Steam Distilled Oil Research Articles

Antistress Effects of Terpinen-4-ol and Compounds of Mimicked Yuzu Synthetic Fragrance in Humans and Mice.

This study investigated the antistress effects of yuzu synthetic fragrances by employing three experiments on humans and mice using two yuzu synthetic fragrances and five single compounds. We prepared two synthetic fragrances based on the component analysis of two natural yuzu essential oils extracted by cold-pressed and steam-distilled extraction methods. Chromogranin A (CgA) and heart rate (HR) were used as stress indices in human experiments. Immobility time during the forced swim test was used as a stress index in mice experiments. We analyzed brain mechanisms by measuring the expression of neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in the mice experiments. Synthetic yuzu fragrance mimicked steam-distilled oil (SD) significantly reduced participants' heart rate in experiment 1. In the forced swim test conducted in experiment 2, SD significantly reduced immobility time, and increased the expression of neurotrophic factors BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 in the hippocampus of mice. In experiment 3, focusing on single compounds, terpinen-4-ol significantly reduced immobility time in the forced swim test. These findings indicate that inhalation of SD and terpinen-4-ol has antistress effects. Terpinen-4-ol is a strong candidate for further investigation as a potential stress-reducing agent.

Antimicrobial Activity of Frankincense (Boswellia sacra) Oil and Smoke against Pathogenic and Airborne Microbes.

As they continuously evolve, plants will remain a renewable source for antimicrobial compounds. Omani frankincense is produced by B. sacra trees and is graded into Hojari, Nejdi, Shazri or Sha'bi. Air can be a source for pathogenic or food spoilage microbes; thus, inactivating airborne microbes is necessary in environments such as food and animal production areas. This study investigated the antimicrobial activity and the chemistry of steam-distilled oils of Hojari and Sha'bi grades. It also analyzed the antimicrobial activity of frankincense smoke and the size of its solid particles. Chemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity of the oils against Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli (NCTC 10418), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 10662), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani was determined using well diffusion and micro-well dilution methods. A microscopic technique was used to determine the size of frankincense smoke solid particles. Microbes were exposed to frankincense smoke to test their susceptibility to the smoke. Hojari and Sha'bi oils were similar in composition and contained monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The Hojari and the Sha'bi oils possessed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. The largest growth inhibition zones were obtained with S. cerevisiae and F. solani. An MIC of 1.56% (v/v) was found with E. coli, S. cerevisiae and F. solani. Frankincense smoke contained fine irregular solid particles with a diameter range of 0.8-2287.4 µm, and thus may pose a health risk to susceptible individuals. The smoke had potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and airborne bacteria, yeast and mold, with a maximum inhibition of 100%. It was concluded that Hojari and Sha'bi frankincense oils and smoke had significant antimicrobial activity that can be exploited in controlling human, animal and plant pathogenic microbes.

A Method for the Isolation of Thymoquinone from Black Caraway Seed Oil (<i>Nigella sativa</i> L.)

