Steady-state Thermal Analysis Research Articles

Comparison of Heat Transfer Performance of Lattice-Structured Heat Sinks

This paper presents a comparative study of the heat transfer performance of lattice-structured heat sinks. Twenty different unit cells are chosen, and heat sinks are modeled in nTop with constant unit cell size. Al 6061 alloy is chosen as the material for analysis due to its good thermal conductivity, low weight, low cost, and high strength. Steady-state thermal analysis is performed using ANSYS with constant input parameters for all samples. Heat flux and temperature distribution within the heat sinks are analyzed. From the simulation, it was found that TPMS and plate-based heat sinks outperform other types with better heat transfer.

Integrating thermoelectric devices in pyrolysis reactors for biochar and electricity co-production

This study proposed an innovative approach to integrating thermoelectric devices with small-scale pyrolysis reactors by using Mizunara (Japanese oak) as the feedstock for biochar production. The primary objective of the study was to enhance the energy efficiency and carbon sequestration potential of the biochar production process by converting waste heat into electricity through thermoelectric devices. Comprehensive steady-state thermal balance analysis revealed that although covering the entire reactor surface with thermoelectric devices can result in excessive heat loss and reduced biochar yield, strategically limiting the installation area allows efficient power generation without considerably compromising biochar production. This balance between electricity generation and biochar yield is critical for optimizing the system’s efficiency. Historically, small-scale waste-heat power generation has been underdeveloped, but our studies have demonstrated that incorporating naturally cooled thermoelectric devices allows the generation of kilowatt-hour (kWh)-scale electricity from waste heat, which would otherwise be discarded. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that with optimized conditions, the CO2 equivalent values of the sequestered carbon can be substantially increased, providing a viable solution for long-term carbon storage. The results highlight the potential of this integrated approach to improve the energy efficiency of biochar production and provide a solution for waste-heat management. Moreover, we assessed the implementation effects by assigning reasonable values for the thermoelectric device performance and provide a robust framework for biomass utilization, waste-heat recovery, and CO2 sequestration.

Innovative Structural Optimization and Dynamic Performance Enhancement of High-Precision Five-Axis Machine Tools

To satisfy the requirements of five-axis processing quality, this article improves and optimizes the machine tool structure design to produce improved dynamic characteristics. This study focuses on the investigation of five-axis machine tools’ static and dynamic stiffness as well as structural integrity. We also include performance optimization and experimental verification. We use the finite element approach as a structural analysis tool to evaluate and compare the individual parts of the machine created in this study, primarily the saddle, slide table, column, spindle head, and worktable. We discuss the precision of the machine tool model and relative space distortion at each location. To meet the requirements of the actual machine, we optimize the structure of the five-axis machine tool based on the parameters and boundary conditions of each component. The machine’s weight was 15% less than in the original design model, the material it was subjected to was not strained, and the area of the structure where the force was considerably deformed was strengthened. We evaluate the AM machine’s impact resistance to compare the vibrational deformation observed in real time with the analytical findings. During modal analysis, all the order of frequencies were determined to be 97.5, 110.4, 115.6, and 129.6 Hz. The modal test yielded the following orders of frequencies: 104, 118, 125, and 133 Hz. Based on the analytical results, the top three order error percentages are +6.6%, +6.8%, +8.1%, and +2.6%. In ME’scope, the findings of the modal test were compared with the modal assurance criteria (MAC) analysis. According to the static stiffness analysis’s findings, the main shaft and screw have quite substantial major deformations, with a maximum deformation of 33.2 µm. Force flow explore provides the relative deformation amount of 26.98 µm from the rotating base (C) to the tool base, when a force of 1000 N is applied in the X-axis direction, which is more than other relative deformation amounts. We also performed cutting transient analysis, cutting spectrum analysis, steady-state thermal analysis, and analysis of different locations of the machine tool. All of these improvements may effectively increase the stiffness of the machine structure as well improve the machine’s dynamic characteristics and increases its machining accuracy. The topology optimization method checks how the saddle affects the machine’s stability and accuracy. This research will boost smart manufacturing in the machine tool sector, leading to notable advantages and technical innovations.

