Stearic Acid Content Research Articles

Rheological behavior and release dynamics of pregelatinized pink potato starch modified by stearic acid.

The effects of stearic acid (5 %, 10 %, and 15 % w/w) and pregelatinized pink potato starch (20, 25, and 30 min) on complex formation, physicochemical properties, rheology, and release characteristics were investigated. Moisture content decreased from 14.26 % in pregelatinized starch to 13.25 %, 12.85 %, and 11.45 % in complexes with 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % stearic acid, respectively. Water-holding capacity dropped from 268.68 % to 128.26 %, 95.05 %, and 50.63 %, with increasing stearic acid concentrations. Swelling and solubility power also decreased, with swelling power reducing from 5.57 % to 3.45 % and solubility from 12.75 % to 10.34 %. Micromeritic evaluations showed improved flowability in starch-stearic acid complexes. X-ray diffraction revealed a V-type crystalline complex with characteristic peaks at 7°, 21°, 22°, and 24°, and additional peaks at 7° and 41°. FTIR spectra indicated complex formation with bands around 2917 and 1700 cm−1. FESEM imaging showed intact granules with irregular shapes and protruding amylose fragments. Rheological assessments indicated reduced viscosity and altered viscoelastic properties in the complexes. In-vitro release studies demonstrated controlled drug release, suggesting potential applications for targeted pharmaceutical delivery. This study emphasizes the functional modifications induced by stearic acid in pregelatinized starch, enhancing material properties for industrial and biomedical applications.

Formulasi NLC-Stick Ekstrak Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Shea Butter dan Asam Stearat

NLC of telang flower extract has an effect as a sunscreen to protect the skin from sunlight. Stick preparation in NLC formulation can facilitate the use of sunscreen. This study aims to determine and compare variations in the concentration of Shea Butter (as a Base) and stearic acid (as a Harding Agent) and obtain the results of physical evaluation of variations in the concentration of Shea butter and Stearic Acid. NLCs of telang flower extract were formulated into formulas with varying concentrations of shea butter and stearic acid in the ratio of 80:20; 50:50; 20:80. Furthermore, the physical properties of NLC-Stick of bay flower extract were evaluated, including organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, melting time test, and spreadability test. The results showed that the optimal variation of shea butter and stearic acid concentration was 50:50. The optimum formula of NLC-Stick of telang flower extract has a colour like the active substance, solid shape, soft aroma, homogeneous, pH of 4.56 ± 0.3, melting time test of 21 minutes, and spreadability test of 3 cm. NLC-Stick with varying concentrations of shea butter:stearic acid (50:50) has a physical evaluation that meets the stick requirements.

Effect of residual carbon on the microstructure and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ti–Nb–Zr–Mn alloys

Herein, Ti–Nb–Zr–Mn alloys were prepared by ball milling and spark plasma sintering. The effect of residual carbon on the microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the as-prepared Ti–Nb–Zr–Mn alloys was systematically studied. The incorporation of stearic acid led to the presence of residual carbon, thereby resulting in the emergence of the FCC phase, encompassing both FCC Ti and carbon-deficient Ti2C. Subsequently, the ultimate tensile strength of the Ti–Nb–Zr–Mn alloys increased from 889 ± 13 MPa to 1166 ± 13 MPa, while the plasticity significantly decreased from 23.6 % to 3.8 %. Meanwhile, the elastic modulus and hardness exhibited an increase in correlation with higher stearic acid content. The Ti2C phase demonstrates significantly higher hardness and modulus compared to FCC Ti; however, it is brittle and carries the risk of reducing ductility and leading to brittle fracture. To achieve a synergistic match of low elastic modulus, high strength, and preferable ductility for metastable β Ti, careful regulation of the carbon content in the Ti alloys is essential.