Introduction. Thymoquinone (2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) is an organic compound of plant origin, which is formed as a result of the oxidation of thymohydroquinone. Thymoquinone is a component of the essential oil of black caraway seeds (Nigella sativa L.) and is known to possess a significant spectrum of pharmacological activity. Due to the lipophilicity of thymoquinone and its ability to accumulate in oils, we proposed a method to isolate thymoquinone from the fatty oil of caraway seeds in order to assess its selective accumulation and the possibility of using the oil as a source for the compounds production.Aim. Method development for the isolation of thymoquinone as an individual compounds from black caraway (Nigella sativa L.) seed oil, to confirm its structure and determine the degree of purity of the obtained substance.Materials and methods. To confirm the authenticity of the raw materials, analysis of key morphological and anatomical diagnostic features was performed. Quantitative assessment of thymoquinone content in black caraway seeds and control of the isolation process were performed though HPLC analysis. Sample preparation was carried out with methanol by: 1) triple extraction on a boiling water bath; 2) sonification; 3) maceration. The structure of the isolated compound was confirmed through the analysis spectral characteristics using IR spectroscopy by comparing the obtained IR spectrum with the data from the NIST database and one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.Results and discussion. As a result of the morphological and anatomical analysis, the authenticity of N. sativa seeds was confirmed. Extracts from black caraway seeds obtained by various sample preparation methods were analyzed with HPLC. As a result, it was noted that the method of obtaining the extract does not significantly affect the yield of thymoquinone, the content of which in black caraway seeds is 0.25 ± 0.02 %, which is sufficient for isolation purposes. Through the evaluation of various isolation methods for thymoquinone from black caraway seeds – maceration with alcohol and n-hexane from crushed seeds, liquid-liquid extraction from fatty oil, steam distillation of oil – showed that the best way to obtain thymoquinone is through the distillation of black caraway seed oil with water steam [oil : water ratio (1 : 1)] in a sand bath for 3 hours. The yield of thymoquinone from N. sativa oil is 398 mg from 150 ml of oil (0.26 %). The structure of thymoquinone was confirmed by spectral characteristics in comparison with the NIST database and literature data.Conclusion. The possibility of isolating thymoquinone from Nigella sativa L. seed fatty oil with a chromatographic purity (HPLC) of more than 97 % along with the comparison of the isolated compounds spectral characteristics with literature data, which confirm the identity of the obtained compound, was shown. The proposed express and efficient method for the isolation of thymoquinone through steam distillation provides a yield of the target component of 0.26 %. This method can be applied at roduction sites that harvestand process of black caraway seeds to obtain natural thymoquinone.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil from Erinacea anthyllis Link (Fabaceae)

Erinacea species is used in traditional medicine to treat rheumatic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine for the first time, the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from the fresh aerial parts of Erinacia anthyllis belonging to the Fabaceae family. The steam distilled oil was analyzed using gas chromatography techniques (GC-FID and GCMS) using two different stationary phase columns (polar and non polar). Furthermore, antibacterial activity against various gram-positive and negative bacteria was determined by disk diffusion and microdilution. Altogether 44 volatile substances, representing around 98.22% of the essential oil was identified. The major constituentswere phytol (9.26%), tricosane (8.62%). Moreover, essential oil exhibit effect on all bacterial strains. The obtained inhibition zone ranged from 7 mm to 21mm with a highest inhibition zone recorded for Bacillus Sp 21mm).Erinacea anthyllis essential oil has good antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogenic bacteria and may be used as a natural antimicrobial agent in the treatment of many infectious diseases.&nbsp

Artificial intelligence models for yield efficiency optimization, prediction, and production scalability of essential oil extraction processes from citrus fruit exocarps

Introduction: Excessive demand, environmental problems, and shortages in market-leader countries have led the citrus (essential) oil market price to drift to unprecedented high levels with negative implications for citrus oil-dependent secondary industries. However, the high price conditions have promoted market incentives for the incorporation of new small-scale suppliers as a short-term supply solution for the market. Essential oil chemical extraction via steam distillation is a valuable option for these new suppliers at a lab and small-scale production level. Nevertheless, mass-scaling production requires prediction tools for better large-scale control of outputs.Methods: This study provides an intelligent model based on a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN) for developing a highly reliable numerical dependency between the chemical extraction output from essential oil steam distillation processes (output vector) and orange peel mass loading (input vector). In a data pool of 25 extraction experiments, 14 output–input pairs were the in training set, 6 in the testing set, and 5 cross-compared the model’s accuracy with traditional numerical approaches.Results and Discussion: After varying the number of nodes in the hidden layer, a 1–9–1 MLP topology best optimizes the statistical parameters (coefficient of determination (R2) and mean square error) of the testing set, achieving a precision of nearly 97.6%. Our model can capture non-linearity behavior when scaling-up production output for mass production processes, thus providing a viable answer for the scalability issue with a state-of-the-art computational tool for planning, management, and mass production of citrus essential oils.