Analysis and optimization of LN2 two-phase flow in CRAFT NNBI cryopump

As an important component of Negative ion based Neutral Beam Injector (NNBI), the cryopump mainly provides a suitable vacuum environment for beam generation and transmission. In the paper, Liquid nitrogen (LN2) pipe structure models of two cryopumps were established for simulation and experimental studies. Thermal analysis of the thermal radiation shielding baffle (LN2 cooling) was carried out by Ansys steady-state thermal analysis software, while Fluent was used to simulate the two-phase flow in the LN2 pipeline, then the pressure drops, temperature, velocity, gas-phase volume fraction, and other parameters of the two pipeline structures were analyzed and compared. The simulation results show that the optimized structure B can reduce the pressure drop by 3 bar, the outlet temperature of structure A is 78.8 K, the outlet temperature of structure B is 79.2 K, the temperature difference is 0.4 K. The outlet velocity increases from 2.067 m/s to 4.947 m/s for Structure A, and from 1.096 m/s to 6.614 m/s for Structure B. The experiment results show that the outlet temperature of structure A is 79.4 K, meanwhile the outlet temperature of structure B is 80.1 K, the optimized structure B can reduce the pressure drop about 3 bar.

Experimental investigations for enhancing the performance of hemispherical cavity receivers using additively manufactured heat exchangers

ABSTRACT This research explores a pioneering approach in cavity-type solar parabolic dish collector technology (SPDCT) by introducing a novel, additive-manufactured thermally conductive polymer composite heat exchanger over a modified hemispherical cavity receiver for heat recovery applications. This manuscript investigates the performance of innovative configuration of SPDC for Wardha (442001), Maharashtra State (027), INDIA, 20.75° N, 78.65° E, modifying the traditional setup by employing copper coil with different arrangements. The unique aspect of this research lies in the implementation of a hemispherical cavity receiver with preheating water arrangement by installing a thermally conductive polymer composite (TCPC) heat exchanger developed with compositions TPU/MWCNT/GNP of 93/3.5/3.5 by wt.% using an additive manufacturing technique, a strategy not previously explored in the existing literature. A computational study (steady state thermal analysis) conducted using ANSYS Student Version R2023 revealed substantial heat availability over the receiver’s top exterior, forming the basis for the experimental tests. Under different test conditions, the highest thermal efficiency improvement reached to 10.91%. This paper contributes novel ideas to the field, emphasizing the potential of additive-manufactured thermally conductive polymer heat exchangers to increase the performance of solar parabolic dish collector systems.

Design of a combined X–Y scanning magnet with high field uniformity for pencil beam scanning proton therapy

In proton therapy, scanning magnets play a crucial role in the treatment equipment. Specifically, in pencil beam scanning, these magnets are responsible for deflecting the proton beam, thereby enabling the illumination of the tumor’s precise location. To reduce the size of the scanning system, a combined X–Y scanning magnet is used instead of separate scanning magnets, which can reduce the overall size of the gantry. The design in this paper combines a window-shaped yoke and three sets of elephant-ear-shaped coils, and one of the coils generates a horizontal magnetic field while the other two coils generate a vertical magnetic field. By adjusting the distance between the coils and the shape of the coils at both ends, the magnetic integral field exhibits higher uniformity compared to other combined scanning magnets. The simulation results show that the integrated field achieves a uniformity of 0.84% in the horizontal direction and 0.60% in the vertical direction. Particle tracking simulation and steady-state thermal analysis were also conducted. After cutting a certain number of slits with the same size at the ends of the magnetic yoke, the magnet can meet the requirements of a suitable working temperature. This magnet design has the capability to effectively decrease the space utilized by the scanning system, consequently reducing the rotational radius of the frame and minimizing the equipment required.

Research on Temperature Rise Characteristics Prediction of Main Shaft Dual-Rotor Rolling Bearings in Aircraft Engines

Traditional aero-engine bearings rotate simultaneously with their inner and outer rings, which makes the temperature rise prediction model computationally large with low accuracy, and it cannot be accurately verified due to the means of testing. This paper presents a method for predicting the temperature rise characteristics of aero-engine bearings under composite load conditions. Firstly, the local method is used to calculate the heat generation from heat sources such as bearing spin, lubricant drag, and the differential sliding of steel ball and collar, respectively, then finite element modelling and steady-state thermal analysis are carried out for aero-engine bearings under the simultaneous action of axial and radial external loads, a double-rotor test setup is designed and the predictive model is validated, and finally, the influences of rotational speed and load on the temperature rise characteristics of the bearings are investigated. The study shows that the aero-engine bearing prediction model proposed in this paper has high accuracy; with the increase in the rotational speed of the inner ring of the bearing, the temperatures of both the inner and outer rings of the bearing increase significantly; the temperatures of the inner and outer rings of the bearing increase with the increase in the axial load, and the effect of the radial load on the temperature of the bearing is not obvious.