Dietary oyster mushroom fermented Vachellia erioloba pods enhance Boschveld chicken meat healthiness without altering its physicochemical quality, growth performance and physiology

The high content of fibre and antinutritional phytochemicals limit the utilization of Vachellia erioloba tree pods as nutraceutical feed additive for indigenous chicken diets. The pods can however be solid-state fermented using oyster mushrooms to enhance the nutritional utility of their spent substrate for the nutrition of the native birds. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary incorporation of V. erioloba pods oyster mushroom spent substrate (OMSS) on growth performance, carcass traits, visceral organs, haemato-biochemistry, and meat quality including its fatty acid composition in Boschveld chickens. In a completely randomized design, 250 4-week old mixed gender Boschveld chicks were randomly allotted to 25 pens in which they were offered treatment diets (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10% OMSS) each with 5 replicates of 10 for 12 weeks and then slaughtered. While there were neither linear nor quadratic effects of diet on overall feed intake (FI) (P > 0.05) and body weight gain (BWG) (P > 0.05), dietary incorporation of OMSS decreased overall feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (quadratic: P < 0.05) particularly in weeks 5 (linear: P < 0.05), 6 (quadratic: P < 0.01) and 11 (quadratic: P < 0.05) with no effects in subsequent weeks (P > 0.05). Also, OMSS induced no effects on all carcass characteristics, visceral organs, haemato-biochemistry and meat physico-chemical quality (P > 0.05) except for the increase in serum albumin (quadratic: P < 0.05) and bilirubin (quadratic: P < 0.05) as well as 24 h post-slaughter meat lightness (linear: P < 0.01), redness (quadratic: P < 0.05), yellowness (linear: P < 0.05), hue angle (quadratic: P < 0.05), and drip loss (quadratic: P < 0.05). Further, the spent substrate decreased meat myristic (linear: P < 0.01), palmitic (linear: P < 0.05), palmitoleic (linear: P < 0.01), and oleic (linear: P < 0.01) acids, as well as its total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (linear: P < 0.05), monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) (quadratic: P < 0.01), and n-6 PUFAs (linear: P < 0.05). Furthermore, it decreased the meat n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (quadratic: P < 0.01), with meat from birds fed diets incorporated with 2.5% OMSS eliciting the lowest ratio of 3.63. In contrast, dietary OMSS increased meat stearic (linear: P < 0.001), docosahexaenoic (quadratic: P < 0.01), and tricosanoic (linear: P < 0.001) acid concentrations as well as its total saturated FAs (SFAs) (linear: P < 0.01) and n-3 PUFAs (quadratic: P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary feeding of V. erioloba pods-derived OMSS enhanced meat nutritional healthiness without majorly altering its physico-chemical quality as well as growth performance, carcass traits, and haemato-biochemistry in Boschveld indigenous chickens. It is recommended for inclusion in indigenous chicken diets at 2.5% level.

Effect of dietary supplementation of rubber seed kernel pellet on feed utilization, rumen fermentation, fatty acid profiles and health status in swamp buffalo.

Rubber seed kernel is a by-product of rubber cultivation and are high in oil and protein. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing rubber seed kernel pellet (RUSKEP) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen fatty acid profiles, blood parameters, and immune response in swamp buffalo. Four male swamp buffalo with an initial body weight (BW) of 254 ± 10 kg and 26 months of age were used in this research. The experimental design was a 4  4 Latin squared design with RUSKEP supplementation at 0, 4, 6, and 8% of dry matter intake (DMI). Animals were fed concentrate at 1.0% BW, while rice straw was fed ad libitum. Supplementation with RUSKEP did not change DMI or nutrient digestibility (p>0.05), while ether extract (EE) digestibility increased cubically with the addition of RUSKEP (p<0.01). The ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and the proportion of acetate (C2) were similar among treatments (p>0.05). The proportion of propionate (C3) increased linearly (p≤0.04), leading to a decrease in the acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3) (p≤0.04) with the addition of RUSKEP. Furthermore, the butyrate (C4) proportion decreased linearly with RUSKEP supplementation (p=0.03). The addition of RUSKEP did not affect on linoleic acid (LA; C18:2 cis-9,12 + trans-9,12), or α-linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3 cis-9,12,15) (p>0.05). With RUSKEP supplementation, the stearic acid (C18:0) content increased quadratically (p<0.01). The increasing level of RUSKEP was higher in cholesterol and eosinophils (p≤0.03). The immune function (IgA, IgM, and IgG) was similar among treatments (p>0.05). Supplementing RUSKEP with up to 8% of DMI could improve rumen fermentation efficiency without affecting feed utilization, rumen PUFA profile, or immune response in swamp buffalo.

