Steam Iron Research Articles

Deactivation of a steam reformer catalyst in chemical looping hydrogen systems: experiments and modeling

The utilization of real producer gases such as raw biogas or gasified wood for chemical looping hydrogen production implies the introduction of harmful contaminants into the process. Hydrogen sulfide represents one of the most challenging trace gases in the reformer steam iron cycle. The aim of the present work was an in-depth investigation of steam reforming with pure methane and synthetic biogas contaminated with selective concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 ppm of hydrogen sulfide. To validate the experimental data, the fixed-bed reactor system was modeled as one-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous plug flow reactor by an adapted Maxted model. In a preliminary thermodynamic study, the dry equilibrium composition was determined within a deviation of 4% for steam methane reforming (SMR) and 2% for synthetic biogas reforming compared to the experimental results. The impact of hydrogen sulfide on the reactivity of the catalyst was characterized by the residual methane conversion. The deactivation rate and extent is directly proportional to the concentration of H2S, as higher hydrogen sulfide concentrations lead to a faster deactivation and lower residual methane conversion. A comparison of the methane conversion as a function of sulfur coverage between experimental and simulated data showed good agreement. The predicted results are within <10% deviation for SMR and synthetic biogas reforming, except for sulfur coverages between 0.6 and 0.8. The temperature in the catalyst bed was monitored throughout the deactivation process to gather additional information about the reaction behavior. It was possible to visualize the shift of the reforming reaction front towards the bottom of the reactor caused by catalyst deactivation. The impact of sulfur chemisorption on the morphology of the steam reformer catalyst was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) and Brunnauer–Emmet–Teller techniques. SEM patterns clearly indicated the presence of sulfur as a sort of dust on the surface of the catalyst, which was confirmed by EDS analysis with a sulfur concentration of 0.04 wt%.

Research on the Pleating Technique by Using Cardboard Pleat and Kraft Paper

Currently, the pleating technique is favored by famous fashion houses in the world and Vietnam because of its beauty and sophistication. This study aims to study pleating techniques, testing papers, and several polyester fabrics to form pleats under paper mold pressing by the manual heat-pressing method with three types of heat-pressed equipment such as steam iron, oven, and homemade heated box. One of the experiment results is a parameter table of the ability of fabrics and paper to pleat under certain conditions of temperature and time. Besides, a set of paper molds, a set of pleated fabric samples, and the above data table are also reference sources for major students or those who are interested in research, a collection, or a fashion project involving pleating techniques. The study is not only to add knowledge about new processing methods to the content of the material handling subject, but also to increase the ability to self-study, improve the subjectivity dynamic, and shorten self-study time in the process of creating new fashion models based on existing factory conditions.

Too many cooks spoil the broth? Number of promotional gifts and impact on consumer choice

As an alternative to traditional free-gift promotions where consumers have little say over which gift item they receive, retailers are increasingly offering consumers an option to choose from a menu of free-gift items (e.g., buy a washing machine and pick a steam iron or a vacuum cleaner for free). However, little is known about what drives consumers' perceptions of value associated with a menu of free-gift items. Using data from a unique retail-promotion setting and controlled-lab studies, we show that the perceived attractiveness of free-gifts follows an inverted U-shape (or plateauing-shape) as the ‘menu-size’ increases. We also highlight the interplay of resource (time and money) constraints experienced by consumers and menu-size on the proposed effects. Our findings not only help retailers better design free-gift promotions but also contribute to the academic conversations in the domain of promotional-gifts by exploring the downstream consequences of offering choices in a promotional-gift context.

Alumina doped Fe2O3 foams by freeze-casting for redox cycling applications

Hydrogen is the next energy vector for a decarbonization society but industrial production is still methane-based. The Steam Iron Process (SIP) could provide a carbon-free production and safety storage option. Here, we show that a Fe2O3-3 wt% of Al2O3 foams created by freeze-casting withstand 10 redox cycles at different temperatures with no reduction in performance or pore shrinking. The use of stearic acid as a dispersant agent/binder produces the porous structure enhancement of the foam and promotes the early reduction of the hematite phase during foam sintering. The Al2O3 incorporation was detected as a solid solution in the Fe2O3 phase at the particle surface. This result is relevant as correlated the positive values of the zeta potential observed. Freeze-casted foams could improve long-term redox performances combining a unique tailored interconnected pore structure with a specific chemical composition.