Computational investigation of plasma arc welding process for aluminium alloys

Thermal stress is a very common phenomenon that occurs at the welded joint. Determination of the same at the joint is however difficult due to inhomogeneity of the weld joint metals and spreading of heat to the surroundings from the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). Thermal stress induced at the welded joint changes the microstructure of grains which affects the mechanical properties of the welded material. Due to this, cracks may appear in the joint leading to failure of the weld. In the present study, three-dimensional model of two types of welded joint, i.e., Tee Joint and lap joint of two plates having dimensions 100 mm × 75 mm × 5 mm are prepared using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2. Hex dominant meshing is chosen in order to have clear picture of the spread of temperature over the entire region. The change of Residual stress with variation of welding current and keeping welding voltage constant is also observed for weld joint made of Aluminium Alloy. In this study, conduct steady-state thermal analysis and structural analysis on an aluminium alloy 6063 to assess von Mises stress, von Mises strain, and deformation distribution induced by heating. Evaluate various welding joints to identify the most effective technique.

Simulation analysis of thermal insulation performance of diesel engine piston based on PEO and La2Zr2O7 thermal barrier coating

In this research, we explored the application of ‘thermal swing’ thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) in diesel engines, aiming to surpass the performance of conventional TBCs. Traditional TBCs often suffer from limitations like consistently high surface temperatures and a delayed response to sudden variations in cylinder temperatures, which adversely impact engine efficiency. To overcome these challenges, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technology was employed to engineer TBCs with the sought-after ‘thermal swing’ feature. Comparative simulations were conducted to assess the thermal characteristics of PEO coatings on pistons, in contrast to standard La2Zr2O7 coatings. The steady-state thermal analysis revealed that PEO coatings maintained a lower peak temperature compared to La2Zr2O7 coatings under similar thermal insulation conditions, indicating a superior ability of the PEO coatings in heat dissipation and in sustaining lower surface temperatures.In the transient thermal analysis, focusing on temporal temperature variations, the PEO coatings exhibited a markedly quicker and more robust response to cylinder temperature fluctuations. This indicates that PEO coatings are highly effective in adapting swiftly to temperature changes, thereby contributing to enhanced engine performance. Additionally, the PEO coating demonstrated a notable reduction in the end temperature (TE), which is crucial for mitigating the heating effect on intake gas, in comparison to La2Zr2O7 coatings with equivalent thermal insulation properties. However, it was observed that this advantage significantly decreased when the PEO coating thickness surpassed 0.3 mm. Drawing from these observations, it is concluded that PEO coatings hold several thermal advantages over La2Zr2O7 coatings, particularly in terms of thermal load management and responsiveness to in-cylinder temperature shifts. These benefits are most pronounced when the PEO coating maintains a thickness below 0.3 mm.

Design, Static Structural and a Steady State Thermal Analysis of Aluminum Composite Piston

The aim of this project is to increase the life and to analyze the various characteristics of composite piston that is strength, weight, thermal conductivity, density, thermal stress and specific heat. Piston is the basic component of the automobile engine. The modified design of the composite piston in this project is compared with existing piston to analyze the Mean Time Between Maintenance. Now-a-days the pistons are made up of aluminium silicon alloy which expands enormously due to generation of heat in the piston. This will affect clearance volume and insufficient clearance can cause the piston to seize in the cylinder. Hence an alternative composite material (Al) which will reduce the expansion. These composite piston are mainly applicable in receprocating engines, pumps and marine ships. The temperature distribution of the piston will be analyzed with the help of ANSYS software. In this analysis, the rate of heat transfer and thermal stress are evaluated for different composition materials. Key Words: composite piston, aluminum silicon alloy, thermal stress, thermal distribution

Increase the internal surface temperature to eliminate surface condensation on the window

One of the most critical places in buildings in terms of physical thermal properties are windows. This is the most frequent place where the temperature drops below the dew point and surface condensation, or mould, develops. The work deals with the study of the surface temperature courses at the critical points of window glazing and connection joints and the subsequent improvement of the initial unsatisfactory condition by using a patented technology, a conductive material without further intervention in the structure. In the case of a very unsatisfactory condition, a heating resistance wire was attached to the bar, which in combination with the bar distributes the heat to a wider area. The evaluation of the surface temperature increase was performed in a steady-state thermal analysis with fixed boundary conditions and then with the influence of the flow in a room with the heater placed under the window.