Fatty Acid Profiling of Major Fatty Acids in Safflower Genotype

Fatty acid profiling is a process of analyzing the composition and quantity of different fatty acids. Fatty acids are organic molecules that are essential for a variety of biological processes in the body, including energy storage and membrane function. Safflower seed contains major four fatty acids viz. linoleic acid, Oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. The analysis of fatty acid profiles is important for understanding the nutritional quality of the oil and products derived from it. According to hull types of seeds, the seed oil content ranges from 20 % to 45 %. Fatty acid profiling of safflower involves analyzing the types and quantities of fatty acids present in safflower oil. This can provide insights into its nutritional value, stability, and potential health benefits from the oil derived from each genotype. This research is conducted to know the content of saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acid in safflower oil from selected genotypes. The major four fatty acid composition of safflower genotypes reveals palmitic acid content ranges from 5.09% (GMU-2969) to 6.93% (GMU-3929). The stearic acid content ranged between 1.69% (GMU-2969) to 3.55% (GMU-3780). The oleic acid content ranged from 12.88% (GMU-2749) to 20.69% (GMI-3177) and the percent linoleic acid content ranged from 71.31 (GMU-3177) to 78.44% (GMU-2749).

Effects of Different Technological Forms of the Perilla frutescens in the Diet on Ruminal Fermentation, Milk and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition, Ruminal Biohydrogenation and Milk Quality in Dairy Goats.

Fatty acids can be protected by changing their structure or form against microbial activity, and the different forms of fatty acids can modulate the ruminal biohydrogenation rate and contribute to the desired fatty acid profile in milk fat. The study investigated the effects of perilla (Perilla frutescens) dietary supplementation in the diet in different technological forms (seed, oil and formaldehyde-treated oil) on milk, plasma and ruminal fatty acid composition, and milk quality in lactating goats. The four dietary treatments consisted of (1) no supplementation, basal diet (CON); (2) perilla supplementation as seed at 44.7g/kg (consisting of 20g/kg oil (PS)); (3) perilla supplementation as oil at 20g/kg (PO); (4) perilla supplementation as formaldehyde treated oil at 20g/kg (protected perilla oil [PPO]). The experiment was implemented in a double 4×4 Latin square trial design, and sampling was carried out for 7 days after 21 days of adaptation. Performance parameters were not affected by P. frutescens supplementation to the diet. PO decreased milk fat, whereas PPO increased milk fat. Milk cholesterol was not affected by P. frutescens dietary supplementation. Perilla oil supplementation in different forms to the diet did not affect ruminal pH, VFA and methane production. Perilla oil supplementation in different forms to the diet did not also affect the concentration of blood serum glucose, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids. Perilla supplementation to the diet increased the milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), C18:3n-3, C22:5n-3, C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, and PPO group showed the greatest values. Ruminal palmitic (C16:0) acid was decreased, and in perilla groups, stearic acid (C18:0) concentration had the lowest, and ruminal c-9, t-11 CLA concentration had the highest value in PPO. It has been found that the most effective form of perilla oil in increasing milk quality is that with formaldehyde treatment (protected form). Perilla oil, which is a rich source of omega 3 in the diet, can be used to increase milk quality in goats without adversely affecting performance, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters.