A review on Chemical Looping Water Splitting (CLWS) as a potential alternative to Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) for hydrogen production

Hydrogen is the fuel of the future as it is a clean fuel and its utilization doesn’t emit greenhouse gases. It is used in various industries from petroleum, fertilizers to pharmaceuticals and even electronics. There are numerous established processes for hydrogen production each having its advantages and disadvantages. The current benchmark is Steam Methane Reforming (SMR). Despite giving a stable output, it releases harmful gases in the environment and has other challenges. Therefore, there was a need to find an inexpensive, efficient and environmentally friendly process with possible CO2 sequestration. CLWS, an alternative to SMR is a three step process where a transition metal oxide, preferably an iron-based oxide undergoes reduction, steam iron process and oxidation to produce hydrogen. This process has many advantages like the production of separate H2 and CO2 streams, no need to have additional units like acid gas removal and pressure swing adsorption. The only challenge is to perform process simulations such that we obtain maximum H2 yield with minimum carbon deposits which reduce the efficiency and purity of the hydrogen produced. CLWS has been studied in detail and optimum parameters for each of the underlying processes have been compiled along with suitable reactor design schemes, thermodynamics etc.

Gasification characteristics of waste plastics (SRF) in a bubbling fluidized bed: Use of activated carbon and olivine for tar removal and the effect of steam/carbon ratio

This study investigates the gasification characteristics of waste plastic (SRF; solid refuse fuel) and tar removal properties of activated carbon (AC) and olivine using 1 kg/h lab scale bubbling fluidized bed gasifier. The steam gasification was conducted at steam/carbon (S/C) ratio from 1.0 to 2.0 to increase the product gas quality. AC bed gas velocity is 0.12 m/s and temperature is varied from 600 to 800 °C. AC triggers the cracking and reforming of heavier compounds, reducing the tar content by 64% at 800 °C and increases H2 and CO content. Increasing AC bed temperature causes reduction of C2-C3 hydrocarbons, thus decreasing carbon conversion efficiency (CCE), cold gas efficiency (CGE), and lower heating value (LHV) of product gas. Using olivine as the bed material increases contents of H2, CO, CH4 and reduces content of CO2 in the product gas, therefore improving CCE and CGE. Olivine reduces the tar content up to 32% due to the steam–iron process and increases light aromatics but reduces naphthalene content in tar. Steam gasification significantly increases H2 and CO content of the product gas compared to air gasification. Increasing S/C ratio further increases the H2 and CO content, and the CO2, CH4, and C2-C3 hydrocarbons decreases due to intensification of water–gas shift, steam reforming, and water–gas reactions. Exceeding S/C ratio above 1.5 decreases the H2 and CO content, but increases CCE, CGE, and LHV of the gas due to higher C2 –C3 hydrocarbons content in the product gas. Increasing S/C ratio above 1.5 also increases condensable tar content of the product gas, increases consumption of AC bed thus reducing its catalytic effect.

The role of Al2O3, MgO and CeO2 addition on steam iron process stability to produce pure and renewable hydrogen

Steam iron process represents a technology for H2 production based on iron redox cycles. FexOy are reduced by syngas/carbon to iron, which is subsequently oxidized by steam to produce pure H2. However, the system shows low stability.In this work, the effect of promoters (Al2O3, MgO and CeO2) on FexOy stability is investigated (10 consecutive redox cycles). Bioethanol is used as a reducing agent. The particles are synthesized by coprecipitation method, analysed by BET, XRD, SEM and tested in a fixed bed reactor (675 °C, 1 bar). Pure H2 is obtained controlling the FexOy reduction degree feeding different amounts of ethanol (4.56–1.14 mmol) until no CO is detected in oxidation. The results show that the promoters not only improve the thermal stability of FexOy but also affect its redox activity and react with iron forming spinel structures. MgO led to the highest activity and cyclability (H2 = 0.15 NL; E = 35%).

Cotton and Surgical Face Masks in Community Settings: Bacterial Contamination and Face Mask Hygiene.