Extraction of Essential Oils from Lavandula × intermedia 'Margaret Roberts' Using Steam Distillation, Hydrodistillation, and Cellulase-Assisted Hydrodistillation: Experimentation and Cost Analysis.

Lavender oil is an important essential oil with many applications. The purpose of this study was to compare different methods of essential oil extraction to determine which method would be the most effective and profitable for commercial-scale production from Lavandula × intermedia ('Margret Roberts') flowers and leaves. The lavender from this variety flowers year-round, providing an extended production season compared to some other lavender varieties. Steam distillation, hydrodistillation, and cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation were used to extract oil. The average extraction times for steam distillation, hydrodistillation, and cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation were 57-, 51-, and 49 min, respectively, and the average energy consumption was 15.0-, 13.4-, and 30.8 kJ/g, respectively. Cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation produced the best quality oils, with a lower camphor content and a sweeter, more pleasant smell, while steam-distilled oils had the highest camphor content, as well as a more plant-like smell. Factors affecting scale-up (surface area of cut plants, equipment loading times, energy efficiencies, safety, mixing) have been discussed, while a basic cost analysis of theoretical large-scale processes showed that hydrodistillation and cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation would be the most and least profitable methods, respectively. Overall, hydrodistillation is recommended as the best method for commercial lavender oil production.

The Effect of Thymus vulgaris L. Hydrolate Solutions on the Seed Germination, Seedling Length, and Oxidative Stress of Some Cultivated and Weed Species.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the hydrolates obtained as the by-products of the Thymus vulgaris essential oil steam distillation process. The bioassays, which were undertaken in order to determine the effect on germination and initial growth of seedlings of some cultivated and weed species, were performed under controlled conditions with different concentrations of the hydrolates. Seeds of Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, Daucus carota subsp. sativus, Allium cepa, Medicago sativa, and Trifolium repens, and six weed species—Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea, Echinochloa crus-galli, Sorghum halepense, and Solanum nigrum—were treated with 10, 20, 50, and 100% T. vulgaris hydrolate solution. The obtained results showed that the T. vulgaris hydrolate had the least negative effect on the germination of cultivated species, such as soybean, sunflower and maize, whereas clover and alfalfa were the most sensitive. By comparison, all the tested weed species expressed high susceptibility. It can be concluded that the T. vulgaris hydrolate has an herbicidal effect, in addition to its potential as a biopesticide in terms of integrated weed management.

Correlation of Glucosinolates and Volatile Constituents of Six Brassicaceae Seeds with Their Antioxidant Activities Based on Partial Least Squares Regression.

Brassicaceae comprises various species representing an economically important source of industrial or pharmaceutical crops. The present study aimed to identify glucosinolates (GSLs) and volatile compounds in six Brassicaceae seeds cultivated in Egypt. An (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array) HPLC–PDA analysis of GSLs in the alcoholic extracts of Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Rr), Raphanus sativus L. (Rs), Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (Boc), Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. (Bob), Brassica rapa L. (Br), and Eruca sativa L. (Es) was carried out using a mixture of 23 standard GSLs. Nineteen GSLs were detected in the studied seeds. Rs had the highest GSL content (135.66 μmol/g Dry weight, DW), while Boc had the lowest GSL content (93.66 μmol/g DW). Glucobrassicin was the major identified compound in Rr, Rs, and Bob. Its highest content was in Rs (28.96 μmol/g DW). Sinigrin was the major identified GSL in Boc (18.02 μmol/g DW), although present with higher content in Bob (22.02 μmol/g DW). Neoglucobrassicin was the major GSL in Br (30.98 μmol/g DW), while glucoerucin was the major GSL in Es (17.84 μmol/g DW). The yields of the steam-distilled oils of the studied seeds ranged between 3.25 ± 0.36 and 9.68 ± 0.25% v/w. A GC–MS analysis of the oils could detect 3, 23, 18, 16, 7, and 9 compounds in Rr, Rs, Boc, Bob, Br, and Es oils, respectively. Sulfur and nitrogenous compounds predominated in all studied oils except Rs, which contained a higher percentage of alkanes. The major identified compound in Rr oil was 4-isothiocyanato-1-(methylthio)-1-butene (94.77 ± 1.25%), while in Br it was 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (69.55 ± 1.02%), thiolane in Rs (15.15 ± 0.22%), and erucin in Es (97.02 ± 1.514%). Both Boc and Bob had the same major compound 4-(methylthio) butanenitrile, which represented 40.35 ± 1.15 and 50.52 ± 1.02% in both oils, respectively. Radical scavenging activity for both GSL extracts and essential oils on DPPH radical ranged between 18.01 ± 0.72 and 114.28 ± 1.15 µg/mL (IC50). The highest antioxidant capacity was for Es oil, while the lowest one was for Rr oil. Generally, it was observed that the GSLs had better antioxidant activity than their corresponding essential oils except for Es oil, which had higher activity. A principal component analysis (PCA) was successfully applied to discriminate among six Brassicaceae seeds based on both HPLC and GC–MS, where complete segregation was achieved among all samples with high correlation between Boc and Bob. Partial Least Squares-Regression (PLS-R) models showed that there is a better correlation between the antioxidant activity and glucosinolate profile when being compared to that of a volatile one. This profiling and variation of GSLs and volatile metabolites of the studied Brassicaceae seeds may be employed in further studies regarding their health-promoting properties.