Associations of the rs12504538 and rs6824447 Polymorphisms of the Elovl6 Gene with Estimated Elongase and Desaturase Activity and Fatty Acid Concentrations in Mexican Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background: This study aimed to investigate the possible associations of the rs12504538 and rs6824447 polymorphisms of the Elovl6 gene with estimated elongase and desaturase activity and saturated fatty acid concentrations in Mexican women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Methods: We recruited 172 women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy who had undergone an oral glucose tolerance test, including 66 who had diagnosed with GDM according to the 2016 ADA criteria and 106 who had normal glucose tolerance test results, from the General Hospital and Health Centers of the Health Ministry of Guanajuato, México. Participants were matched by gestational week. Data on age, gestational week and anthropometric characteristics were collected. Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast for the measurement of serum glucose, lipid, NEFA, serum fatty acid and insulin levels; SNP genotyping and quantification of fatty acids was performed and elongase and desaturase activity was estimated. Findings: With the exception of HDL-cholesterol, all variables, including NEFA levels, were significantly greater in the GDM group than in the non-GDM group. The rs6824447 polymorphism of the Elovl6 gene, an age &gt;25 years and HOMA-IR levels were associated with the development of GDM (OR=5.1, 95% CI 1.56-17.1, p=0.006; OR=4.89, 95% CI 1.65-14.4, p=0.003; OR=34.1 95% CI 8.7-133, p&lt;0.000001, respectively). Palmitic acid (OR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.06-1.11; p&lt;0.001) and oleic acid (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.14-1.2; p&lt;0.001) concentrations were also associated with the development of GDM. No differences in the estimated elongase and desaturase activity among the non-GDM and GDM groups were found and only the activity of Δ9D SCD18 desaturase was marginally high in GDM patients (p=0.050). Conclusion: The rs6824447Elovl6 polymorphism is associated with the development of GDM, as are high serum palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid concentrations and estimated Δ9D SCD18 desaturase activity.

A Flowering Morphological Investigation, Fruit Fatty Acids, and Mineral Elements Dynamic Changes of Idesia polycarpa Maxim.

Idesia polycarpa Maxim is a high-value species of fruit oil with edible, abundant linoleic acid and polyphenols. Idesia polycarpa is described as a dioecious species, and the flowers are male; female and bisexual flowers are produced on separate plants. In order to explore the flower types of Idesia polycarpa, the morphology of its flowers and inflorescence were investigated in this study. The flower and inflorescence types, the diameter, and the flowering sequencing in male and female inflorescence were determined. We also detected the length, width, and fresh weight of leaves, shoots, and female inflorescence, as well as the length and fresh weight of the petiole during the development. Additionally, we compared the length, width, the length/width ratio, and the flowering density between 5- and 7-year-old female trees. The phenological period observation of Idesia polycarpa showed that the development process can be roughly divided into 12 stages, including bud burst, leaf expansion, inflorescence growth, initial flowering, full flowering, flower decline, initial fruiting, fruit enlargement, fruit color change, fruit ripening, post-ripening of fruit, and leaf fall periods. Furthermore, four elites' fruit determined the oil content and the composition of fatty acid content during the development. The dynamic of fatty acids contents, the palrnitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid contents were detected during the fruit development of four elites. Moreover, the mineral elements content of fruit of four elites during development were determined. The patterns of vegetative and reproductive growth in young dioecious trees of Idesia polycarpa provided the theoretical basis for artificial pruning and training.

Nutritional Qualities, Metabolite Contents, and Antioxidant Capacities of Yardlong Beans (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) of Different Pod and Seed Colors.