During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks has become increasingly recommended and even mandatory in community settings. To evaluate the risk of bacterial cross-contamination, this study analyzed the bacterial bioburden of disposable surgical masks and homemade cotton masks, and surveyed the habits and face mask preferences of the Flemish population. Using culture approaches and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we analyzed the microbial community on surgical and/or cotton face masks of 13 healthy volunteers after 4 h of wearing. Cotton and surgical masks contained on average 1.46 × 105 CFU/mask and 1.32 × 104 CFU/mask, respectively. Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Acinetobacter spp. were mostly cultured from the masks and 43% of these isolates were resistant to ampicillin or erythromycin. Microbial profiling demonstrated a consistent difference between mask types. Cotton masks mainly contained Roseomonas, Paracoccus, and Enhydrobacter taxa and surgical masks Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. After 4 h of mask wearing, the microbiome of the anterior nares and the cheek showed a trend toward an altered beta-diversity. According to dedicated questions in the large-scale Corona survey of the University of Antwerp with almost 25,000 participants, only 21% of responders reported to clean their cotton face mask daily. Laboratory results indicated that the best mask cleaning methods were boiling at 100°C, washing at 60°C with detergent or ironing with a steam iron. Taken together, this study suggests that a considerable number of bacteria, including pathobionts and antibiotic resistant bacteria, accumulate on surgical and even more on cotton face masks after use. Based on our results, face masks should be properly disposed of or sterilized after intensive use. Clear guidelines for the general population are crucial to reduce the bacteria-related biosafety risk of face masks, and measures such as physical distancing and increased ventilation should not be neglected when promoting face mask use.

Automatic Foldron T-Shirt With Proportional Integral Derivative method and M5Stack for IoT-Server

The process of folding clothes is one of the activities carried out in the household, and the laundry business is one of the micro-enterprises that are mushrooming at this time. Business actors use many strategies to increase productivity and customer satisfaction. Based on research, the process of ironing and folding clothes is a process that takes a long time compared to the washing and drying process, so a method or tool is needed to make folding clothes more practical. An automatic Foldron T-Shirt is the perfect solution to make folding and ironing clothes more manageable and time-efficient. This tool is equipped with a servo motor that moves the folding board and a steam iron designed so that the user only needs to control the clothes once and simply press one button; the clothes will fold, and the iron themselves will be neatly arranged. The PID method uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure the speed distance of the wiper motor, which is used to run the steam iron so that it can stop appropriately at the end of the table. The output of this ultrasonic sensor is used as the input (set point) of the PID controller applied to the tip so that the movement of the motor can adjust its speed. Moreover, the M5Stack, equipped with 12 Channel Servo, is used to drive the servo motor on the Application Server, making it more dynamic and flexible.

Co-production of hydrogen and syngas from chemical looping water splitting coupled with decomposition of glycerol using Fe-Ce-Ni based oxygen carriers

In this study, chemical looping water splitting (CLWS) coupled with glycerol decomposition to simultaneously produce hydrogen and syngas was proposed using the iron-cerium-nickel (Fe-Ce-Ni) based oxygen carriers (OCs). The OCs containing large amounts of iron were synthesized by the metal chelating sol–gel method and characterized by BET, XRD and TEM. During the fuel stage, the OCs of oxidation state were first reduced by the glycerol and reactive gases from catalytic decomposition of glycerol producing syngas. Afterward in the subsequent steam stage, the previously reduced OCs were re-oxidized by the steam to generate pure hydrogen, which was also named the steam iron process (SIP). The prepared Fe-Ce-Ni based OCs demonstrated the remarkable redox behavior, and exerted an important catalytic function of the partial oxidation and decomposition of glycerol at 750 ℃. The OCs with 100:10:3 of Fe-Ce-Ni molar ratio presented the best capability of oxygen transfer and the highest yields of hydrogen and syngas, reaching the water splitting hydrogen production of 11.79 mmol/g per cycle on average and guaranteeing the high conversion of glycerol and selectivity of syngas. This could be ascribed to the preferable dispersion of Ce and Ni nanoparticle on the OCs. The results also proved the effectiveness of Ce and Ni doping Fe based OCs by the improved metal chelating sol–gel method to develop the catalysts with high activity and stability for co-production of hydrogen and syngas from CLWS coupled with glycerol decomposition.