Antinociceptive effect of garlic, garlic preparations and derivative compounds.

The antinociceptive effects of garlic have shown promise in treating different chronic diseases in humans, such as knee osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and peripheral arterial occlusive disease stage II. The most common garlic products are garlic powder (dried garlic), steam distilled garlic oils, garlic oil macerate and aged garlic extract. These commercial products contain organosulphur compounds (OSCs) that have been extensively evaluated in preclinical models and some clinical assays to treat different diseases against pain. In this review, we describe the importance of some bioactive compounds found in garlic and their role in treating pain. A systematic search of the literature in Dimensions, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed. Terms and preselected keywords relating to garlic, its derivatives and organusulphure compounds in acute, chronic and neuropathic pain, were used to perform a systematic literature search. Two independent reviewers screened the papers for inclusion and assessed the methodological quality. The antinociceptive activity of garlic and its OSC is related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may be explained by the ability to block the synthesis of PGs, pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon-γ, by the reduction COX-2 activity and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Besides, garlic extract is an activator of TRPA1 and TRPV1, where the principal responsible for this activation are OSC. The relationship between these pathways allows a better understanding how garlic and its derivates could be carrying out its pharmacological action over the management of acute and chronic pain and provide a base by further investigations. Antinociceptive effect of garlic and its OSCs has been extensively evaluated in preclinical models and clinical assays to treat different diseases, contributing to the modulation of inflammation as an essential factor in reducing pain. The current review emphasizes the potential therapeutic effect of garlic and its derivatives in treatment of pain and related mechanisms of action. Moreover, it provides information about the potential clinical use in patients with painful conditions.

Yield and Profile of Essential Oil of Kunzea ambigua: Prediction Using Solvent Extraction and Effects of Distillation Time

Essential oil extracted from Kunzea ambigua is new fragrant oil that has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and anti-fungal properties, however only a few plantations exist to provide for controlled cropping and consistency of product. Extraction technology has been optimised to provide for the rapid assessment of germplasm collected from wild populations of Kunzea ambigua. Small-scale solvent extraction methods were developed to efficiently process large numbers of specimens collected from native stands. The datasets were used to predict the yield and quality of steam distilled essential oils. The effects on volatiles extracted from vegetative material, which had been either frozen or dried prior to extraction, was investigated. Recovery of volatiles was significantly higher from frozen samples, relative to oven-dried, and ethanol was a more efficient solvent compared to petroleum ether. The recovery from solvent extraction of K. ambigua leaf material was similar to, or higher than that from distillation, however, the level of terpinen-4-ol yield increased 15-fold during steam distillation. The compositional profiles and fractional volumes of kunzea essential oil collected at different times during steam distillation were established. The highest oil yield was collected between 30 and 60 mins. α-Pinene and 1,8-cineole dominated the essential oil profile in the early stages of distillation, whilst viridiflorol gradually increased with longer distillation time. This study shows that ethanol extraction of frozen/thawed K. ambigua leaf is useful for predicting the essential oil yield, whilst the time of distillation can be manipulated to maximize the relative concentration of targeted bioactive compounds.