Studying the effects of genetic and environmental factors on plant biochemical components helps in selecting the best varieties for the food industry and breeding programs. This study analyzed the nutritional qualities, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activities of 14 field-grown yardlong beans accessions and how they are affected by differences in pod and seed colors. The analyzed parameters varied significantly among the yardlong bean accessions, with variances ranging from 1.36% in total unsaturated fatty acid content to 51.01% in DPPH• scavenging activity. Accessions YLB4, YLB7, and YLB14 performed the best, showing antioxidant indices of 100.00, 70.10, and 67.88%, respectively. Among these, YLB14 showed a characteristic property, having the highest levels of vitamin C (2.62 mg/g) and omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (2.67). It also had the second highest dietary fiber (21.45%), stearic acid (4.44%), and linoleic acid (40.39%) contents, as well as the lowest thrombogenicity index (0.38). Although cluster and principal component analyses did not clearly separate the yardlong beans based on pod or seed color, analysis of variance revealed that these factors and their interaction had significant effects on total phenol, DPPH• scavenging activity, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, and reducing power. In contrast, the nutritional parameters, except for dietary fiber, were not significantly affected by pod and seed color variations. Therefore, consuming yardlong beans of different pod and seed colors may not affect the overall nutrient intake. In general, this study identified yardlong beans with green pods and black seeds as good sources of antioxidants. Accordingly, further metabolomics and genomics studies are suggested to thoroughly explore their characteristics.

SiO2-FATTY ACIDS AND TiO2-FATTY ACIDS WITH THE ROLE OF BASED HYDROPHOBIC COATINGS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF ANDESITE STONE

This study explains the innovation of self-cleaning material and preservation agent for andesite stone by consecutively layering the surface with SiO2 and fatty acid through dip coating method. SiO2 and TiO2 behaved as surface roughness agent, while palmitic acid and stearic acid were functioned to create hydrophobic layer by lowering the surface tension. The performance of the surface was defined as the hydrophobicity indicated by the contact angle formed by the water droplet. The influence of dip coating parameters was investigated including SiO2 or TiO2 and stearic acid or palmitic acid concentration, contact time, drying temperature as well as pH of hydrolysis. The highest contact angles were obtained by TiO2-stearic acid coatings with the water contact angle about 136.6±0.9ᵒ. These maximum values were obtained over dip coating condition as follow: TiO2 0.04 M, stearic acid 0.16 M, 30 minutes of contact time, 95 ᵒC of drying temperature and acid hydrolysis.

Identification of candidate genes and genomic prediction of soybean fatty acid components in two soybean populations.

Soybean, a source of plant-derived lipids, contains an array of fatty acids essential for health. A comprehensive understanding of the fatty acid profiles in soybean is crucial for enhancing soybean cultivars and augmenting their qualitative attributes. Here, 180 F10 generation recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from the cross-breeding of the cultivated soybean variety 'Jidou 12' and the wild soybean 'Y9,' were used as primary experimental subjects. Using inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM), this study undertook a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis on five distinct fatty acid components in the RIL population from 2019 to 2021. Concurrently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on 290 samples from a genetically diverse natural population to scrutinize the five fatty acid components during the same timeframe, thereby aiming to identify loci closely associated with fatty acid profiles. In addition, haplotype analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were performed to predict candidate genes. The QTL analysis elucidated 23 stable QTLs intricately associated with the five fatty acid components, exhibiting phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 2.78% to 25.37%. In addition, GWAS of the natural population unveiled 102 significant loci associated with these fatty acid components. The haplotype analysis of the colocalized loci revealed that Glyma.06G221400 on chromosome 6 exhibited a significant correlation with stearic acid content, with Hap1 showing a markedly elevated stearic acid level compared with Hap2 and Hap3. Similarly, Glyma.12G075100 on chromosome 12 was significantly associated with the contents of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, suggesting its involvement in fatty acid biosynthesis. In the natural population, candidate genes associated with the contents of palmitic and linolenic acids were predominantly from the fatty acid metabolic pathway, indicating their potential role as pivotal genes in the critical steps of fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, genomic selection (GS) for fatty acid components was conducted using ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction based on both random single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and SNPs significantly associated with fatty acid components identified by GWAS. GS accuracy was contingent upon the SNP set used. Notably, GS efficiency was enhanced when using SNPs derived from QTL mapping analysis and GWAS compared with random SNPs, and reached a plateau when the number of SNP markers exceeded 3,000. This study thus indicates that Glyma.06G221400 and Glyma.12G075100 are genes integral to the synthesis and regulatory mechanisms of fatty acids. It provides insights into the complex biosynthesis and regulation of fatty acids, with significant implications for the directed improvement of soybean oil quality and the selection of superior soybean varieties. The SNP markers delineated in this study can be instrumental in establishing an efficacious pipeline for marker-assisted selection and GS aimed at improving soybean fatty acid components.