Impact of ironing on indoor particle levels and composition

Domestic chores are an important part of the household's daily routine and can contribute significantly to personal exposure. In this study, the particulate mass and number concentrations were assessed when using two irons (steam iron and steam iron with boiler) under distinct conditions (minimum ventilation and indoor doors open) and in the background air. The detailed PM10 chemical characterisation included organic and elemental carbon, elements and organic speciation. Particle number emission rates ranged from 8.1 ± 0.09 × 1011 to 15 ± 3.5 × 1011 particles min−1. Ratios of peak to background levels indicate that ironing can elevate the ultrafine particle number concentrations by a factor ranging from 35 to 194. PM10 emission rates from steam iron, under minimum ventilation conditions (6.6 ± 1.4 μg s−1), were higher than those from steam iron with the doors open (1.9 ± 1.6 μg s−1). The highest particle number and mass emission rates were recorded when the steam iron with boiler was used. Regarding the chemical composition of particles, elemental carbon and strontium were only detected during ironing. Bromide concentrations increased noticeably over background levels (9–51 times) during ironing. PM10 samples encompassed a wide range of organic compounds, part of which can be attributed to the handling of textiles and the use of detergents, fabric softeners, cosmetics and personal care products. Substances emitted by volatilisation or shedding of textile fibres, or due to handling, can contribute to human exposure through inhalation. The cancer risks associated with inhalation of metals and PAH were found to be negligible.

Pure hydrogen production by steam‐iron process: The synergic effect of MnO 2 and Fe 2 O 3

In the energy transition from fossil to clean fuels, hydrogen plays a key role. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) represent the most promising hydrogen application, but they require a pure hydrogen stream (CO < 10 ppm). The steam iron process represents a technology for the production of pure H2, exploiting iron redox cycles. If renewable reducing agents are used, the process can be considered completely green. In this context, bio-ethanol can be an interesting solution that is still not thoroughly explored. In this work, the use of ethanol as a reducing agent in the steam iron process will be investigated. Ethanol, at high temperature, decomposes mainly in syngas but can also form coke, which can compromise the process effectiveness, reacting with water and producing CO together with H2. In this work, the deposition of coke is avoided by controlling the duration of the reduction step; in fact, the data demonstrated that coke deposition is significantly dependent on reduction time. Tests were carried out in a fixed bed reactor using hematite (Fe2O3) as raw iron oxide adopting several reduction times (7 minutes-25 minutes), which correspond to different amount of ethanol fed (5 mmolC2H5OH/gFe2O3-17,95 mmolC2H5OH/gFe2O3). The effect of the addition of MnO2 to increase the reduction degree of iron oxides was explored using different amount of MnO2 (10 wt% and 40 wt% with respect to Fe2O3). The tests were performed at fixed temperatures of 675°C and atmospheric pressure. The optimization of the reduction time, in the chosen operating condition, performed only with Fe2O3, shows that, feeding an amount of 5 mmolC2H5OH/gFe2O3, coke deposition is avoided and, therefore, a pure H2 stream in oxidation is obtained. The addition of MnO2 leads to increased H2 yield and process efficiency, confirming its positive effect on the reduction degree of the solid bed. A reaction pathway to demonstrate the synergic effect of Fe2O3 and MnO2 in the reduction step was proposed in this article.

An overview of conventional and non-conventional hydrogen production methods

H2 fuel is adopted for the upcoming generation. Leading of H2 technology is causes of decrement of fossil fuel and change of climate condition. There are multiple methods for the development of producing H2 from conventional and non-conventional resources. This paper presents the major hydrogen production technologies by the industrial and biological process and a short discussion on the present scenario and economy of H2 production and hydrogen storage. The collection of industrial techniques are involve in different kind of reforming process such as steam methane reformation (SMR), Partial oxidation (POx), auto thermal reforming (ATR) and steam iron. Biological techniques of H2 production are adopted by various developing processes such as dark-fermentation, photo fermentation, and bio-photolysis by direct and indirect method. SMR is mostly used in the industrial process and it reaches efficiency 85%. It is available nearly 50% of globally consumption. POx and ATR are also another two important processes used for industrial. The biological process is producing low yields but gaining more interest due to easy and large availability of feed materials and low pollutions. Bio-H2 production methods economy is more expensive than fossil fuel H2 production. The requirement of more research challenges the yields of bio-H2 to provide practical solutions. Several researchers have been done more works on bio-hydrogen using water and biomass along with solar energy, but still, it continues to improve the efficiency of development.