Comparative analysis of material for flat & dome top piston for SI engine using ansys

Compared to other areas of the IC engine, the working condition of piston attracts the most attention rather than any part in IC engine due to its complexity. Pistons have undergone many significant material and topographic changes since their first industrial introduction to overcome these working conditions. It is being said that electric vehicles will take over the world, but until the Lithium-ion battery remains, there will always be a shortage for batteries. Taking this as an assumption and the fact that carbon neutral fuel is currently in development, our goal is to make the piston lighter and more durable to make it future ready. In this research article, our objective is to substantiate and analyze the stress distribution of the piston with various [1] piston crown designs, namely, [1] flat top and dome top; integrated with various synthetic and alloy materials, namely, Titanium alloy, [2] Aluminum alloy, [3] Super magnesium, and [4] 3D Graphene. [5] Static Structural and Steady state thermal analysis is performed on these pistons using ANSYS R2 2022 software, while designing is performed on AutoCAD 2020 software. This article presents and analyses [5] thermal stress analysis and damages due to pressure application. Results are displayed comparing based on [5,6,7] total deformation, Von-mises strain, Von-mises stress, strain energy, normal elastic strain, normal stress, total heat flux and directional heat flux. Result is concluded by comparing to find the most preferable material for the piston in an engine. The preference is given based upon weight reduction, strength, and future scope of the material.

Open-source MBSE workflow for automated spacecraft thermal analyses from a system model IAC-22,D1,4B,2,x70017

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is an emerging methodology not only in the field of spacecraft systems engineering. The key objective is to store the whole system design in one single source of truth system model. The continuously maintained and customizable open-source MBSE tool Virtual Satellite developed by German Aerospace Center (DLR) offers a framework for storing such a system model. Since the open-source 3D computer aided design (CAD) software FreeCAD has a dedicated Virtual Satellite workbench for importing the 3D model file generated by Virtual Satellite, it is possible to export the 3D model from Virtual Satellite, apply changes to it in FreeCAD, and afterwards reimport it in Virtual Satellite. This paper presents a workflow implementation to conduct automated steady-state and transient thermal analyses using the Virtual Satellite system model as a basis, utilizing the aforementioned features. Part of this effort was to extend Virtual Satellite by thermal modeling capabilities, such as material parameters, surface characteristics, thermal interfaces, boundary conditions and further relevant aspects. With custom Java applications, so-called “Apps”, all aspects of the system model relevant for a thermal analysis are exported from Virtual Satellite and written to accordingly generated text files. Moreover, the before described 3D model export is used to export the model to FreeCAD. The FreeCAD Python console, in combination with the finite element method (FEM) workbench, is used to create a script that executes meshing, application of the boundary and initial conditions, as well as identification of contacts between parts and application of the specified contact conductance values. The obtained files form a complete thermal model and can be fed directly into the open-source FEM software CalculiX for executing the thermal analysis. Then, the result can be processed by an additional Virtual Satellite App. To account for the space thermal environment an additional feature was added to the FreeCAD script. The feature uses orbit information obtained from external mission analysis tools to calculate the approximate combined heat load from Sun, Earth infrared, and albedo radiation at each time point in the specified simulation time interval. This new workflow allows to execute quick thermal analyses at an early design stage and therefore opens new opportunities in the evaluation of different system designs, as early as in a concurrent engineering study. Configuration parameters are provided that also allow more sophisticated analyses in later development phases, such as custom mesh definition and local mesh refinement.