Anti-nutrient factors, nutritional components, and antioxidant activities of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) as affected by genotype, seed traits, and their interactions

This study explored how genotype, seed color, and seed weight affect major biochemical components in 95 faba bean accessions. Genotype variation significantly affected convicine, total tannin (TTC), total saponin, and total phenol (TPC) contents. Seed color and weight variations affected several parameters, with their interaction significantly affecting convicine, total vicine-convicine content (TVC), TTC, total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and antioxidant activities. Genotype interaction with seed weight and seed color also significantly affected convicine, TVC, TPC, oleic acid, linoleic acid, PUFA, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Vicine, dietary fiber, total fat, crude protein, palmitic acid, and stearic acid contents remain unaffected by these factors. Multivariate analysis showed that brown and small beans had distinctive characteristics. Overall, this study demonstrated the connection between biochemical components, genotype, and seed traits in faba beans. Therefore, these factors should be considered when choosing faba bean genotypes for use in the food industry and breeding programs.

Using rice bran as a press aid during the cold-pressing of sesame seeds improved the extraction yield and quality of the resultant oil.

Simple, cost-effective, and practical techniques can enhance the shelf life of cold-pressed oils. This study evaluated sesame seed (SS) cold-pressed oil with various percentages of rice bran (RB) as press aid, including 0% (control or TSSO), 1% (T1), 2.5% (T2.5), 5% (T5), 7.5% (T7.5), and 10% (T10) w/w. The results demonstrated that adding RB considerably boosted extraction yields (p < .05), with 5% RB constituting the ideal combination. Adding 7.5% and 10% RB to the SS reduced free fatty acid (FFA) levels compared to the control sample. The oxidative stability index (OSI) and peroxide value (PV), however, significantly increased at combination ratios ranging from 2.5% to 10% (p < .05). Rice bran oil (TRBO) had the greatest OSI of all the studied oils, with 18.99 h, while the extracted oils showed an increase in OSI as RB contents rose. Total phenolic compounds (TPC), tocopherols, γ-oryzanol content, and total antioxidant activity (TAA) increased directly with the RB level. Despite the addition of RB altering the fatty acids concentration, linoleic and oleic acids continued to be the predominant fatty acids in TSSO, TRBO, and other extracted oil samples. Increasing the combination ratio increased the palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid content and decreased the stearic and linoleic acid content. In summary, the study demonstrated that the simultaneous cold-pressing of oil-bearing seeds and agro-industrial by-products is a potentially advantageous technique to increase the extraction yield, qualitative attributes, and shelf life of the extracted oils without the addition of synthetic antioxidants.

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Application on Cotton Fabrics to Obtain Superhydrophobic Surfaces