Dreaming of Yesterday: Fashioning Liminal Spaces in 1950s Nostalgia

Dreaming of Yesterday: Fashioning Liminal Spaces in 1950s Nostalgia

Both/And

Both/And Shivani Radhakrishnan (bio) My research interests are in social philosophy, so I teach ethics often. Sections unfold in an overcrowded seminar room on the top floor of Philosophy Hall, where the lights beep continuously after they're left on for more than 45 minutes. Veterans of the class know that to make it stop, they'll need to slide the dimmers all the way down and then all the way back up. ____ Phil 2702: Contemporary Moral Problems Fall 2016 TA: Shivani Radhakrishnan Course overview: This course introduces students to philosophy through the study of ethical problems that arise in the contemporary world. There are no pre-requisites, and no previous reading in philosophy will be presupposed. The goal is not to provide you with definitive answers to the controversial questions we'll discuss. It is aimed, instead, at improving your ability to think, talk and write about a range of issues. To that end, the assigned texts will advance different perspectives and yield incompatible conclusions. Progress on difficult problems often comes out of serious dialogue. ____ Courses like Contemporary Moral Problems specialize in making philosophy relevant. Relevance, in these circumstances, can feel a bit like applying an iron-on decal. Try as we do, us academics attempt to transfer directly—using the steam iron of philosophy—theory to other objects. We come up with a general frame, and then use it to think through a host of particular scenarios that surround areas like sex, love, or violence. Even death gets treated like a t-shirt, where people inquire about whether our deaths could harm us, or how people could fear what they don't know. I'd found the approach to applied philosophy unsatisfying and too one-directional. I hoped, secretly, that traces of the decal or even the t-shirt would burn permanently onto the iron's cool nonstick coating. There's a set of consensus moral puzzles philosophers reach for, and this semester's syllabus includes a handful: (1) War and Terrorism, (2) The Death Penalty, (3) Animal Ethics, (4) Immigration, and (5) Euthanasia. While other topics are subject to professorial discretion, one issue included on every applied ethics syllabus I've ever seen is (6) Abortion. When I asked the professor I was TA-ing for about this, it was during an organizational lunch. The professor—a kind-eyed British man on the cusp of retirement who often wore a newsboy cap—picked up some kimchi with chopsticks, rendering his signet ring invisible. "Abortion's tractable," he says. "And it provokes discussion." [End Page 182] During the September 14th lecture, I stay in my seat in the far back left of the lecture hall, the room's wooden chairs replete with foldable tray-tables still too small for full-sized notebooks. The professor opens with Judith Jarvis Thomson's article "A Defense of Abortion," the assigned reading for the day's class. In the paper, cited by others 1792 times, Thomson offers a thought experiment that reads like a sci-fi novella, what would serve—for a handful of the elect—as a path to fame in post-1950s Anglo-American philosophy. Imagine that you wake up in a hospital with a famous violinist attached to your kidneys. While you were sleeping, a society of music lovers broke into your home, secretly hooking you up to a comatose musician who needs use of your organs. It will be nine months before the violin player will recover. If you unhook the guy, the man will die, and you'll have to answer to the music lovers. As for the violin player, the argument goes, so too for the pregnant woman. Even granting that the musician has a right to go on living, that settles nothing. A philosophical side-step, one meant to leave the reader wondering. Even if the violin player and the fetus have rights to life, what should be done? ____ After the Thomson lecture but before I distributed the professor's paper topics, my Danish friend Ida called to tell me she was pregnant. She did not cry. Hardly six months earlier, in spring, she'd rung at 7 am, knowing...

