. At 50 and 100 C, the presence of sulfide or thiosulfate ions in chloride solution was found to accelerate IGSCC. At 150 C, sulfide ions inhibited stress corrosion cracking (SCC), while thiosulfate ions promoted SCC. At 200 C, both these ions inhibited SCC. The influence of pH, potential, temperature, and surface film composition on IGSCC is discussed.

Stress corrosion cracking of 410 stainless steel in aqueous chloride solutions

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of 410 stainless steel in boiling 3% NaCl solutions of pH 6.2 and pH 5.1 and in boiling 3% NH 4Cl solution of pH 5.1 was investigated using the constant-load technique. The stainless steel was tested in the as-received, the annealed and the quenched and tempered conditions with yield stresses of 233.55 N mm −2, 175.16 N mm −2 and 603.35 N mm −2 respectively. In NaCl solutions, cathodic polarization decelerated SCC while anodic polarization accelerated it. However, in NH 4Cl solution SCC was accelerated when the alloy was either cathodically or anodically polarized. The lifetime was shortest for the quenched and tempered condition in all solutions tested. The results indicate that the cracking of 410 stainless steel in NaCl solutions is mainly due to an active path corrosion mechanism. However, in NH 4Cl solution both hydrogen embrittlement and the active path mechanism may be operative.

The influence of cyclic plastic deformation on electrode reactions on mild steel in aqueous chloride solutions of varying pH

AbstractAn attempt has been made to study the operative mechanisms which cause the corrosion-fatigue failure of mild steel in marine environments. To achieve this the influence of dynamic cyclic plastic strain on the electrode reactions on mild steel in 0.6 M (3.5% NaCl) at various pH levels has been investigated. Dynamic tensile and compressive strains were observed to enhance significantly both anodic and cathodic reactions. At open-circuit potentials in solutions of pH 1–11 where corrosion-fatigue failure is known to occur, the anodic reaction is stimulated significantly more than the cathodic reaction. At pH 1, where the corrosion-fatigue life is a minimum, the observed dissolution effects are greatest; at other pH values an inverse relationship exists between dissolution effects and corrosion-fatigue endurance. At pH 12, where the material exhibits its dry fatigue properties, enhanced dissolution effects were found to decrease rapidly with progressive strain cycling. It would appear therefore that a ...

Influence of Test Variables on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel in a Chloride Solution

The corrosion of carbon steel in aqueous chloride solutions at different pH values Was studied at 25°c and 96°c. The influence on the corrosion rate of the steel of intermittent bubbling of (Cl2 + N2) and/or (H2S + N2) through the chloride solution was also investigated. Gases containing chlorine increased the corrosion rate and the pitting tendency, whereas gas mixtures containing H2S reduced the corrosion rate and the pitting tendency of the specimen. Pre-treatment with Cl2 or with H2 increased the corrosion rate. Cold working increased both the corrosion rate and the tendency to pitting. Trisodium phosphate partially inhibited the corrosion by chloride, but complete passivation was never achieved at any concentration of phosphate.

Environmental Effects of Anthraquinone Derivatives on the Resistance to SCC of AISI 4340 Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solutions

Abstract Polyhydroxy derivatives of anthraquinone adsorbed on AISI 4340 steel foil increase the resistance of the foil to stress corrosion cracking in aerated 0.6 M aqueous sodium chloride acidified with hydrogen chloride to pH 1.5. It is suggested that these compounds act as acceptors of atomic hydrogen or of other intermediates involved in the electrolytic discharge of hydrogen and that the reduced form of the compound is re-oxidized to its original state by dissolved oxygen in the sodium chloride solution.

Environmental Effects of Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds on the Resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking of AISI 4340 Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solutions

Abstract The resistance to stress corrosion cracking of AISI 4340 steel foil in 0.6M aqueous sodium chloride, acidified to pH 1.5 with hydrochloric acid, is greatly decreased by prior treatment of the specimens for short periods of time with aqueous and nonaqueous solutions of sulfur, organic and inorganic sulfides, sulfur dioxides, and the inorganic salts of sulfurousand sulfuric acids. It is suggested that this prior treatment produces sulfided areas which are inhibitors of the combination of atomic hydrogen into molecular hydrogen. The decreased resistance to stress corrosion cracking is thus attributed to hydrogen embrittlement. If the stress corrosion cracking test is made in 0.6M aqueous sodium chloride, adjusted to an initial pH of 8, the effect of a prior sulfiding treatment is small. The formation of such sulfided areas in practice result from the exposure of 4340 steels to industrial atmospheres which may contain hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and elemental sulfur.