حضرت جسيمات أوكسيد الزنك النانوية ZnO (NPs) بطريقة كيميائية رطبة عند درجتي حرارة مختلفتين (30-90) ̊C باستخدام كلوريد الزنك كبادئ في وسط مائي. تم توصيف جسيمات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر باستخدام المجهر الإلكتروني الماسح (SEM) ,حيود الأشعة السينية (XRD) ، وطيف الأشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) ، أشارت أنماط الأشعة السينية الى بنية سداسية (wurtizte) بمتوسط حجم بلوري (19.5-23nm) لجسيمات أوكسيد الزنك المحضرة عند درجتي الحرارة (30-90 ̊C)على التوالي. أظهرت صور المجهر الالكتروني الماسح أنه مع زيادة درجة الحرارة ، تغير شكل جسيمات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي من الأسلاك النانوية إلى االشكل الكروي . لتصنيع قماش قطني فائق المقاومة للماء. تم غمر القماش في محلول غروواني لأوكسيد الزنك بتركيز (1٪) ,ثم تعديله لاحقًا بحمض الشمع . تم توصيف القماش القطني المعالج باستخدام المجهر الإلكتروني الماسح (SEM) واختبار زاوية التماس (CA) .أظهرت نتائج المجهر الالكتروني الماسح أن جسيمات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر عند(90 ̊C) خلق خشونة على سطح القطن أفضل من جسيمات أكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضرعند (30 ̊C). أظهرت نتائج اختبار زاوية التماس CA خصائص فائقة الكره للماء لعينات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر عند(90 ̊C) ، بينما أظهرت عينات أوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر عند(30 ̊C) خصائص كارهة للماء فقط بعد التعديل بحمض الشمع. تم استخدام تراكيز مختلفة من حمض الشمع لجعل سطح أوكسيد الزنك كارهاً للماء. أظهرت نتائج زاوية التماس (CA) أن القماش القطني المعالج بأوكسيد الزنك النانوي المحضر عند الدرجة (90 ̊C) المعدل ب 1٪ وزناً من حمض الشمع أظهر سطحاً فائق الكره للماء بزاوية تماس (CA=154̊ ).

Unabsorbed Fecal Fat Content Correlates with a Reduction of Immunoglobulin a Coating of Gut Bacteria in High-Lard Diet-Fed Mice.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) selectively coats gut bacteria and contributes to regulatory functions in gastrointestinal inflammation and glucose metabolism. Excess intake of lard leads to decrease in the IgA coating of gut bacteria, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study validates how unabsorbed fat derived from a high-lard diet in the gut affects the IgA coating of bacteria, as assessed in mouse models using three types of dietary fat (lard, medium-, and long-chain triglycerides [MLCTs], and medium-chain triglycerides [MCTs]) exhibiting different digestibilities. C57BL/6J mice are maintained on diets containing lard, MLCTs, or MCTs at 7% or 30% w/w for 10 weeks (n = 6 per group). The fecal fatty acid concentration is measured to quantify unabsorbed fat content. The ratio of IgA-coated bacteria to total bacteria (IgA coating ratio) in the feces is measured by flow cytometry. Compared to lard-fed mice, MLCT- and MCT-fed mice exhibit lower fecal concentrations of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid and higher IgA coating ratios at both 7% and 30% dietary fat, and these parameters exhibit significant negative correlations. Unabsorbed fat content in the gut may result in attenuated IgA coating of bacteria in high-lard diet-fed mice.

Leaves and roots metabolomic signatures underlying rootstock-mediated water stress tolerance in grafted pepper plants

Grafting onto pepper rootstock NIBER® is an effective strategy to mitigate water stress effects on the grafted variety. In this work, we comparatively explored the metabolomic responses to water stress in the pepper variety “Maestral F1” (V) grafted onto NIBER® (V/N) and self-grafted (V/V) by untargeted metabolomics on leaves and roots. Leaf water status was also evaluated by relative water content (RWC) and gas exchange measurements. Under water stress, the V/N water use efficiency (WUE) and leaf RWC were higher than V/V, in agreement with major stomata closure and water retention in leaves. V/N showed a tolerance response, which was manifested in the untargeted metabolomic analysis. NIBER® modulated the grafted variety response to water stress as reflected in the differential metabolomic profiles in leaves and roots. The V/N-enriched metabolic pathways showed that the NIBER® response to water stress involved cutin and suberin biosynthesis, which act as protection layers, and jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonates biosynthesis to favor signaling pathways. NIBER® did not induce flavonols and chlorophyll b synthesis, but likely promoted anthocyanins biosynthesis and maintained an undisturbed chlorophyll a:chlorophyll b ratio. Moreover, NIBER® increased vitamin B6, anthocyanins and stearic acid concentration in the variety leaves, whereas siroheme content rose in roots to improve nitrogen assimilation. Further studies are required to understand the contribution of secondary metabolites, such as phenylpropanoids, glycoalkaloids, and nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites, to NIBER® water stress tolerance.