Comprehensive feasibility assessment of cycle length extension for CNPGS Unit-3

The core cycle length is crucial parameter for effective and economic operation of a nuclear power plant. Nuclear industry has great emphasis on improving the feasibility and sustainability of nuclear power generation. The cost of the electricity can be reduced by increasing the cycle length without violating the safety margins. Various methods and strategies have been examined to extend a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) core cycle length with optimized loading patterns. The objective of this work is to analyse the feasibility of the system to extend the cycle length of Chashma Nuclear Power Generating Station (CNPGS) unit-3, currently operating in Pakistan from 12 months to ∼18 months. To achieve the objective, fuel enrichment is increased from 3.4% to 4.1% with Gd2O3 as burnable poisons to suppress the excess reactivity. The multi-cycle analyses showed promising results and the core cycle length has been extended to ∼18-month for CNPGS unit-3 keeping power peaking factor, temperature coefficients and discharge burnup within design limits. The method can be confidently applied at any cycle of the power plant. Additionally, fuel and moderator temperatures at average and hot channels at beginning of life (BOL) and the end of life (EOL) are predicted using the 1-D steady state thermal hydraulic analysis. The peak to average temperatures at BOL and EOL are found well below the reference value (1.6875).

Directly irradiated liquid metal film in an ultra-high temperature solar cavity receiver. Part 2: Coupled CFD and radiation analysis

A novel solar cavity receiver was proposed in Part 1 to facilitate operation at ultra-high temperatures (>1300 K). The concept featured enclosing a directly irradiated liquid metal film inside a window-sealed cavity containing an inert protective fluid. The receiver’s technical performance was evaluated using a quasi-steady-state analysis based on various assumptions, which were used to enable analytical modelling of the involved energy transfer mechanisms. This paper describes a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solution developed to verify the conclusions of Part 1 and furtherly investigate the technical performance of the proposed receiver. The solution combined the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) and Discrete Ordinates Model (DOM) methods to simulate the volumetric radiation absorption by the liquid metal film while accounted for the transient flow developments of the gravity-driven film and buoyancy-driven cavity fluid. Analytical models were verified, showing improved performance for the absorptive cavity configuration. Film flow disintegration was mitigated by using surface corrugations, which were found to significantly influence the fluid dynamics and heat transfer performance of the receiver. Finally, a steady-state thermal analysis was presented for the proposed ceramic window, which indicated that active cooling is indispensable for protecting the window against thermo-mechanical fatigue.

Neutronic and thermal analysis of heat pipe cooled graphite moderated micro reactor

Heat pipe micro reactors are drawing a lot of interest lately due to their distinct features, including the elimination of moving parts required for transferring the heat, as they do so passively through heat pipes, combined with the ability of such reactors to provide energy to remote locations. This present study introduces a proposed design for heat pipe cooled graphite moderated micro reactor suitable for remote locations and space applications. The main requirements of the design include long core lifetime, two shutdown mechanisms, uniform power distribution, and strong negative temperature coefficient. Neutronic calculations were performed using MCNP 6.2 code. Criticality analysis demonstrated the ability of both control devices incorporated in the design to independently control and shutdown the reactor. Calculations of the flux and power distribution showed that, for a thermal power of 0.25 MW, the maximum flux at mid-plane of the reactor is in the order of 1012n/(cm2·s), while radial and axial power peaking factors were found to be 1.2 and 1.13, respectively. The results also showed that the reactor has an overall negative temperature coefficient. Additionally, burnup calculations were carried out to calculate the core lifetime which was estimated to be more than 70 years. A preliminary steady-state thermal analysis was conducted for the reactor using ANSYS FLUENT, assuming 1/12th symmetry. The obtained temperature distribution of the reactor showed that the operating temperatures are within the accepted limits where the highest temperature reached in the fuel was 1074 K. Furthermore, soft coupling of MCNP and ANSYS FLUENT was conducted through an iterative process of performing neutronic and thermal simulation using updated results for the temperatures and power distributions in each iteration.