Isolation and Identification of Acylphloroglucinols in the Medicinal Plant, Melaleuca alternifolia (Australian Tea Tree).

Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree), family Myrtaceae, is endemic to the northern rivers of NSW, Australia. Since 1925, the volatile components of the hydro- and steam-distilled oils of the leaves have been studied in detail. However, the less-volatile compounds have not been investigated. Using an ethanolic extract of the seedling leaves, the non-volatile components were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Four of these less-volatile components were isolated by preparative-HPLC from young seedling leaves and identified as the acylphloroglucinols 1-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-one, callisalignone A, 1-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one and pulverulentone B described here for the first time from M. alternifolia. These compounds change in concentration in the leaf sets as later seedling leaves mature on the seedling.

Essential Oil Extraction: Being Green and Emerging Technologies

The essential oil extraction industry responds for a significant role as a raw material supplier to the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and cleaning product segments. These oils are produced mainly via steam distillation in small businesses, applying systems with broad opportunities when technology is concerned. This paper aims to present the technological features to optimize extraction effectiveness (yield) and energy consumption. The answer to the question in the title involves improvement proposals to green extraction and the impact on business. This study is the continuation of the one previously published in the number 3/2021 of this Journal, entitled “Essential Oil Steam Distillation: Manufacturing 4.0”.

Essential Oil Steam Distillation: Manufacturing 4.0

Smart sensors, self-configuration, operational flexibility, and automatic learning, among others, are technological attributes from industry 4.0 appliable to the essential oil extraction by the steam distillation process. These operations are recognized by their simplicity. Nevertheless, lack of automatic controls, process monitoring, and self-adjustment lead to uncontrolled extraction, poor yields, low quality of products. It occurs because of overexposure to high temperatures and overspending resources like energy and water. As far as capacity utilization is concerned, the optimized process is key to planning and managing the production activities.

Determination of Organosulfides from Onion Oil.

Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of organosulfides extracted from oil obtained by steam distillation of yellow onions was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction efficiency of organosulfides from onion oil was evaluated across four solvents: dichloromethane; diethyl ether; n-pentane; and hexanes. Analysis of solvent extracted organosulfides by GC-MS provided qualitative results that support the use of dichloromethane over other solvents based on identification of 27 organosulfides from the dichloromethane extract as compared to 10 from diethyl ether; 19 from n-pentane; and 17 from hexanes. Semi-quantitative evaluation of organosulfides present in the dichloromethane extract was performed using diallyl disulfide as the internal reference standard. Three organosulfides were detected in the extract at ≥5 mg/kg; 18 organosulfides between 3–5 mg/kg; and six organosulfides at <3 mg/kg. The E/Z isomers of 1-propenyl propyl trisulfide were among the most prevalent components extracted from the onion oil across all solvents; and 3,6-diethyl-1,2,4,5-tetrathiane was among the most abundant organosulfides in all solvents except hexanes. The method described here for the extraction of organosulfides from steam distilled onion oil surveys common solvents to arrive at a qualitative and semi-quantitative method of analysis for agricultural products involving onions; onion oil; and secondary metabolites of Allium spp.

Chemical composition of the essential oil and headspace of Satureja montana L.