Exploration of GmDof11-lncRNA13082 Module Regulating Oil Synthesis in Plants.

Soybean (Glycine max [Linn.] Merr.) is an important oilseed crop. Although transcription factors (TFs) can coordinate the expression of mRNA and lncRNA, their coordination in the soybean oil synthesis pathway remains unclear. This study examined the interaction between the TF GmDof11 and lncRNA13082 and found that overexpression of GmDof11 led to an increase in the number of Arabidopsis seeds, thousand seed weight, crude protein, hydrolysis amino acid, and soluble sugar. Additionally, it reduced the triglyceride and starch contents and affected the proportion of fatty acids, increasing the contents of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linolenic acid. The yeast two-hybrid experiments revealed that GmDof11 interacts with GmBCCP1, GmLEC1b, and GmFAB2 proteins. In the RT-qPCR analysis of transgenic soybean roots, it was found that GmDof11 can activate the production of lncRNA13082 and work in conjunction with lncRNA13082 to oversee oil synthesis and nutrient storage. Our research provides robust theoretical evidence for a comprehensive resolution of TF-lncRNA regulation in the soybean oil synthesis network.

Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure on the Distribution of Oligosaccharides, Pinitol, Soysapapogenol A, and Fatty Acids in Soybean.

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (100-600 MPa for 10-60 min) and thermal treatment (boiling for 10-60 min) on oligosaccharides, pinitol, and soyasapogenol A as taste ingredients in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (cv. Yukihomare) were evaluated. Additionally, soybean-derived fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in pressurized soybeans were quantitatively analyzed. Sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose concentrations were decreased in all tested pressure and time combinations; however, pinitol concentrations were increased by specific pressure and time combinations at 100-400 MPa for 10-60 min. While the soyasapogenol A content in boiled soybeans decreased with increasing boiling time, that of pressurized soybeans was altered by specific pressure and time combinations. At the lower pressure and shorter time combinations, the essential fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid showed higher contents. Stearic acid and oleic acid contents of pressurized soybeans increased at mild pressure levels (300-500 MPa). In contrast, the combination of higher pressure and longer time results in lower essential fatty acid contents. Non-thermal-pressurized soybeans have the potential to be a high-value food source with better taste due to the enrichment of low molecular weight components such as pinitol, free amino acids, and the reduction of isoflavones and Group A soyasapogenol.

SURFACE MODIFICATION OF FLY ASH FROM ASAM-ASAM COAL POWER PLANT USING STEARIC ACID AS HYDROPHOBIC INORGANIC MATERIAL

Abundant coal reserves make this material a substitute fuel choice, especially for industry. The use of coal carries a high risk due to incomplete combustion and produces fly ash products. Fly ash cause pollution and health risks as well as environmental contamination when they are released, deposited, or leached into the ecosystem over short or long periods of time. The high content of silica and alumina in fly ash can be utilized and modified into new materials with added value. This research aims to modify the surface of fly ash using stearic acid as a hydrophobic inorganic material. Fly ash from Asam-asam Coal Power Plant was characterized by using XRD and modified by immersing in stearic acid (2,4,6, and 8%) and 98% ethanol. The result showed that the contact angle increases when fly ash is modified on the surface using stearic acid. The contact angle increases with increasing stearic acid concentration. The highest contact angle was obtained at a stearic acid concentration of 8%, and the lowest at 2% was about 112.9 and 102.2, respectively. The fly ash composition was primarily silica and alumina, which were crystalline, as confirmed by XRD. These findings provide several aspects of fly ash and its potential as a candidate material for environmental remediation and waste management.