Design and analysis of horizontal crystallizer for agro-chemical industries

Crystallization is a process in which hot solution is allowed to cool in a shell to form crystals at the end of the process. Crystallization is predominantly used in chemical industries. In most of the industries vertical crystallizer are used for continuous crystallization. The proposed project is horizontal crystallizer used for batch crystallization. In this project we have tried to solve problem wherein blades were subjected to impact load and produced a greater number of vibrations in the crystallizer, due to which blades were failing at the location where blades were connected to the shaft end because of more stresses. Also, the blades will be subjected to elevated temperature for some period. To solve this problem some research about various types of agitators is available. Designing of two types of blades those are single helical blades and double helical blades has been done. These blades will be suitable for mixing viscous solution and these blades works on the principle of shearing the solution and pushing it. These blades will produce fewer vibrations as compared to pedal blades used in the industries. Static structural analysis and Steady State Thermal Analysis on blades as well as on Shell has been done. The Stresses and deformation pattern are produced within safety limits. After performing the Design and Analysis of Shell and Blades, a model which has a capacity of 440 Litres has been fabricated and the results are interpreted. The fabricated crystallizer is implemented in the chemical industry which is providing better crystals as compared with the already in use crystallizer.

Design and analysis of 3-way catalytic converter using CFD

A catalytic converter is a device designed to decrease the levels of harmful pollutants emitted by internal combustion engines. These converters are commonly used in automotive exhaust systems. Different fluids, such as carbon dioxide, ethane, and nitrogen, are employed for various purposes. To perform steady-state thermal analysis, different materials like stainless steel are utilized. The catalytic converter, typically constructed from gray cast material, facilitates the conversion of CO, HC, and NOx emissions into CO2, H2O, N2, and O2. This study involves the utilization of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis on iron and aluminum catalytic converters. Additionally, a thermal study is conducted to determine suitable materials for catalytic converter manufacturing. The CATIA (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) software is used for design purposes, while Ansys Workbench 16.0 is employed for analysis.

Research on the Performance of Recycled-Straw Insulating Concrete and Optimization Design of Matching Ratio

Construction solid waste and agricultural waste, as renewable resources, have gained increasing attention recently. This research aims to explore the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled-straw insulating concrete commonly made with construction waste and straw in northern Fujian, which can provide useful suggestions for the practical use of recycled-straw insulating concrete. The effects of recycled coarse aggregate, fly ash, and straw on the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled-straw insulating concrete were investigated by orthogonal tests. The results of the orthogonal tests were optimized by the total efficacy coefficient method to obtain the optimal mix ratio of recycled-straw insulating concrete. Combined with the finite element analysis software ANSYS Workbench, the heat transfer performance of the recycled-straw insulating concrete walls was analyzed to simulate the insulation performance of the walls. The compressive strength of the recycled-straw insulating concrete with the optimal ratio was found to be 30.93 MPa, and the thermal conductivity was 0.5051 W/(m·K). The steady-state thermal analysis of the recycled-straw insulating concrete wall and the plain concrete wall was carried out by finite element software, and the simulation results showed that the insulation performance of the recycled-straw insulating concrete walls was improved by 145% compared with the plain concrete wall. These results indicate that the recycled-straw insulating concrete wall has better thermal insulation performance and can be applied to building envelopes to save heating costs in winter and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which has significant economic and environmental significance for areas with low outdoor temperatures in winter and long heating periods.

Front-Face RH Compatible Structure Design and Thermal Analysis for CFETR Divertor Dome

The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a device developed to verify the engineering feasibility of a fusion reactor. For CFETR, the divertor is an important plasma-facing component, whose main function is to exclude impurities and remove plasma heat. In addition, the requirement for remote handling (RH) maintenance must be satisfied because of the level of radioactivity in the vacuum vessel after shutdown. The dome is an important component of the divertor, whose main function is to isolate impurity particles as well as to improve the ability of excluding particles. In the optional dome design, a hybrid divertor-blanket concept, a front-face RH compatible structure in plasma-facing units (PFUs), and a RH maintenance scheme for the main bolt are proposed. The vulnerable targets can be replaced directly and thus reduce the RH maintenance time. The dome needs to withstand the heat flux of 10 MW/m2 and nuclear heat in the condition of 1.5 GW of fusion power in the engineering design requirements. Because of the RH compatible structure, higher requirements are demanded for the design of the dome cooling system. In this study, the cooling system and the customized heat transfer structure of dome PFUs are designed to guarantee the maximum heat removal level. The steady-state thermal analysis shows that the cooling system fulfills the design requirements. The concept of the hybrid divertor-blanket and the front-face RH compatible structure for the divertor target have certain reference significance and value for the engineering design and RH maintenance research for the fusion reactor divertor in the future.