Volatile constituents of Satureja montana L. collected from a natural habitat in the southern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina were isolated by steam distillation and headspace sampling. The relative abundance of volatile compounds from the air-dried fragrant plant was analysed by GC-MS using two columns of different polarity. A total of 28 compounds were identified, constituting 93.5% of the essential oil composition. The GC pattern of headspace was different from that prepared by steam distillation. The former consisted of 14 compounds that made up 84.1% of the components identified. Both samples were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes ranging from 55.2% for headspace of the plant material to 75.5% for the steam-distilled oil. Eleven alcohols represented the most diverse chemical class in the volatile oil (71.8%), as well as seven alcohols detected in the headspace (57.3%). GC-MS analysis of the volatiles indicates that S. montana belongs to linalool chemotype with its relative content of 38.7% for the essential oil and 23.7% for the headspace. With linalool as the most abundant constituent, the other major components were -terpineol (14.7%) in the essential oil, and cis-sabinene hydrate (21.8%) and p-cymene (17.9%) in the headspace sample. The results prove that the combined approach in the extraction of volatile compounds is reliable for the analysis of the aroma of complex herbal samples.

Acorus gramineusand and Euodia ruticarpa Steam Distilled Essential Oils Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects Through Decreasing Th1/Th2 and Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion Ratios In Vitro.

To clarify the effects of steam distilled essential oils (SDEO) from herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine on immune functions, two potential herbs, Acorus gramineusand (AG) and Euodia ruticarpa (ER) cultivated in Taiwan, were selected to assess their immunomodulatory effects using mouse primary splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages. T helper type 1 lymphocytes (Th1) (IL-2), Th2 (IL-5), pro-inflammatory (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines secreted by correspondent immune cells treated with SDEO samples were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The total amounts of potential phytochemicals, including total flavonoids, polyphenols and saponins, in these two selected SDEOs were measured and correlated with cytokine levels secreted by immune cells. Our results evidenced that ER SDEO is rich in total flavonoids, polyphenols and saponins. Treatments with AG and ER SDEO significantly (p < 0.05) increased IL-5/IL-2 (Th2/Th1) cytokine secretion ratios by splenocytes, suggesting that both AG and ER SDEO have the Th2-polarization property and anti-inflammatory potential. In addition, AG and ER SDEO, particularly ER SDEO, markedly decreased TNF-α/IL-10 secretion ratios by macrophages in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), exhibiting substantial effects on spontaneous and LPS-induced inflammation. Significant correlations were found between the total polyphenols, flavonoids or saponins content in the two selected SDEOs and Th1/Th2 immune balance or anti-inflammatory ability in linear, non-linear or biphasic manners, respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that AG and ER, particularly ER, SDEO have immunomodulatory potential in shifting the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 polarization in splenocytes and inhibiting inflammation in macrophages in the absence or presence of LPS.

Kinetic Studies on Extraction of Essential Oil from Lemongrass Leaves (Cymbopogon citratus) by Steam Distillation Industrial Scale

Study on kinetics and modeling of the essential oil steam distillation are required for the optimization of the energy requirement, parameters and the process scale-up. In this study, hydrodistillation for extraction of essential oils from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) steam distillation was investigated. The recovery of essential oils was carried out on an industrial scale instrument and with with different material quantities. The experimental results are determined by the integral method of analysis. The kinetic parameters were evaluated from experimental data, which were generated at the different weights of the lemongrass. The extraction rate constant explaining the extraction efficiency achieved from this study is found to be k2 of 0.0661 min-1 in 710 kg using a second-order kinetic model. The GC/MS results revealed that 14 components were identified in Cymbopogon citratusoils. The oil is extremely rich in citral (69.775%), which obtained in 180 min.

Composition and biocidal properties of essential oil from pre-domesticated Spanish Satureja Montana