High purity hydrogen from biogas via steam iron process: Preventing reactor clogging by interspersed coke combustions

Production of high purity hydrogen from biogas by combined dry reforming of methane and steam iron process (SIP), outlines a serious drawback with the possible formation of coke deposits along reduction steps of the iron oxide. Steam used along reoxidations, which regenerates the iron oxide and force the release of high purity hydrogen, could also be responsible of the gasification of such coke deposits and the consequent contamination of hydrogen with carbonaceous species such as CO or CO2. Oxidations at low enough temperature can inhibit coke gasification, but paradoxically, increasing amounts of coke upon repeated cycles will provoke reactor clogging sooner or later. To circumvent this issue, a strategy consisting of interspersing coke combustion stages with diluted oxygen within the regular cycles of reduction with biogas and reoxidation with steam releasing hydrogen, has been analyzed with three solids based on iron oxide. It has been verified that including coke combustion stages within the regular scheme of redox cycles, not only counteracts both bed clogging and catalyst deactivation by coking, but also breaks down the trend to lose (by sintering) active material for the redox process, thus allowing the extension of the useful life of the solid.

High-pressure hydrogen production with inherent sequestration of a pure carbon dioxide stream via fixed bed chemical looping

The proof of concept for the production of pure pressurized hydrogen from hydrocarbons in combination with the sequestration of a pure stream of carbon dioxide with the reformer steam iron cycle is presented. The iron oxide based oxygen carrier (95% Fe2O3, 5% Al2O3) is reduced with syngas and oxidized with steam at 1023 K. The carbon dioxide separation is achieved via partial reduction of the oxygen carrier from Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 yielding thermodynamically to a product gas only containing CO2 and H2O. By the subsequent condensation of steam, pure CO2 is sequestrated. After each steam oxidation phase, an air oxidation was applied to restore the oxygen carrier to hematite level. Product gas pressures of up to 30.1 bar and hydrogen purities exceeding 99% were achieved via steam oxidations. The main impurities in the product gas are carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, which originate from solid carbon depositions or from stored carbonaceous molecules inside the pores of the contact mass. The oxygen carrier samples were characterized using elemental analysis, BET surface area measurement, XRD powder diffraction, SEM and light microscopy. The maximum pressure of 95 bar was demonstrated for hydrogen production in the steam oxidation phase after the full oxygen carrier reduction, significantly reducing the energy demand for compressors in mobility applications.

High purity hydrogen production with a 10kWth RESC prototype system

The Reformer Steam Iron Cycle (RESC) is suitable to attain high-purity pressurized hydrogen from a broad range of renewables and residues in decentralized on-site applications. This paper introduces a 10 kWth lab prototype system for high purity hydrogen production exceeding 99.999%. The significantly enlarged reactor system comprises of a combined steam reformer and fixed bed chemical looping system within a single unit. A series of experiments was conducted to demonstrate the system applicability for decentralized hydrogen production with an improved process layout. A previously undiscovered hydrogen purity was realized from a fixed-bed chemical looping prototype system. Supplementary, the applied oxygen carrier material was characterized to reveal occurring degradation effects in large-size reactors as a significantly increased thermal stress. A characterization by SEM, EDX, light microscopy and BET methods was performed to exhibit the effects on the pelletised material.

High‐Purity Hydrogen Production with the Reformer Steam Iron Cycle

AbstractThe decentralized production of renewable hydrogen enables the build‐up of an infrastructure for low‐emissions fuel‐cell‐based power production and mobility. The reformer steam iron cycle (RESC) is introduced as one technological option to realize on‐site hydrogen production by combining production, purification, and storage with a low environmental impact. A hydrogen production prototype is developed, constructed, and operated with mixtures of methane and carbon dioxide as a reference for biogas. Hydrogen with a purity of 99.8 % is produced without the need for an additional gas purification step. Methane and carbon dioxide are identified as the primary impurities in the hydrogen fuel; the carbon monoxide content of the hydrogen produced is in the range of 15–24 ppm in the demonstration phase of the prototype reactor.

A Study of the Hand Operating Thresholds during the Usage of an Electric Steam Iron by College Students

Among various types of home appliances, an electric steam iron has a higher risk since it needs to operate under a condition with a higher range of temperature. In this study, a group of college students were invited to operate an electric iron during the experiment in order to investigate the correlation between an operator’s hand and the possible contact with the iron soleplate during usage. The purpose of this study was to determine the hand portions which could easily get burned and the portions of the iron soleplate which tend to cause injuries. The results of this study indicated that the hand portions which could easily touch the soleplate are the right-hand side of the thumb and the forefinger. On the other hand, the portions on the soleplate which tend to cause burns are on the left-hand side of the iron, especially the sharper and upper half. The results serve as a good reference for follow-up designers on an iron design based on the safety consideration.