The aim of this study was to develop a chemically stable plant following a pre-domestication process and the valorization of its essential oil for the production of biopesticides. This study was conducted during four growing seasons to give a pre-domesticated population (SAMO-0). The resulting pre-domesticated population increased the hydrodistilled oil yield (average 0.45%) and maintained a stable yield of dry material (44.5%). The plant material was submitted to pilot plant scale steam distillation under three pressures (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 bar) with lower yield (average 0.15%). The essential oil showed a carvacrol / p-cymene chemotype. The pre-domestication process increased β-myrcene, α- and γ-terpinene, p-cymene, thymol and β-bisabolene; and decreased α-thujene and carvacrol. The steam distillation increased the oil content in α-thujene, α-pinene, α-terpinene, p-cymene and trans-caryophyllene, and decreased borneol, thymoquinone thymol and β-bisabolene. Pressure increased α-terpinene, thymol and carvacrol Additionally, the study of the biocidal effects (against the insect pests Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae and Leptinotarsa decemlineata and the phytopathogenic nematode Meloydogine javanica) of the EOs showed that overall, the most active oils were the hydrodistilled (to all insect species), followed by the steam distilled oils with higher carvacrol and thymol content (pressures of 1.5 and 1.0 bar). Carvacrol and thymol were responsible for the activity of these oils on M. persicae, and L. decemlineata but only partially on S. littoralis. The steam distilled oils showed strong nematicidal activity against M. javanica that could be partially explained by their content in active carvacrol and thymol.

Phenolic Profile, Essential Oil Composition and Bioactivity of Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites

Abstract Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites is a widely used ethnomedicinal plant in Bangladesh. In this study, we investigated phenolic contents, volatile compounds and fatty acids, and essential oil components of extracts prepared from aerial parts of the plant. The main volatile compounds were methyl ester of oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid as determined by GC/MS. Phenolic contents of the extracts were determined qualitatively and quantitatively by HPLC/TOF-MS. Six phenolic compounds (syringic acid, morin, gentistic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and apigenin) were found in the extracts. GC/MS analysis of steam distilled essential oil showed camphor, α-pinene and δ-3-carene as the main constituents. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the highest free radical scavenging activity was observed for the methanol extract with an IC50 value of 0.48 ± 0.04 mg/mL, whereas, in metal chelating activity on ferrous ions (Fe2+) assay, the highest chelating activity was observed for hexane extract (IC50 = 0.55 ± 0.08 mg/mL). The extracts and essential oil were tested against five severe human pathogenic bacteria using disc diffusion assay and subsequent MIC values were also determined. All the extracts (except methanol extract) and the essential oil were found to possess potential antimicrobial activity with corresponding inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 9-23 mm and 62.5-500 µg/mL. This study has been explored the plant Lasia spinosa can be seen as a potential source of biologically active compounds.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS, IN VITRO ACTIVITIES, AND IN SILICO MOLECULAR DOCKING OF MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MICHELIA ALBA DC ESSENTIAL OIL AND SCENTED EXTRACTS

Objective: The essential oil and scented extracts of Michelia alba DC. were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and investigated for antidiabetic activities in vitro and in silico.Methods: The identification of steam distilled essential oil and scented extracts of M. alba was performed by GC–MS on the Agilent 7890A chromatograph couple with GC-7000 Mass Triple Quadrupole. The extractions have been evaluated the antidiabetic activities by alpha-amylase (α-amylase) assay using starch as substrates. In addition, computational molecular docking analysis of significant components was studied to understanding how selected compounds interacted with α-amylase using AutoDock 4.2.Results: The yields of M. alba of steam distilled essential oil and solvent extractions including hexane, diethyl ether, and dichloromethane were 0.16%, 0.02%, 0.47%, and 0.92%, respectively. GC–MS analysis of essential oil revealed that the main component was monoterpenoids β-linalool (65.03%). Meanwhile, 2-methylbutanoic acid was a primary in hexane extract (36.54%) and dichloromethane extract (33.07%). In the case of ether extract, the primary compound was β-linalool (37.32%) same as in essential oil. The antidiabetic activities evaluation demonstrates that essential oil and scented extracts have shown promising α-amylase inhibition activity. Essential oil from steam distillation revealed the best inhibition potential with a half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 0.67±4.7 mg/ml and their significant components demonstrated negative binding energies, indicating a high affinity to the α-amylase-binding site using molecular docking simulation.Conclusion: Data from this study suggest that essential oil and scented extracts of M. alba DC possess in vitro α-amylase activities and can be used for therapy of diabetes.